Smart DR as Balancing Reserves in the PNW
BPA TI 220: Smart End-Use Energy Storage and Integration of Renewable Energy
WECC Variable Generation SubcommitteeSalt Lake City, UT Dec. 8, 2011
Diane Broad, P.E.
Ecofys US
Technology Innovation Project #220 - Objectives
Develop and deploy controllable end-use loads in the residential and C&I sectors
Project Purpose: demonstrate that these flexible resources can provide both balancing services to BPA and localized benefits to BPA’s customer utilities
Scope: 1MW to 3MW of demand response (DR) with energy storage
Residential Technologies: Interactive Water Heater Controls and Electric Thermal Storage (ETS) furnaces
C&I Technologies: Dispatch of load in cold storage warehouses, interactive HVAC controls in commercial and public buildings, and Steffes ETS furnaces in commercial buildings
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Develop and deploy controllable end-use loads in the residential and C&I sectors Control & Dispatch: control to both increase and decrease
loads (different from other BPA DR pilots); test several control methods, control signals and dispatch options
Cooperative Project with BPA Technology Innovation and the Energy Efficiency/DR Group
Technology Innovation Project #220 - Objectives
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Why develop this approach with these loads?
About 75% of water heaters in the Pacific Northwest are electric, approximately 1.8 million units
Up to 8,000 MW of potential controllable load within BPA Nationally, 9% of energy is used to heat water
Approach and Operation
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Which balancing services can we provide?
BPA has 22,000 MW of hydro generation, ample ability to provide regulating reserves
Difficult to balance variability in wind in 10-min. to 90-min. time frame – “Load Following” – especially DECs at night
Water heaters and cold storage can easily provide load following service; Steffes provides regulation service in PJM
Project Team
Project Manager / Quality Assurance
Project Analysis / Advising
Technology Vendors
Engineering / Technical Team
Participant Utilities5
Residential – Steffes Corp.
105 gal. water heater with iWHC can be thought of as a thermal battery – heats water to 170° F with a mixing valve for consumer safety
ETS Furnace, Forced Air or Hydronic, is equivalent to a 10x larger battery – coupling it with an air-source heat pump increases efficiency
Adjust target temperature and input wattage6
Commercial & Industrial - EnerNOC
Energy Network
Operations Center
EnerNOC's two Network
Operations Centers,
staffed 24x7x365, feature
advanced technology and
specialized staff to ensure
that load reductions
happen quickly, efficiently,
and consistently for both
the utility and end users.
EnerNOC Site Server (ESS)
At customer sites, EnerNOC
installs an ESS, a gateway
device that establishes
communication with the
network and provides near-
real time visibility into end-
user energy consumption.
The ESS also allows the
Network Operations Center
(NOC) to remotely control
loads in order to deliver
demand response capacity..
PowerTrak®
EnerNOC’s web-based
energy management
platform monitors energy
consumption and enables
end-user load control.
DemandSMART also provides
end-users with a web portal,
and utilities with the ability
to view load increase or
decrease during demand
response events.
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Pilot Projects – Scale
Residential – 3 host utilities, up to 200 sites
- 90 105-gal. & 50-gal. new water heaters with Steffes iWHC
- 5 sites with Steffes ETS residential furnaces
- 100 Carina WISE water heater controllers on existing & new water heaters
Commercial & Industrial – up to 10 sites at 4 utilities
- 5 cold-storage warehouse sites; total controllable resource is ~1MW (approx. 20% of load per site)
- 2 sites with Steffes ETS commercial furnaces
- 2 or 3 commercial or public buildings with HVAC controls vvia Cypress Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats
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Business Case
Cumulative Value Streams of Smart DR
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Dispatch Options - Tradeoffs
Use storage to reshape demand (e.g., reduce on-peak demand)
Use storage to provide balancing services
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Dispatch Optimization Support
Optimized Control Strategies in Development
Asymmetrical response to BA need for INCs/DECs • ETS water heaters have more capacity to provide DECs
than INCs• Control strategy needs to evaluate energy balance over
time, so not to exhaust the capability of the storage
Spirae has modeled water heaters in power system simulation software (PowerFactory), and created a representative distribution system model to assess effects of control
Ecofys is analyzing BPA’s Balancing Reserve Deployment signal: daily, monthly and seasonal shape; time & energy in “extreme” events; correlation with wind ramps/error
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Dispatch Optimization Support
Balancing Reserve Deployment Signal (BRD) with deadbands
Minutes of INC event: 1530 Total energy of events: 10,335 MWhMinutes of DEC event: 1285 Total energy of events: 10,109 MWh
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Dispatch Optimization Support
Processing the BRD and including Peak Load Management
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Dispatch Optimization Support
Representative Electrical Dist. System model with iWHC
Spirae, Sept. 2011 14
Modeling and Simulation Results
Spirae, Sept. 2011 15
Dispatch Optimization – Alternate Approach
Wind Forecast Error in BPA’s Balancing Area
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Dispatch Optimization Support – Alternate Approach
Using Wind Forecast Error to modify dispatch
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Performance Analysis & Control Validation
Steffes Dashboard for each iWHC unit
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Objective: Verify devices are responding to the BRD
Adjusted BRD is inverted & scaled
MA is an index signal for charging (0-200)
Resource is available continuously for INCs and DECs
Average tank temp remains in desired range
Performance Analysis & Control Validation
19Water heaters supply all customer needs from DECs!
EnerNOC DemandSMART portalDefined Events:
- 10 min. notice
- 30 min. duration
- 2 events/day
- INC or DEC calls (curtail load or increase load)
Facilities will proceed to longer & more frequent events
Response to a 200kW DEC call, City of Richland, WA
Performance Analysis & Control Validation
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Summary & Next Steps
Accomplishments- Validated speed of response- Validated duration of response- Determined available INCs/DECs relative to nameplate kW demand
of the load- Impacts on distribution system
Further work- Deploy additional technologies- Address concerns over system peaks and power contracts- Refine control approach using correlation between wind error and
reserve deployments- Integration into control center/BA operations, reserve calcs.- Explore appropriate use of an aggregator- Refine incentives and cost/benefit estimates at high penetrations;
what market drivers make Smart DR viable?
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Thank you for your attention.
Questions and commentsare welcome.
Diane BroadEcofys US
[email protected]:541-766-8200M:541-905-2472
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