Smart DR as Balancing Reserves in the PNW

BPA TI 220: Smart End-Use Energy Storage and Integration of Renewable Energy

WECC Variable Generation SubcommitteeSalt Lake City, UT Dec. 8, 2011

Diane Broad, P.E.

Ecofys US

Technology Innovation Project #220 - Objectives

Develop and deploy controllable end-use loads in the residential and C&I sectors

Project Purpose: demonstrate that these flexible resources can provide both balancing services to BPA and localized benefits to BPA’s customer utilities

Scope: 1MW to 3MW of demand response (DR) with energy storage

Residential Technologies: Interactive Water Heater Controls and Electric Thermal Storage (ETS) furnaces

C&I Technologies: Dispatch of load in cold storage warehouses, interactive HVAC controls in commercial and public buildings, and Steffes ETS furnaces in commercial buildings

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Develop and deploy controllable end-use loads in the residential and C&I sectors Control & Dispatch: control to both increase and decrease

loads (different from other BPA DR pilots); test several control methods, control signals and dispatch options

Cooperative Project with BPA Technology Innovation and the Energy Efficiency/DR Group

Technology Innovation Project #220 - Objectives

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Why develop this approach with these loads?

About 75% of water heaters in the Pacific Northwest are electric, approximately 1.8 million units

Up to 8,000 MW of potential controllable load within BPA Nationally, 9% of energy is used to heat water

Approach and Operation

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Which balancing services can we provide?

BPA has 22,000 MW of hydro generation, ample ability to provide regulating reserves

Difficult to balance variability in wind in 10-min. to 90-min. time frame – “Load Following” – especially DECs at night

Water heaters and cold storage can easily provide load following service; Steffes provides regulation service in PJM

Project Team

Project Manager / Quality Assurance

Project Analysis / Advising

Technology Vendors

Engineering / Technical Team

Participant Utilities5

Residential – Steffes Corp.

105 gal. water heater with iWHC can be thought of as a thermal battery – heats water to 170° F with a mixing valve for consumer safety

ETS Furnace, Forced Air or Hydronic, is equivalent to a 10x larger battery – coupling it with an air-source heat pump increases efficiency

Adjust target temperature and input wattage6

Commercial & Industrial - EnerNOC

Energy Network

Operations Center

EnerNOC's two Network

Operations Centers,

staffed 24x7x365, feature

advanced technology and

specialized staff to ensure

that load reductions

happen quickly, efficiently,

and consistently for both

the utility and end users.

EnerNOC Site Server (ESS)

At customer sites, EnerNOC

installs an ESS, a gateway

device that establishes

communication with the

network and provides near-

real time visibility into end-

user energy consumption.

The ESS also allows the

Network Operations Center

(NOC) to remotely control

loads in order to deliver

demand response capacity..

PowerTrak®

EnerNOC’s web-based

energy management

platform monitors energy

consumption and enables

end-user load control.

DemandSMART also provides

end-users with a web portal,

and utilities with the ability

to view load increase or

decrease during demand

response events.

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Pilot Projects – Scale

Residential – 3 host utilities, up to 200 sites

- 90 105-gal. & 50-gal. new water heaters with Steffes iWHC

- 5 sites with Steffes ETS residential furnaces

- 100 Carina WISE water heater controllers on existing & new water heaters

Commercial & Industrial – up to 10 sites at 4 utilities

- 5 cold-storage warehouse sites; total controllable resource is ~1MW (approx. 20% of load per site)

- 2 sites with Steffes ETS commercial furnaces

- 2 or 3 commercial or public buildings with HVAC controls vvia Cypress Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats

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Business Case

Cumulative Value Streams of Smart DR

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Dispatch Options - Tradeoffs

Use storage to reshape demand (e.g., reduce on-peak demand)

Use storage to provide balancing services

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Dispatch Optimization Support

Optimized Control Strategies in Development

Asymmetrical response to BA need for INCs/DECs • ETS water heaters have more capacity to provide DECs

than INCs• Control strategy needs to evaluate energy balance over

time, so not to exhaust the capability of the storage

Spirae has modeled water heaters in power system simulation software (PowerFactory), and created a representative distribution system model to assess effects of control

Ecofys is analyzing BPA’s Balancing Reserve Deployment signal: daily, monthly and seasonal shape; time & energy in “extreme” events; correlation with wind ramps/error

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Dispatch Optimization Support

Balancing Reserve Deployment Signal (BRD) with deadbands

Minutes of INC event: 1530 Total energy of events: 10,335 MWhMinutes of DEC event: 1285 Total energy of events: 10,109 MWh

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Dispatch Optimization Support

Processing the BRD and including Peak Load Management

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Dispatch Optimization Support

Representative Electrical Dist. System model with iWHC

Spirae, Sept. 2011 14

Modeling and Simulation Results

Spirae, Sept. 2011 15

Dispatch Optimization – Alternate Approach

Wind Forecast Error in BPA’s Balancing Area

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Dispatch Optimization Support – Alternate Approach

Using Wind Forecast Error to modify dispatch

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Performance Analysis & Control Validation

Steffes Dashboard for each iWHC unit

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Objective: Verify devices are responding to the BRD

Adjusted BRD is inverted & scaled

MA is an index signal for charging (0-200)

Resource is available continuously for INCs and DECs

Average tank temp remains in desired range

Performance Analysis & Control Validation

19Water heaters supply all customer needs from DECs!

EnerNOC DemandSMART portalDefined Events:

- 10 min. notice

- 30 min. duration

- 2 events/day

- INC or DEC calls (curtail load or increase load)

Facilities will proceed to longer & more frequent events

Response to a 200kW DEC call, City of Richland, WA

Performance Analysis & Control Validation

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Summary & Next Steps

Accomplishments- Validated speed of response- Validated duration of response- Determined available INCs/DECs relative to nameplate kW demand

of the load- Impacts on distribution system

Further work- Deploy additional technologies- Address concerns over system peaks and power contracts- Refine control approach using correlation between wind error and

reserve deployments- Integration into control center/BA operations, reserve calcs.- Explore appropriate use of an aggregator- Refine incentives and cost/benefit estimates at high penetrations;

what market drivers make Smart DR viable?

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Thank you for your attention.

Questions and commentsare welcome.

Diane BroadEcofys US

d.broad@ecofys-us.comT:541-766-8200M:541-905-2472

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