Download pdf - Review 1 Final

8/14/2019 Review 1 Final

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Uterus

-cyclic menstrual cycle-endometrium

-proliferative (follicular)-secretory (luteal)

-control via ovarian cycle (hormones)-phases divided by ovulation

female reproductive system - uterus


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Proliferative Endometrium

-regeneration (estrogen)

-via glandular epithelium-stratum basalis

-stratum spongiosum

-stratum compactum

-stratum functionalis



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Secretory Endometrium

-glandular expansion (progesterone)

-glycogen, glycoproteins

-nutrients for ovum



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Menstrual Endometrium

-corpus luteum dies

-blood supply cut off-functionalis sloughed



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Uterine wall

-smooth muscle

-interwoven-expands during pregnancy

-contraction (oxytocin)



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Cervix

-junction between uterus and vagina

-two sides-endo-cervix

-columnar epithelium

-highly folded (NOT glands)

-secrete mucous

-

female reproductive system - cervix

-ecto-cervix

-stratified squamous-Pap test


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Vagina

-stratified squamous epithelium

-thick elastic lamina propria-blood vessels

-no glands (cervical mucous)

-smooth muscle layer

-bacterial flora

-acid pH

female reproductive system - vagina


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Mammary Glands

-modified apocrine sweat glands-lobe

-lobules-acini

female reproductive system - mammary gland


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Mammary Glands

-cyclical hormonal changes

-corpus luteum

-pregnancy

-proliferation of acini

-control via placenta

-secretion = colostrum

-laxative

-antibodies

-lactating-prolactin (nursing)

-milk production

-oxytocin

-myo-epithelial contraction

female reproductive system - mammary gland


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How do I study for this $#@* !!! course

-dont over study, study what I talk about

-dont memorize, you cant do it

-dont go stamp collecting

-dont study by google

-come to lecture, listen ?...-read your text, only what I go over in lecture

-Blue histology, nice explanations

-nice pictures

-Do your labs

-virtual slidebox-learn your basic tissues

-put it together = function

-important stuff on lecture slides

-keys to what is diagnostic


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Final Exam

-65+ questions

-45 from material after midterm 2

-20 from material on midterm 1 and midterm 2

-more from everywhere

-mark is out of 65


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Bone CellsBone


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Periosteum EndosteumBone

B


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Compact Bone

-Haversian systems (osteons)

-Interstitial lamellae

Bone

B


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Spongy Bone

Cancellous Bone

Bone

B


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Bone development

Intramembranous

Endochondral

primary bone = new (woven)

secondary bone = remodeled

(lamellar)

Bone


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Bone questions

-characterize-primary (woven) bone-secondary (lamellar) bone

identify-spongy (cancellous) bone-compact bone

identify the organ-bone


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Urinary system

Renalcorpuscle

Medullary ray

Kidney Cortex

Urinar s stem


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Urinary system

Renal Corpuscle

Bowmans capsule

-Parietal layer = outside

-Visceral layer = aroundglomerulous

Glomerulous

-Capillaries

-Visceral layer


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Urinary system

Renal Corpuscle


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Urinary system

Proximal Tubule

-Simple cuboidal epithelium

with microvilli

-frothy cells

-irregular lumen ???


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Urinary system

Distal Tubule

-Simple cuboidal epithelium

-thin cells** (not always)

-smooth lumen nuclei slightlyflattened

-more nuclei/cross section


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Urinary system

Other renal corpuscle etc

-macula densa (distal tubule) = senses salt concentration

-juxtaglomerular apparatus = regulates blood flow


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Urinary system

Collecting (Papillary) ducts

-cell boundaries clear

-simple columnar (with microvilli)


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Urinary system

Renal Papilla

-epithelium stratified cuboidal transitional

Renal calyx


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Urinary system

Ureter

-transitional epithelium

-no muscularis mucosae

-no submucosal glands

-muscularis externa (two layers not clear)esophogus

ureter


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Urinary system

Bladder

-thick wall, muscularis

-transitional epithelium

Identify = urinary epithelium

Characterize = transitional epithelium


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Male repro

Seminiferous tubule

-spermatogonia

-spermatocytes

-spermatids

-spermatozoa

--spermatogenesis

-spermatogonia

-spermatocytes

-spermiogenesis-spermatids

-spermatozoa


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Male repro

Spermatogonia

-on outside of tube

-usually dark dense nucleus

sometimes pale

Spermatocytes-granular large nucleus

-chromosomes visible

-in middle of tube wall


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Male repro

Spermatids

-small round nucleus

-closer to lumen than spermatocytes


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Male repro

Spermatozoa

-thin nucleus

-sertoli cells

-support

-barrier (blood testes)

-tight junctions


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Male repro

Spermatogonia

-diploid

Spermatocytes-ones you can see = diploid

-all spermatids = haploid

M l


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Male repro

Leydig cells

-outside of seminiferous tubule

-testosterone

M l


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Male repro

Testis tubules

-ductus efferentes = irregular lumen

-spermatazoa in lumen

-epithelium = simple cuboidal

~columnar

-rete testis = convoluted

-epithelium = simple cuboidal

M l


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Male repro

Epididymus

-pseudostratified with stereocilia

-lumen spermatozoa

Prostate

concretions

M l


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Male repro

Seminal vesicle

-highly convoluted pseudo-stratified

-lobules

-septaoviduct

M l


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Male repro

Vas deferens

-pseudostratified epithelium

-narrow convoluted lumen

-thick muscle layers

esophogus ureter

Female repro


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Female repro

Ovary

-follicles

-cortex

-medulla

Female repro


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Female repro

Follicles-primordial (flattened cells)

-primary (cuboidal cells)

unilaminar multilaminar

-secondary (antrum)

Female repro


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-Atretic folliclewas an endocrine gland

Female repro

Follicles

-Graffian follicle-corona radiata

-cumulous oophrus

-zona granulosa

-theca

Female repro


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Corpus Luteum

-what is it ?-follicular layer graffian follicle

-what does it become ?

-Corpus albicans

-function-endocrine gland

-progesterone

Female repro


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Oviduct

-highly folded-fairly small (compare to

esophogus)

-no submucosal glands

-epithelium simple columnar ciliated

-function

-move oocyte

-compare

-vas deferens (pseudostratified)

-esophogus (stratified squamous)

-ureter (???) look at muscularis

Female repro


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Oviduct

-epithelium simple columnar ciliated-less stroma

Rete Testis

-simple cuboidal

-thick stroma

Female repro


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Uterus

-epithelium simple columnar-functionalis

-proliferative layer

-basalis

-remains unchanged

Female repro


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Uterussecretoryproliferative


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Things that look the same

I have provided some examples of tissues or organsthat appear similar, what is diagnostic to differentiatebetween them. It is certainly not an exhaustive list butcontains those things that people have asked about.There are other examples in your lectures and in otherreviews.



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Rete Testis & Cancellous Bone

Cancellous bone has either bonemarrow or connective tissuearound it

Rete testis has space, remember itis a tubular structure



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Seminiferous tubules & epidiymus

Seminiferous tubules have adistinctive epithelium ofdifferentiating cells. It looksspotted.

Epididymus has a pseudostratifiedepithelium and has spermatazoain the lumen


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Oviduct is smaller, circular, anddoes not have septa separatingthe lumen into segments

Oviduct & seminal vesicle

Seminal vesicle is irregular inshape and has septa creatingdistinct lobules


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M l d & t t



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Prostate has an extensive denseirregular connective tissue stroma,and prostate concretions. Thelumen of the glands appeardifferent since they represent

different glands.

Mammary gland & prostate

Mammary gland is much larger,has less connective tissue stroma,and while the lumen of theglandular tissue varies in size theshapes are similar

V i & h



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Vagina has stratified squamousepithelium, but distinctively NOGLANDS. There are A LOT ofblood vessels. Connective tissueunder epithelium is dense

irregular.

Vagina & esophogus

The epithelium of esophogus issimilar in appearance, however,

the lamina propria is a looseconnective tissue. Notice also theMUSCULARIS MUCOSAEdiagnostic of the digestivesystem. In the submucosa oneoften sees seromucous glands

V i & ki



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Vagina has stratified squamousepithelium, but distinctively NOGLANDS. There are A LOT ofblood vessels. There are no hairfollicles and the epithelium is NOT

keratinized

Vagina & skin

In skin the epithelium can bekeratinized or not, there are sweat

glands, hair, and sebacous glands(all epidermal derivatives). Thehypodermis (unilocular adiposetissue) is also a distinctive feature.

C til & b



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Cartilage has a lot more lacunae

than bone, they appear to havemore empty space. There are noblood vessels or nerve thereforeno haversian canals or connectivetissue. Notice also distinctiveterritorial matrix outlining each

isogenous group

Cartilage & bone

Bone has fewer cells, hence fewer

lacunae. The tissue is organized inlamellae and is perforated byhaversian canals that contain theblood vessels.


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myelinated nerve

ganglion

unilocular adipose

multilocular adipose


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Di ti S t


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Digestive System

-mucosa-epithelium

-lamina propria-muscularis mucosae

-submucosa-loose connective tissue

-muscularisexterna-inner circular-outer longitudinal

-adventitia-serosa


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esophogus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine


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Proximal

DistalCollecting ducts

loop of henle-only if see loop


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Podocytes

-end feet

-filtration slits


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Reticular Fibers-fibery, lacey,...

Bile canaliculi-angular, stick like


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Primary bone = woven bone = no lamellae

secondary bone = lamellae


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periosteum (outside ~muscle ?)

endosteum (inside ~bone marrow?)


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periosteum (dense irregular connective tissue)

Sharpeys fibres


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Chondrocytes

-lacuna-inside cartilage

Chondroblasts-no lacuna-at surface

Perichondrium-dense irregular connective tissue


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-has cilia or stereocilia-goblet cells (trachea)

-bottle shaped cells

-no surface modification-cells all one type

-pillow cells apical

Pseudo-stratified transitional


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cilia Stereocilia

-even hair like appearance-sometimes clumped-about 1 nucleus high-many/cell-tubulin core (highly motile)

-uneven, ragged-almost always clumped--2-3X nucleus high-1-2/cell-actin core (immotile)


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Basement membrane/basal lamina

-usually cannot see

-can be stained (blue=collagen)

-if thick can be visible (pale pink=collagen)


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Dense irregular loose

-more fibers than cells-more fibers than space

-more cells than fibers-more space than fibers

Use more than one criteria

No absolutes loose-----dense


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-pancreas-combined endocrine/exocrine gland-islet endocrine (nodule, lots of BVs)-exocrine pancreas multiple acini


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Stomach, LAYERS!!!!

Uterus (endometrium), no pits


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Ductus efferentes high/low epithelium

Epididymus pseudostratified epithelium

Bone CellsBone


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Bone Cells

Bone


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Spongy Bone

Cancellous Bone

Identify the organ1 h t d I ? illi ?


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y g1: what do I see ?: villi ?

2: epithelium ?: yes but ??

3: work on layers:

mucosa,muscularis mucosadigestive system

4: what is distinctive ?:

submucosal glandsduodenum

1: what do I see ?:Identify the organ

pink columns of cells


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y g

2: Is there an edge ?:

3: Anything else ?:

pink..., columns of cells

Yes, epithelium

columnar

No

4: Columns ?:

different types ofcells. someround and palesome short anddark

5: Round cells ?:

fried eggsstomach

6: what part of stomach ?:

pits to glands ?

fundic stomach

Identify the organ1: what do I see ?:

folds ? doesnt help


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y gfolds ? doesnt help

2: edge ?:

Yes, work in

epithelium iskeratinized startifiedsquamous skin

Characterize the tissue1: what do I see ?:

weird lined up


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weird, lined upstriped nuclei....

2: Cells ?:

fusiform... all thesame

3: smooth muscle ?:

sure...

4: anything else ?:

dense irregular connectivetissue ?... No, toohomogenous.

Dense regular ? No toomuch space

smooth muscle


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