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8/14/2019 Review 1 Final
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8/14/2019 Review 1 Final
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Uterus
-cyclic menstrual cycle-endometrium
-proliferative (follicular)-secretory (luteal)
-control via ovarian cycle (hormones)-phases divided by ovulation
female reproductive system - uterus
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Proliferative Endometrium
-regeneration (estrogen)
-via glandular epithelium-stratum basalis
-stratum spongiosum
-stratum compactum
-stratum functionalis
female reproductive system - uterus
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Secretory Endometrium
-glandular expansion (progesterone)
-glycogen, glycoproteins
-nutrients for ovum
female reproductive system - uterus
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Menstrual Endometrium
-corpus luteum dies
-blood supply cut off-functionalis sloughed
female reproductive system - uterus
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Uterine wall
-smooth muscle
-interwoven-expands during pregnancy
-contraction (oxytocin)
female reproductive system - uterus
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Cervix
-junction between uterus and vagina
-two sides-endo-cervix
-columnar epithelium
-highly folded (NOT glands)
-secrete mucous
-
female reproductive system - cervix
-ecto-cervix
-stratified squamous-Pap test
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Vagina
-stratified squamous epithelium
-thick elastic lamina propria-blood vessels
-no glands (cervical mucous)
-smooth muscle layer
-bacterial flora
-acid pH
female reproductive system - vagina
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Mammary Glands
-modified apocrine sweat glands-lobe
-lobules-acini
female reproductive system - mammary gland
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Mammary Glands
-cyclical hormonal changes
-corpus luteum
-pregnancy
-proliferation of acini
-control via placenta
-secretion = colostrum
-laxative
-antibodies
-lactating-prolactin (nursing)
-milk production
-oxytocin
-myo-epithelial contraction
female reproductive system - mammary gland
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How do I study for this $#@* !!! course
-dont over study, study what I talk about
-dont memorize, you cant do it
-dont go stamp collecting
-dont study by google
-come to lecture, listen ?...-read your text, only what I go over in lecture
-Blue histology, nice explanations
-nice pictures
-Do your labs
-virtual slidebox-learn your basic tissues
-put it together = function
-important stuff on lecture slides
-keys to what is diagnostic
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Final Exam
-65+ questions
-45 from material after midterm 2
-20 from material on midterm 1 and midterm 2
-more from everywhere
-mark is out of 65
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Bone CellsBone
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Periosteum EndosteumBone
B
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Compact Bone
-Haversian systems (osteons)
-Interstitial lamellae
Bone
B
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Spongy Bone
Cancellous Bone
Bone
B
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Bone development
Intramembranous
Endochondral
primary bone = new (woven)
secondary bone = remodeled
(lamellar)
Bone
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Bone questions
-characterize-primary (woven) bone-secondary (lamellar) bone
identify-spongy (cancellous) bone-compact bone
identify the organ-bone
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Urinary system
Renalcorpuscle
Medullary ray
Kidney Cortex
Urinar s stem
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Urinary system
Renal Corpuscle
Bowmans capsule
-Parietal layer = outside
-Visceral layer = aroundglomerulous
Glomerulous
-Capillaries
-Visceral layer
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Urinary system
Renal Corpuscle
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Urinary system
Proximal Tubule
-Simple cuboidal epithelium
with microvilli
-frothy cells
-irregular lumen ???
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Urinary system
Distal Tubule
-Simple cuboidal epithelium
-thin cells** (not always)
-smooth lumen nuclei slightlyflattened
-more nuclei/cross section
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Urinary system
Other renal corpuscle etc
-macula densa (distal tubule) = senses salt concentration
-juxtaglomerular apparatus = regulates blood flow
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Urinary system
Collecting (Papillary) ducts
-cell boundaries clear
-simple columnar (with microvilli)
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Urinary system
Renal Papilla
-epithelium stratified cuboidal transitional
Renal calyx
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Urinary system
Ureter
-transitional epithelium
-no muscularis mucosae
-no submucosal glands
-muscularis externa (two layers not clear)esophogus
ureter
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Urinary system
Bladder
-thick wall, muscularis
-transitional epithelium
Identify = urinary epithelium
Characterize = transitional epithelium
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Male repro
Seminiferous tubule
-spermatogonia
-spermatocytes
-spermatids
-spermatozoa
--spermatogenesis
-spermatogonia
-spermatocytes
-spermiogenesis-spermatids
-spermatozoa
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Male repro
Spermatogonia
-on outside of tube
-usually dark dense nucleus
sometimes pale
Spermatocytes-granular large nucleus
-chromosomes visible
-in middle of tube wall
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Male repro
Spermatids
-small round nucleus
-closer to lumen than spermatocytes
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Male repro
Spermatozoa
-thin nucleus
-sertoli cells
-support
-barrier (blood testes)
-tight junctions
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Male repro
Spermatogonia
-diploid
Spermatocytes-ones you can see = diploid
-all spermatids = haploid
M l
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Male repro
Leydig cells
-outside of seminiferous tubule
-testosterone
M l
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Male repro
Testis tubules
-ductus efferentes = irregular lumen
-spermatazoa in lumen
-epithelium = simple cuboidal
~columnar
-rete testis = convoluted
-epithelium = simple cuboidal
M l
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Male repro
Epididymus
-pseudostratified with stereocilia
-lumen spermatozoa
Prostate
concretions
M l
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Male repro
Seminal vesicle
-highly convoluted pseudo-stratified
-lobules
-septaoviduct
M l
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Male repro
Vas deferens
-pseudostratified epithelium
-narrow convoluted lumen
-thick muscle layers
esophogus ureter
Female repro
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Female repro
Ovary
-follicles
-cortex
-medulla
Female repro
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Female repro
Follicles-primordial (flattened cells)
-primary (cuboidal cells)
unilaminar multilaminar
-secondary (antrum)
Female repro
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-Atretic folliclewas an endocrine gland
Female repro
Follicles
-Graffian follicle-corona radiata
-cumulous oophrus
-zona granulosa
-theca
Female repro
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Corpus Luteum
-what is it ?-follicular layer graffian follicle
-what does it become ?
-Corpus albicans
-function-endocrine gland
-progesterone
Female repro
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Oviduct
-highly folded-fairly small (compare to
esophogus)
-no submucosal glands
-epithelium simple columnar ciliated
-function
-move oocyte
-compare
-vas deferens (pseudostratified)
-esophogus (stratified squamous)
-ureter (???) look at muscularis
Female repro
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Oviduct
-epithelium simple columnar ciliated-less stroma
Rete Testis
-simple cuboidal
-thick stroma
Female repro
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Uterus
-epithelium simple columnar-functionalis
-proliferative layer
-basalis
-remains unchanged
Female repro
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Uterussecretoryproliferative
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Things that look the same
I have provided some examples of tissues or organsthat appear similar, what is diagnostic to differentiatebetween them. It is certainly not an exhaustive list butcontains those things that people have asked about.There are other examples in your lectures and in otherreviews.
Things that look the same
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Rete Testis & Cancellous Bone
Cancellous bone has either bonemarrow or connective tissuearound it
Rete testis has space, remember itis a tubular structure
Things that look the same
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Seminiferous tubules & epidiymus
Seminiferous tubules have adistinctive epithelium ofdifferentiating cells. It looksspotted.
Epididymus has a pseudostratifiedepithelium and has spermatazoain the lumen
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Things that look the same
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Oviduct is smaller, circular, anddoes not have septa separatingthe lumen into segments
Oviduct & seminal vesicle
Seminal vesicle is irregular inshape and has septa creatingdistinct lobules
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M l d & t t
Things that look the same
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Prostate has an extensive denseirregular connective tissue stroma,and prostate concretions. Thelumen of the glands appeardifferent since they represent
different glands.
Mammary gland & prostate
Mammary gland is much larger,has less connective tissue stroma,and while the lumen of theglandular tissue varies in size theshapes are similar
V i & h
Things that look the same
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Vagina has stratified squamousepithelium, but distinctively NOGLANDS. There are A LOT ofblood vessels. Connective tissueunder epithelium is dense
irregular.
Vagina & esophogus
The epithelium of esophogus issimilar in appearance, however,
the lamina propria is a looseconnective tissue. Notice also theMUSCULARIS MUCOSAEdiagnostic of the digestivesystem. In the submucosa oneoften sees seromucous glands
V i & ki
Things that look the same
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Vagina has stratified squamousepithelium, but distinctively NOGLANDS. There are A LOT ofblood vessels. There are no hairfollicles and the epithelium is NOT
keratinized
Vagina & skin
In skin the epithelium can bekeratinized or not, there are sweat
glands, hair, and sebacous glands(all epidermal derivatives). Thehypodermis (unilocular adiposetissue) is also a distinctive feature.
C til & b
Things that look the same
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Cartilage has a lot more lacunae
than bone, they appear to havemore empty space. There are noblood vessels or nerve thereforeno haversian canals or connectivetissue. Notice also distinctiveterritorial matrix outlining each
isogenous group
Cartilage & bone
Bone has fewer cells, hence fewer
lacunae. The tissue is organized inlamellae and is perforated byhaversian canals that contain theblood vessels.
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myelinated nerve
ganglion
unilocular adipose
multilocular adipose
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Di ti S t
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Digestive System
-mucosa-epithelium
-lamina propria-muscularis mucosae
-submucosa-loose connective tissue
-muscularisexterna-inner circular-outer longitudinal
-adventitia-serosa
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esophogus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
8/14/2019 Review 1 Final
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Proximal
DistalCollecting ducts
loop of henle-only if see loop
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Podocytes
-end feet
-filtration slits
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Reticular Fibers-fibery, lacey,...
Bile canaliculi-angular, stick like
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Primary bone = woven bone = no lamellae
secondary bone = lamellae
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periosteum (outside ~muscle ?)
endosteum (inside ~bone marrow?)
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periosteum (dense irregular connective tissue)
Sharpeys fibres
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Chondrocytes
-lacuna-inside cartilage
Chondroblasts-no lacuna-at surface
Perichondrium-dense irregular connective tissue
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-has cilia or stereocilia-goblet cells (trachea)
-bottle shaped cells
-no surface modification-cells all one type
-pillow cells apical
Pseudo-stratified transitional
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cilia Stereocilia
-even hair like appearance-sometimes clumped-about 1 nucleus high-many/cell-tubulin core (highly motile)
-uneven, ragged-almost always clumped--2-3X nucleus high-1-2/cell-actin core (immotile)
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Basement membrane/basal lamina
-usually cannot see
-can be stained (blue=collagen)
-if thick can be visible (pale pink=collagen)
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Dense irregular loose
-more fibers than cells-more fibers than space
-more cells than fibers-more space than fibers
Use more than one criteria
No absolutes loose-----dense
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-pancreas-combined endocrine/exocrine gland-islet endocrine (nodule, lots of BVs)-exocrine pancreas multiple acini
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Stomach, LAYERS!!!!
Uterus (endometrium), no pits
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Ductus efferentes high/low epithelium
Epididymus pseudostratified epithelium
Bone CellsBone
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Bone Cells
Bone
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Spongy Bone
Cancellous Bone
Identify the organ1 h t d I ? illi ?
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y g1: what do I see ?: villi ?
2: epithelium ?: yes but ??
3: work on layers:
mucosa,muscularis mucosadigestive system
4: what is distinctive ?:
submucosal glandsduodenum
1: what do I see ?:Identify the organ
pink columns of cells
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y g
2: Is there an edge ?:
3: Anything else ?:
pink..., columns of cells
Yes, epithelium
columnar
No
4: Columns ?:
different types ofcells. someround and palesome short anddark
5: Round cells ?:
fried eggsstomach
6: what part of stomach ?:
pits to glands ?
fundic stomach
Identify the organ1: what do I see ?:
folds ? doesnt help
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y gfolds ? doesnt help
2: edge ?:
Yes, work in
epithelium iskeratinized startifiedsquamous skin
Characterize the tissue1: what do I see ?:
weird lined up
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weird, lined upstriped nuclei....
2: Cells ?:
fusiform... all thesame
3: smooth muscle ?:
sure...
4: anything else ?:
dense irregular connectivetissue ?... No, toohomogenous.
Dense regular ? No toomuch space
smooth muscle
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