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Classification of Living Things -6 Kingdom Classification
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Kingdom is the highest rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. There are6 kingdoms in taxonomy. Every living thing comes under one of these 6 kingdoms. Thesix kingdoms are Eubacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
History
Until the 20th century, most biologists considered all living things to be classifiable aseither a plant or an animal. But in the 1950s and 1960s, most biologists came to therealization that this system failed to accommodate the fungi, protists, and bacteria.
By the 1970s, a system of Five Kingdoms had come to be accepted as the model bywhich all living things could be classified.
At a more fundamental level, a distinction was made between the prokaryotic bacteriaand the four eukaryotic kingdoms (plants, animals, fungi, & protists).
The distinction recognizes the common traits that eukaryotic organisms share, such asnuclei, cytoskeletons, and internal membranes.
Although many books and articles still refer to them as "Archaebacteria", that term hasbeen abandoned because they aren't bacteria -- they're Archaea.
5KINGDOMS
6 KINGDOMS ORGANIZATION TYPES OF ORGANISMS REPRODUCTION
MONERA
EUBACTERIAProkaryotic,unicellular organisms
unicellular and colonial--including the true bacteria(eubacteria)
asexualreproduction --binary fission
ARCHAEA
no cell nucleus norany othermembrane-boundorganelles withintheir cells, most butnot all have a cellwall e.g.,thermoplasma,ferroplasma
halobacteria, ARMAN(Archaeal Richmond MineAcidophilic Nanoorganisms),thermoplasma, ferroplasma
Archaeareproduceasexually bybinary or multiplefission,fragmentation, orbudding; meiosisdoes not occur
PROTISTA PROTISTA
Green, golden, red,and brown unicellularalgae large, singleeukaryotic cell(nucleus is enclosedby a membrane)
protozoans and algae ofvarious types
asexually withbinary fission
sexually --, twoindividuals joinand exchangegenetic materialin the nucleus
FUNGI FUNGImulticellular,with acell wall, organelles
funguses, molds,mushrooms, yeasts,
sexual andasexual
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including a nucleus,but no chloroplasts.They have nomechanisms forlocomotion. Fungirange in size from
microscopic to verylarge ( such asmushrooms).Nutrients areacquired byabsorption, for themost part, fromdecaying material.
mildews, and smuts
PLANTAE PLANTAE
multicellular formwith specializedeukaryotic cells; donot have their ownmeans of locomotion
seaweeds and kelp,mosses, liverworts, sporesplants (club mosses &ferns), gymnosperms, andflowering plants
Sexualreproductioninvolves the malepollen grains
traveling to thestigma of a flower
Asexualreproductioninvolves theproduction of anew plant withoutthe use offlowers.
ANIMALIA ANIMALIA
multicellular formwith specializedeukaryotic cells;have their ownmeans of locomotion
sponges, coelenterates,flatworms, roundworms,mollusks, annelids,arthropods, echinodermsand chordates, Humans,Elephants, Ants, Bees,Naked Mole rats
sexualreproductionthroughfertilization
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The Six KingdomsWhen Linnaeus developed his systemof classification, there were only two
kingdoms, Plants and Animals. But
the use of the microscope led to the
discovery of new organisms and the
identification of differences in cells.
A two-kingdom system was no longer
useful.
Today the system of classification
includes six kingdoms.
The Six Kingdoms:
Plants, Animals, Protists,
Fungi, Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria.
How are organism placed
into their kingdoms?
Cell type, complex or
simple
Their ability to makefood
The number of cells in
their body
PlantsYou are probably quite familiar with
the members of this kingdom as it
contains all the plants that you have
come to know -flowering plants,
In addition plants are
autotrophs, organismsthatmake their own food.
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mosses, and ferns. Plants are all
multicellular and consist of complex
cells.
With over 250,000 species, the plant
kingdom is the second largest
kingdom. Plant species range from thetinygreen mosses togianttrees.
Without plants, life onEarth would not exist!Plants feed almost all theheterotrophs (organismsthat eat other organisms) onEarth. Wow!
Animals
Theanimalkingdom is the largest
kingdom with over1 million knownspecies.
All animals consist of many
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Sumatran Tiger - Kingdom: Animalia,
Phylum, Chordata, Class Mammalia, OrderCarnivora, Family Felidae, GenusPathera,Species tigris
complex cells. They are also
heterotrophs.
Members of the animal
kingdom are found in the
most diverse environments in
the world.
Archaebacteria
In 1983, scientists tool samples from a
spot deep in the Pacific Ocean where
hot gases and molten rock boiled into
the ocean form the Earths interior. To
their surprise they discovered
unicellular(one cell)organisms in the
samples. These organisms are today
classified in the kingdom,
Archaebacteria.
Archaebacteria are found in extreme
Finding Archaebacteria:The hot
springs of Yellowstone
National Park, USA, were
among the first placesArchaebacteria were
discovered. The biologists
pictured above are
immersing microscope slides
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environments such ashot boiling waterand
thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen
or highly acid environments.
in the boiling pool onto
which some archaebacteria
might be captured for study.
Eubacteria
Like archaebacteria,eubacteriaare
complex and single celled. Most
bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA
kingdom. They are the kinds found
everywhere and are the ones people
are most familiar with.
Eubacteria are classified in their own
kingdom because their chemical
makeup is different.
Most eubacteria are helpful.Some produce vitamins andfoods like yogurt. However,these eubacteria, Streptococcipictured above, can give youstrep throat!
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Fungi
Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all
examples of organisms in the kingdomfungi.
Most fungi are multicellular andconsists of many complex cells.
Fun Facts about Fungi
Some fungi taste great and others can
kill you!
Fungi are organisms that
biologists once confused with
plants, however, unlikeplants, fungi cannot maketheir own food. Most obtain
their food from parts ofplants that are decaying in
the soil.
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Protists
Slime molds and algae are protists.
Sometimes they are called the odds
and ends kingdom because its
members are so different from one
another. Protistsinclude all
microscopic organisms that are notbacteria, notanimals, notplants andnot fungi.
Mostprotistsare unicellular. You
may be wondering why those protists
are not classified in the Archaebacteriaor Eubacteria kingdoms.
It is because, unlike bacteria, protists
are complex cells.These delicate looking diatoms
are classified in the protist
kingdom.
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