kingdoms of biology

7/29/2019 kingdoms of biology

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Classification of Living Things -6 Kingdom Classification


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Kingdom is the highest rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. There are6 kingdoms in taxonomy. Every living thing comes under one of these 6 kingdoms. Thesix kingdoms are Eubacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

History

Until the 20th century, most biologists considered all living things to be classifiable aseither a plant or an animal. But in the 1950s and 1960s, most biologists came to therealization that this system failed to accommodate the fungi, protists, and bacteria.

By the 1970s, a system of Five Kingdoms had come to be accepted as the model bywhich all living things could be classified.

At a more fundamental level, a distinction was made between the prokaryotic bacteriaand the four eukaryotic kingdoms (plants, animals, fungi, & protists).

The distinction recognizes the common traits that eukaryotic organisms share, such asnuclei, cytoskeletons, and internal membranes.

Although many books and articles still refer to them as "Archaebacteria", that term hasbeen abandoned because they aren't bacteria -- they're Archaea.

5KINGDOMS

6 KINGDOMS ORGANIZATION TYPES OF ORGANISMS REPRODUCTION

MONERA

EUBACTERIAProkaryotic,unicellular organisms

unicellular and colonial--including the true bacteria(eubacteria)

asexualreproduction --binary fission

ARCHAEA

no cell nucleus norany othermembrane-boundorganelles withintheir cells, most butnot all have a cellwall e.g.,thermoplasma,ferroplasma

halobacteria, ARMAN(Archaeal Richmond MineAcidophilic Nanoorganisms),thermoplasma, ferroplasma

Archaeareproduceasexually bybinary or multiplefission,fragmentation, orbudding; meiosisdoes not occur

PROTISTA PROTISTA

Green, golden, red,and brown unicellularalgae large, singleeukaryotic cell(nucleus is enclosedby a membrane)

protozoans and algae ofvarious types

asexually withbinary fission

sexually --, twoindividuals joinand exchangegenetic materialin the nucleus

FUNGI FUNGImulticellular,with acell wall, organelles

funguses, molds,mushrooms, yeasts,

sexual andasexual
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including a nucleus,but no chloroplasts.They have nomechanisms forlocomotion. Fungirange in size from

microscopic to verylarge ( such asmushrooms).Nutrients areacquired byabsorption, for themost part, fromdecaying material.

mildews, and smuts

PLANTAE PLANTAE

multicellular formwith specializedeukaryotic cells; donot have their ownmeans of locomotion

seaweeds and kelp,mosses, liverworts, sporesplants (club mosses &ferns), gymnosperms, andflowering plants

Sexualreproductioninvolves the malepollen grains

traveling to thestigma of a flower

Asexualreproductioninvolves theproduction of anew plant withoutthe use offlowers.

ANIMALIA ANIMALIA

multicellular formwith specializedeukaryotic cells;have their ownmeans of locomotion

sponges, coelenterates,flatworms, roundworms,mollusks, annelids,arthropods, echinodermsand chordates, Humans,Elephants, Ants, Bees,Naked Mole rats

sexualreproductionthroughfertilization
http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/asexual_sexual_reproduction.htmhttp://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/asexual_sexual_reproduction.htmhttp://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/asexual_sexual_reproduction.htmhttp://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/asexual_sexual_reproduction.htmhttp://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/asexual_sexual_reproduction.htm


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The Six KingdomsWhen Linnaeus developed his systemof classification, there were only two

kingdoms, Plants and Animals. But

the use of the microscope led to the

discovery of new organisms and the

identification of differences in cells.

A two-kingdom system was no longer

useful.

Today the system of classification

includes six kingdoms.

The Six Kingdoms:

Plants, Animals, Protists,

Fungi, Archaebacteria,

Eubacteria.

How are organism placed

into their kingdoms?

Cell type, complex or

simple

Their ability to makefood

The number of cells in

their body

PlantsYou are probably quite familiar with

the members of this kingdom as it

contains all the plants that you have

come to know -flowering plants,

In addition plants are

autotrophs, organismsthatmake their own food.
http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image001.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image001.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image001.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image001.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image001.jpghttp://home.usit.net/~info7/plants.htmlhttp://home.usit.net/~info7/plants.htmlhttp://home.usit.net/~info7/plants.htmlhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image001.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/main.gifhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image001.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/main.gifhttp://home.usit.net/~info7/plants.html


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mosses, and ferns. Plants are all

multicellular and consist of complex

cells.

With over 250,000 species, the plant

kingdom is the second largest

kingdom. Plant species range from thetinygreen mosses togianttrees.

Without plants, life onEarth would not exist!Plants feed almost all theheterotrophs (organismsthat eat other organisms) onEarth. Wow!

Animals

Theanimalkingdom is the largest

kingdom with over1 million knownspecies.

All animals consist of many
http://california.sierraclub.org/sequoia/GiantSequoias/GSandSierraClub.htmhttp://california.sierraclub.org/sequoia/GiantSequoias/GSandSierraClub.htmhttp://california.sierraclub.org/sequoia/GiantSequoias/GSandSierraClub.htmhttp://california.sierraclub.org/sequoia/GiantSequoias/GSandSierraClub.htmhttp://california.sierraclub.org/sequoia/GiantSequoias/GSandSierraClub.htmhttp://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/index.htmhttp://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/index.htmhttp://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/index.htmhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image005.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image002.gifhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image003.gifhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image005.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image002.gifhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image003.gifhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image005.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image002.gifhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image003.gifhttp://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/index.htmhttp://california.sierraclub.org/sequoia/GiantSequoias/GSandSierraClub.htm


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Sumatran Tiger - Kingdom: Animalia,

Phylum, Chordata, Class Mammalia, OrderCarnivora, Family Felidae, GenusPathera,Species tigris

complex cells. They are also

heterotrophs.

Members of the animal

kingdom are found in the

most diverse environments in

the world.

Archaebacteria

In 1983, scientists tool samples from a

spot deep in the Pacific Ocean where

hot gases and molten rock boiled into

the ocean form the Earths interior. To

their surprise they discovered

unicellular(one cell)organisms in the

samples. These organisms are today

classified in the kingdom,

Archaebacteria.

Archaebacteria are found in extreme

Finding Archaebacteria:The hot

springs of Yellowstone

National Park, USA, were

among the first placesArchaebacteria were

discovered. The biologists

pictured above are

immersing microscope slides
http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image004.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image004.jpghttp://www.lanesville.k12.in.us/LCSYellowpages/Tickit/Carl/defpage.htmlhttp://www.lanesville.k12.in.us/LCSYellowpages/Tickit/Carl/defpage.htmlhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image004.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image004.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image004.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image004.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image008.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image007.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image004.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image008.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image007.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image004.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image008.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image007.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image004.jpghttp://www.lanesville.k12.in.us/LCSYellowpages/Tickit/Carl/defpage.html


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environments such ashot boiling waterand

thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen

or highly acid environments.

in the boiling pool onto

which some archaebacteria

might be captured for study.

Eubacteria

Like archaebacteria,eubacteriaare

complex and single celled. Most

bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA

kingdom. They are the kinds found

everywhere and are the ones people

are most familiar with.

Eubacteria are classified in their own

kingdom because their chemical

makeup is different.

Most eubacteria are helpful.Some produce vitamins andfoods like yogurt. However,these eubacteria, Streptococcipictured above, can give youstrep throat!
http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/b12http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/b12http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/b12http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif72/2a.asphttp://www.beyondbooks.com/lif72/2a.asphttp://www.beyondbooks.com/lif72/2a.asphttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image010.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image009.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image010.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image009.jpghttp://www.beyondbooks.com/lif72/2a.asphttp://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/b12


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Fungi

Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all

examples of organisms in the kingdomfungi.

Most fungi are multicellular andconsists of many complex cells.

Fun Facts about Fungi

Some fungi taste great and others can

kill you!

Fungi are organisms that

biologists once confused with

plants, however, unlikeplants, fungi cannot maketheir own food. Most obtain

their food from parts ofplants that are decaying in

the soil.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.htmlhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.htmlhttp://www.herb.lsa.umich.edu/kidpage/factindx.htmhttp://www.herb.lsa.umich.edu/kidpage/factindx.htmhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image012.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image011.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image012.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image011.jpghttp://www.herb.lsa.umich.edu/kidpage/factindx.htmhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.html


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Protists

Slime molds and algae are protists.

Sometimes they are called the odds

and ends kingdom because its

members are so different from one

another. Protistsinclude all

microscopic organisms that are notbacteria, notanimals, notplants andnot fungi.

Mostprotistsare unicellular. You

may be wondering why those protists

are not classified in the Archaebacteriaor Eubacteria kingdoms.

It is because, unlike bacteria, protists

are complex cells.These delicate looking diatoms

are classified in the protist

kingdom.
http://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/gallery.htmlhttp://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/gallery.htmlhttp://www.lanesville.k12.in.us/LCSYellowpages/Tickit/Carl/protists.htmlhttp://www.lanesville.k12.in.us/LCSYellowpages/Tickit/Carl/protists.htmlhttp://www.lanesville.k12.in.us/LCSYellowpages/Tickit/Carl/protists.htmlhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image014.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image013.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image014.jpghttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/image013.jpghttp://www.lanesville.k12.in.us/LCSYellowpages/Tickit/Carl/protists.htmlhttp://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/gallery.html


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