Institute of Thermal Technology Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, POLAND
New Challenges in Eco-designing of Energy Consuming Installations
in Particular Small Combustion Installations
(1) Institute of Thermal Technology, Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Poland(2) Department of Chemical and Processing Apparatus Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Poland
Krystyna Kubica(1), Andrzej Szlęk(1), Robert Kubica (2)
International Forum of R&D for Eco-innovation
Katowice, 22-23 October 2009
Small Combustion Installation - definition
What is a “small scale combustion installation”?
A combustion unit of less than 50 MWth thermal
capacity, traditionally not regulated at the EU level
– Sectors: residential, commercial/ institutional, industrial– Technologies/Fuels: gas, oil, coal, wood..– Types of installation: of which there are a large number
Importance of Small Combustion Installations
Contribution to total emissions (RAINS model results)
Pollutant Year
1990 1995 2010
Oxides of nitrogen 4.5% 5% 7%
Sulfur dioxide 11% 8% 7%
Ammonia About 0.5% - 1%
NMVOC(1) 7% 7% 7%
PM2.5(2) 25% 25% 19%
PM10(2) 22% 20% 15%
Source: IIASA, 2004
(1) Contributions vary widely from country to country, e.g. 1% - 3% in the Netherlands or Italy,
10%-15% in Austria and 25%-30% in Sweden,
(2) Contributions vary widely from country to country, e.g. 2%-4% in the Netherlands and 40%-
50% in Austria and Sweden
Importance of Small Combustion Installations
● Emission of PAHs from residential use of solid fuels and biomass accounts for about half of the total emission of PAHs in EU [COM(2003) 423 final]; in Poland about 84% in 2006Dębski et al., 2009; http://emissions.ios.edu.pl/kcie/Download/Raport_EMEP_2006_PL.pdf
● Emission of PCDD/F from those activities accounts for one third of dioxin emissions in the EU (Quass U., et al., 2000); in Poland about 43% (of national total) Dębski et al.,2009; http://emissions.ios.edu.pl/kcie/Download/Raport_EMEP_2006_PL.pdf
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
FR PL NO DE FI SE ES GB PT IT CZ AT GR LT LV HU NL IE DK EE BE SL SK CH LU
2000 2010 2020
Emission of PM10 (2000-2020) from non-industrial SCIs in different countries; Pye S. at al.; Costs and
environmental effectiveness …. AEAT/ED48256/Draft Final Report 2004
Importance of Small Combustion InstallationsMercury emissions
65%
11%
21%
3%
Industrial
Comm_Inst
Residential
AFF
63%8%
2%
27%
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Biomass
Pye S., Jones G., Stewart R., Woodfield M., Kubica K., Kubica R., Pacyna J. 2005; Pye S., Jones G., Stewart R., Woodfield M., Kubica K., Kubica R., Pacyna J. 2005; Costs and Costs and
environmental effectiveness of options for reducing mercury environmental effectiveness of options for reducing mercury ……, AEAT/ED48706/Final report, AEAT/ED48706/Final report v v22
Non-industrial SCI Non-industrial SCI sourcessources All SCI sourcesAll SCI sources
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
CommInst Residential AFF CommInst Residential AFF CommInst Residential AFF
2002 2010 2020
Hg
em
issio
n (
ton
ne
s)
Biomass
Gaseous
Liquid
Solid
Projections by sector and fuelProjections by sector and fuel
WWhy essential improving of SCIs quality?hy essential improving of SCIs quality?
To sum – upTo sum – up::
▪ solid fuels (coal fuels) – main energy source in many countries; low energetic
efficiency of appliances, lack or low efficiency of flue gas cleaning systems
▪ emission factors for small sources can exceed many times the factors of the
same pollutants for industry (PM, HMs, CO, SO, NO, VOCs and POPs,
particularly PAHs, PCDDs/Fs,)
▪ low flue gases exhaust, location in residential areas; the influence on the local
air quality and human health might be greater than their share in total
emissions
and
▪ implementation of EU Policies
EU Strategy - Environmental and Climate Action
CAFE - CAFE - Clean Air for EuropeClean Air for Europe, DG , DG Environment EC - Environment EC - Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution COM(2005) 446 final Brussels, 21.9.2005
Small combustion sources burning coal and wood: one of the sources for particulate matter (PM) pollution to be addressed with priority
The Strategy sets specific long-term target to decrease emissions (for 2020):▪ primary PM2.5 (particles emitted directly into the air) by 59% compared with the year 2000.
The establishment of standards for small heating installations is also envisaged through the new Directive Energy-using Products
The Climate action and renewable energy package - 28 January 2008 sets up three ambitious quantitative targets described as 3x20:
▪ reduce greenhouse gases at least 20% by 2020 (compared with 1990 levels),
▪ reduce energy consumption by 20% through increased energy efficiency,
▪ meet 20% of our energy needs from renewable sources.
EU Energy policy and SCIs – the products for domestic sector
Directive on Eco-design for Energy-using Products (EuP) (2005)
EuP Directive implementation
Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament
Framework Directive for the setting of eco-design requirements for Energy
using Products; 6 July 2005 (Official Journal of the European Union)
Scope of the Directive:– In principle, all Energy using Products– Specific product categories for eco-design requirements
to be defined ( 20 studies launched – 20 Lots, managed by DG TREN EC)
– Measures of action: Setting of eco-design requirements (Implementing Measures)
EuP Preparatory Study – Lot 15 Solid Fuel SCIs ECODESIGN (EC DG XII)
Current state of SCIs – Energy using Products for domestic sector
SCIs – final design product, SCIs – final design product, a a standalone standalone appliance appliance ≤≤ 0,5 MWth output 0,5 MWth output
Small Combustion Installations – solid fuelsSmall Combustion Installations – solid fuels
Solid fuels are divided in two main categories (the EMEP/Corinair Emission
Inventory Guidebook):■ Solid mineral fuels: anthracite, hard coal, brown coal, patent fuels, brown coal
briquettes, coke, charcoal, peat;
■ Solid biomass fuels: wood (log, pellets, chips), wood wastes, agricultural wastes used
as fuels (straw, straw pellets corncobs, etc).
Solid fuel SCIs a design for a specific fuel type!
FuelsOTHERS
Volatile matter contents;
Biomass 80%
Coal 35%
The combustion process organisation
3 categories of the combustion process
organisation:
counter-current flow; over-fire, overfeed appliances, manually fuelled, the combustion air is leaded in the opposite direction to the fuel stream and the flame is guided in the opposite direction to the fuel stream also – old type of stove, fireplace, insert
cross-current flow; cross-current flow; under-fire, manually fuelled, with distribution of air i.e., primary and secondary air supply for the process (the combustion air is leaded in the opposite direction to the fuel stream, the flame and the flue gas removal is in the middle of the furnace chamber) – semi-automatic and automatic fuelled boilers ,
co-current flow; upper-fire, underfed stoker boiler, automatic fuelled, the combustion air and fuel are leaded in the same direction and the flame is guided in the same direction as the fuel – automatic fuelled coal and biomass boiler
From Kubica K., (2003/1); “Environment Pollutants.., in Thermochemical Transformation of Coal and Biomass; pp 145-232, ISBN 83-913434-1-3, Publication, Copyright by IChPW and IGSMiE PAN; Zabrze-Kraków; 2003, (in Polish)
NaturalAnthracite
Bituminous
coal
Natural
Wood logs
Manufactured
Biomass
Manufactured
Lignite briquettes
Coal briquettes
Peat briquettes
Output range (kW)
Solid Fuel SCIs
Stoves / Roomheaters
Fireplaces / Inserts
Boilers
Cookers
Direct
Cooking
IndirectHeating
< 50
< 50
< 50
< 50
50 <…< 500
Open
Closed
Manual fuel feed
Automatic fuel feed
Key s secondary parameters
Fossil
Bales/straw
PelletsBriquettes
Wood chips
Fuel type: Typical fuelPossible fuel
Functionality: PrimarySecondary
Manual fuel feed
Automatic fuel feed
Manual fuel feed
Automatic fuel feed
Manual fuel feed
Automatic fuel feed
Categorisation of small combustion installations; http://www.ecosolidfuel.org
Quality of SCIs - Test Standard Overview http://www.ecosolidfuel.org
Standard Applies to Functional parameters Emissions
Heat output
Efficiency CO Dust
TSP
OGC NOx
EN303-5 Boilers <300kW Y Y Y Y Y Y
EN12089 Residential Boilers <50kW
Y Y Y N.D. N.D. N.D.
EN13240 Roomheaters Y Y Y N.D. N.D. N.D.
EN13229 Inset appliances Y Y Y N.D. N.D. N.D.
EN14785 Residential space heaters
Y Y Y N.D. N.D. N.D.
EN12815 Residential Cookers Y Y Y N.D. N.D. N.D.
EN15250 Slow heat release appliances
Y Y Y N.D. N.D. N.D.
EN 15270 Pellet burners for small heating boilers
Y Y Y N.D. N.D. N.D.
Historical improvement of CO and dust emissions from biomass and coal SCIs; http://www.ecosolidfuel.org
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1985 - 1996 1996-1999 2000-2005 2005-2008
Period [year]
Effic
ienc
y, T
SP, N
Ox
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
CO
Efficiency [%] TSP [mg/m3] NOX [mg/m3] CO [mg/m3]
Pollutants emission for coal and wood boilers
COVOC
PM (TSP)PAHs
PCDD/F
Boilers (mechanic fuelled)
Boilers (manual fuelled)
Stove0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
CO, V
OC, P
M [g/
GJ], P
AHs [
mg/G
J], PC
DD/F
[ng/G
J] .
Figure 2 Emission factor of pollutants for wood fuelled residental heating appliances
COVOC
PM (TSP)PAHs
PCDD/F
Boilers (mechanic fuelled)
Boilers (manual fuelled)
Stove0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
CO, V
OC, P
M [g/
GJ], P
AHs [
mg/G
J], PC
DD/F
[ng/G
J] .
Figure 1: Emission factor of pollutants for coal fulled residental heating appliances
http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/fileadmin/Documentation/Reports/Emissions_and_Health/EUR_2006-2007/EUR_23214_EN.pd
Direct heating appliances efficiency and emissions data measured under test standard conditions http://www.ecosolidfuel.org
Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Range
55 40.2 ÷ 63.6 2033 1750 ÷ 2333 - - - -
40 30 ÷ 53 2766 1631 ÷ 4163 - - - -
75.4 66.9 ÷ 80.3 1859.8 541.8 ÷ 5411.7 59.6 36.0 ÷ 74.0 - -
No secondary air (4 appliances) 72.8 71 ÷ 74.5 2400 1547 ÷ 3091 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
With secondary air (17 appliances ) 74 67.5 ÷ 82.7 2445 789 ÷ 4293 107 103 ÷ 111 68 52 ÷ 85
Manual primary and secondary air (19 appliances) 73.2 67.5 ÷ 82.1 2580 1374 ÷ 4293 103 103 ÷ 103 85 85 ÷ 85
Automatic primary and secondary air (1 appliance) 75.1 75.1 ÷ 75.1 1889 1889 ÷ 1889 n.d. n.d. 83 83 ÷ 83
75.7 72 ÷ 78.7 1705 656.5 ÷ 2846.5 - - - -
No secondary air n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
With secondary air 68.4 38 ÷ 80 1515 773 ÷ 3091 77 18 ÷ 138 44 30 ÷ 75
Manual primary air (traditional + continuous burning, 9 appliances)
66 38 ÷ 80 1685 851 ÷ 3091 74 18 ÷ 138 47 30 ÷ 75
Automatic primary air (advanced + modern, 3 appliances)
77 75 ÷ 80 801 773 ÷ 1031 100 80 ÷ 138 41 39 ÷ 83
Slow heat release stove - >75 - - <1031 - <137 - <83
Kachelofen, insert for kachelofen
- >80 - - <1031 - <137 - <83
Manual primary air (traditional) 84 78 ÷ 90 1306 1238 ÷ 1375 138 138 ÷ 138 69 69 ÷ 69
Automatic primary air (advanced) n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.EN 12815
Questionnaire responses
(41 appliances)
Questionnaire responses
(26 appliances)
Questionnaire responses (2)
Public data*
Public data (17 appliances)*
Public data*
EN 13229
EN 13240
Questionnaire responses
Public data (5 appliances)*
Public data (23 appliances)*
CO [g/GJ]
NOx [g/GJ]
VOC/OGC [g/GJ]Appliance
Test standard
Efficiency [%]
Open fireplace and open firplace insert
Closed fireplace and closed fireplace insert
Traditional Stove
Cookers
* Public data from web sites, accredited laboratory measurements, or manufacturers
SECONDARY MEASURES
New Challenges in Eco-designing of SCIs
PRIMARY MEASURES
THE ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
PERFORMANCE OF SCIS
(PM, CO, NOx)
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
Decrease the energy consumption of SCIs
There are two general ways to decrease the energy consumption of SCIs:
▪ improve the efficiency of the appliance, such as by optimising the performance
of the combustion chamber and the heat exchange circuit,
▪ programmable control system, that maximises the efficiency of the heat
produced not only based on the combustion process parameters but also
according to the external environment, by reducing overheating phases, for
instance.
Improvement fuel quality - Solid fuel SCIs a design for a specific fuel type!
Improvement the environmental performance
There are two general ways to decrease the energy consumption of SCIs:
▪ primary measures - improvement the appliance efficiency, optimising the
combustion process (combustion parameters, combustion process organization),
improvement fuel quality (additives - denitrification, desulphurisation, OGC
reduction); quality of construction materials
▪ secondary measures – dedusting, OGC, NOx and SOx reduction by catalytic
afterburning (post-combustion).
R & D activities on SCIs improvement
Improve the energy and environmental performance of SCIs (capacity
<500kWth) require further scientific and basic research on:
▪ solid fuel (biomass and coal) fixed bed combustion process
▪ control (continuous) system of combustion process
▪ development of combustion catalysts
▪ development of construction material (ceramic and steel)
▪ emission abatement techniques namely dedusting, denitrification,
desulphurization systems and TOC, HM, PCDD/Fs reduction methods
▪ new harmonized method for TSP, PM10, PM2.5 determination for SCIs
It is also necessary to intensify research activities within the field of small scale of
combined heat and power plants (CHPs) fuelled with solid fuels.
Traditional solid fuels SCIs are great emitters!!!
R&D activities and implementation of BAT for SCIs
will make them really small emitters!
www.ecosolidfuel.org
Thank you for your attention!