GIS for Environmental GIS for Environmental ScienceScience
ENSC 3603ENSC 3603
Class 18Class 183/12/093/12/09
Topics for TodayTopics for Today
• GIS Implementation Phases continued• Soil Survey• Soil Analysis
GIS Implementation PhasesGIS Implementation Phases
• Assessment and evaluation of the current situation;• Development of a business concept;• Identification and specification of user requirements;• Identification and acquisition of data;• Benefit-cost analysis;• Devising a strategic plan;• Choice of hardware and software;• Defining and obtaining the necessary expertise;• Choosing a GIS supplier;• System implementation;• Operation and maintenance of the system • (Bernhardsen, 1999)
Benefit-cost analysisBenefit-cost analysis
• Justification usually begins with an effort to identify and assign a price to the benefits and cost of adopting a GIS.
• What are the Costs of using current methods?• Will using a GIS improve efficiency enough to justify the
cost of implementation and maintenance.
Devising a strategic planDevising a strategic plan
• Business management consists of two general categories: strategic and tactical.
• Strategic management is laying out the overall long-term course of an enterprise.
• Tactical management is taking the short-term actions that keep the enterprise on the course provided by the strategic plan (Kay and Edwards).
Strategic plan ExamplesStrategic plan Examples
Arkansas Division of Agriculturehttp://division.uaex.edu/news_publications/strategic_plan/strategic_plan.pdf
Tucson, AZ Waterhttp://www.terrasw.com/tucwater/statplan/default.htm
Ontario, CA City Planhttp://www.ci.ontario.ca.us/index.cfm/3306
Choice of hardware and softwareChoice of hardware and software
• The right choices are essential.• Can be easy in that technical characteristics and prices
can be compared.• Can be difficult because future applications are unknown
and computer technologies change continuously. (Bernhardsen)
Defining and obtaining the Defining and obtaining the necessary expertisenecessary expertise
• Will you train “in house” or hire someone with experience?
• If you train current employees, how long will that take and will their GIS duties compete with other work duties on the job?
• Consultants are not essential. If needed they can guide the process.
Choosing a GIS supplierChoosing a GIS supplier• Factors that will affect GIS acquisition:
– Procedural requirements of your organization– The characteristics of the planned system
• System Acquisition Steps:– Request for Qualifications– Request for Information– Request for Proposals– Receipt and evaluation of proposals– Benchmark Test– Negotiation and contract– Site preparation– Hardware and software installation– Acceptance testing (Tomlinson)
Choosing a GIS supplierChoosing a GIS supplier
• Selection Criteria– Functionality – will it perform required functions– Cost– Training Availability and quality– System capacity/ scalability– System speed– System support– Vendor reliability (stability, market share, references
from other users) (Tomlinson)
System implementationSystem implementation
• Site Preparation: are the servers and network connections available for system installation?
• Hardware and software installation: The complexity of the system will determine if the vendor will provide this service. Often, the vendor and the client are involved.
• Acceptance testing: Does the installed system meet the criteria bid.
Operation and maintenance of the Operation and maintenance of the systemsystem
• Continue to provide training support and upgrades to the system.
Soil SurveySoil Survey
• Soil Survey is “a systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of the soils in a given area.”
• Brady and Weil. 1996
Soil SurveySoil Survey
• Cooperative effort between the NRCS, Land Grant Universities and Counties where Survey is being conducted.
• You can get print versions if available at: USDA/NRCS and Cooperative extension service
• NRCS Web Soil Surveyhttp://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/
Soil Survey ComponentsSoil Survey Components
• Mapping of the soils• Characterization of the Mapping Units• Classification of the Mapping Units• Correlation to other Soil Surveys• Interpretation of the soil suitability for various land uses
Soil Survey ComponentsSoil Survey Components
• Map Units: a collection of the areas which have similar defined soil properties. Due to these similar soil properties, interpretations can be made for use and management of the soils in the Mapping Unit
• Map Units have a two letter code that is Capital then lower case, this is usually followed by a slope class code ( a Capital letter form A to F)
• Example: CaB = Captina silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes
Le = Leaf silt loam
1
29
PF1
3130
754
PV1
HI1
H1
42
34
63
9
2
PF3
8
50
47
17
8A
48
F1
D5
46
E1
7A
151314
25
HI2
27
23 24
28
22
26
11 21
10
12
38
16
40
PF2
35
B4F2
33
G3
49
39
D3
1A
19
H13
K1
A1
A4
E2
D8
L8
AG PARK
A5
C4
C3
A3
B5
32
C2
A6
C1
K2
18
D6
G6
L2
D2
F8
A7
FS3
B6
L5
PV2HD2
HG3
FD8
A3A
I3
E4
D1
38A
G2
E5
37
HF4
G4
HF1
32A
A2
E3
36
G5
D7
HE5
HG2
B7
G7
HA
45
I1
B3
FS4
HC
D4
B10
44
HE8
HG8
20A
L3
I6F13
HE3
F10A
43
34B
50A
K5
HB
EN1
FS9
34A
FS5
F9
HD6
HD7
HE1
EN8
C5E
A8
18B
41
HD3
HG4
FD1
C5W
K3
34C
F10
HD5HH3
HD1
I4
HD4
HH2
F4
20
34D
C8E
C7E
C6E
K4
A2A
32B
HH3E
HH1
B8
L1A
E10
I5
C7W
C6W
G8
HD8
B9
B3
HH3C
C8W
F6
HG5
F7
HE4
G1
FS7
EN2
F5
18A
HG1
FS6
G8A
HG6
35A
I2A
B1
E8
HH3A
HF2
FS8
HG9
FS2
L1
HG7
HH3B
F12
F11
HH4
PF3A
E7
HE6
E6
I2
L4A
HF3
4 6A
HE9
FD6
L6FD7
FS1
EN6
G1
0
FD5
G9
HG10
G8B
E9E
N3
L4
FD4L4B
EN5
G9A
HE2
F3
D8A
EN7
33A
HE
7
HH
3D
FD
2
B8A
B1AL7 F
D3
G1
0 A
HG11
36A
EN4
Arkansas Agricultural Research and Extension Center
Soil SeriesBaxter cherty Silt loamCaptina silt loamCaptina silt loam, erodedCherokee complex, moundedCleora fine sandy loamJohnsburg complex, moundedJohnsburg silt loamLeaf silt loamNixa cherty silt loamPembroke silt loamPembroke silt loam, erodedPickwick gravelly loamPickwick silt loamPickwick silt loam,erodedRazort loamRazort silt loamSavannah fine sandy loamSummit complex, mounded
¬0 1,000 2,000500 Feet
US
540
Soil Series
Information Provided by Soil Information Provided by Soil SurveySurvey
1. Properties of Soil Map Unitscolor permeability stoniness depth to bedrockpH structure salinity textureslope H2O availability horizon thickness engineering
propertieserosion hazard
and other physical and chemical properties
2. Position on the Landscape3. Percent Area in the Landscape4. Capacities
Yield for crop, pasture and vegetableSuitability for silviculture or forestry, floriculture or flowering plants, recreation,
wildlife and water infrastructureEngineering potentials and hazards
CaptinaCaptina• Captina Series - Missouri Distribution• The Captina series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils
on uplands. These soils formed in a thin layer of loess and in cherty sediments. They have a fragipan. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the profile and slow in the fragipan. Slopes range from 2 to 9 percent.
• Typical pedon of Captina silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, 2,200 feet south and 800 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 26 N., R. 3 E.
• A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; common fine pores; common worm channels and casts; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. BE—5 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 5/6) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable in the E part, firm in the B part; common fine and medium roots; common fine pores; common worm channels; few fine pieces of carbonized material; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
• Bt—12 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; common fine pores; few worm channels and casts; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt loam in old root channels; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.Bx1—26 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; brittle in place; firm; few fine roots; few fine pores; about 10 percent chert fragments; extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.Bx2—30 to 36 inches; mottled brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very cherty silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; brittle in place; firm; about 60 percent chert fragments; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.Bx3—36 to 60 inches; mottled light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6), strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very cherty silty clay loam; brittle in place; chert-controlled structure; firm; thick clay flows along polygonal structure lines; about 60 percent chert fragments; extremely acid.
• Depth to the fragipan ranges from 16 to 28 inches. In uncultivated areas the A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3. The content of chert in this horizon ranges from 0 to 5 percent. The BE horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR and chroma of 4 to 6. It is silt loam or silty clay loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR and chroma of 4 to 8. The Bx horizon is mottled with hue of 7.5YR to 2.5YR and chroma of 2 or 8 and shades of gray and yellowish red. It is silt loam, silty clay loam, or the cherty or very cherty analogs of those textures. The content of chert in this horizon ranges from 10 to 60 percent.
Generalized
Landscape
Positions
1: Summit
2 and 3: Shoulder Slope
4 and 5: Backslope
6: Footslope
7: Toeslope
Position helps understand relative Alluvial vs. Colluvial material deposition.
Slope ClassesSlope Classes
• 0 – 2% or 0 – 3% sometimes 0 – 6% A
• 2 – 8% or 3 – 8% sometimes 2 – 6% B
• 8 – 15% C
• 15 – 25% sometimes 12 – 20% D
• 25 – 35% sometimes 20 – 45% E
• 35 – 60% F
Designated by a A, B, C, D, E or F at the end of the Map Unit Symbol
Drainage ClassesDrainage Classes
Redox Features and Mottling in Relation to Redox Features and Mottling in Relation to Drainage ClassesDrainage Classes
• 0 – 6 in. very poorly drained• 6 – 12 in. poorly drained• 12 – 20 in. somewhat poorly drained• 20 – 32 in. moderately well drained• 32 – 42 in. well drained• 42 – 52 in. somewhat excessively well drained• > 52 in. excessively well drained
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis
• Physical analysis– Particle size– Moisture content– Bulk density– Available water capacity
• Chemical analysis– Electrical conductivity– pH– Available NPK– Organic matter content
Physical Soil AnalysisPhysical Soil Analysis• Soil Particle size Analysis• Soil consists of discrete particles
of various shapes and sizes. The object of a particle size analysis is to group these particles into separate ranges of sizes and so determine the relative proportion by weight of each size range.
• The method employs sieving and sedimentation of a soil/water/dispersant suspension to separate the particles. The sedimentation technique is based on an application of Stokes‘ law to a soil/water suspension and periodic measurement of the density of the suspension.
• Uses a soil hydrometer, graduated cylinders, a sieve, timer.
Physical Soil AnalysisPhysical Soil AnalysisSoil texture – relative proportion of different grain sizesOf mineral particles in the soil.
Sand, Silt, Clay
Physical Soil AnalysisPhysical Soil Analysis• Soil moisture content measurements (partial
list)– Gravimetric. This involves collecting a sample, weighing it,
drying it, and then reweighing it. – Porous resistance blocks. Can be calibrated to measure
either content or potential. Their performance is only acceptable in relatively dry soil where the q - y relation is more or less linear. They are easy to use once calibrated, but are not particularly accurate
– Neutron probes. Provide high accuracy and non-destructive testing, by measuring water content surrounding an access tube installed in the soil. Use is declining because of the health
risk and legal reporting requirements. – Theta Probe -
Physical Soil AnalysisPhysical Soil Analysis
• Bulk Density– The weight of a volume of
bulk soil. Water is the standard by which other densities are compared. For water: 1 g/cc = 1 Mg/m3 = 1 kg/L
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/6-1inst.jpg
Physical Soil AnalysisPhysical Soil Analysis
• Available water capacity– The range of available water that can be
stored in soil and be available for growing crops.
Chemical Soil AnalysisChemical Soil Analysis• 1954 to 1986
– NH4 Acetate by sequential Atomic Adsorption (AA)
• K• CA• Mg• Na
– Bray P1 by Spec 20• P04 -P
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis
• 1997 to present– Mehlich-3 by simultaneous
Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Spectrophotometry (ICP-AE)
• Ca, Mg, K, Na• Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu• B
• PO4-P
• SO4-S
– 11 analyses every 60s
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis
• What is a good extractant?– Mimics a plant root.
• Plant available nutrients released form the soil during the growing season
– Good Procedure• Rapid• Inexpensive• Analysis are well correlated to crop nutrient
response
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis
• Extactants– NH4 Acetate
• Major nutrients
– DTPA• Minor nutrients
– Bray P1• Phosphorus
– Mehlich-3 (used in Arkansas soil testing lab)• All the above
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis• Analytical
Instrumentation– Spectrophotometer
(Spec 20)• PO4-P
• Bray P1• Walkley-Black soil
organic matter (Chromic Acid)
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis
• Analytical Instrumentation– Flame Atomic
Adsorption (AA)• Ca, Mg, K, Na
(NH4 Acetate)
• Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, (DTPA)
• Acetylene flame
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis
• Analytical Instrumentation– Inductively Coupled
Argon Plasma Spectrophotometry (ICP-AE)
• Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, P, S, (Mehlich-3)
• Argon Carrier
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis
• Analytical Instrumentation– pH & Ionic Strength
• Soils can be difficult– Buffer solution… high
– Sample… low
– Selective Ion Electrodes
• 1:2 pH
• NO3-N
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis• Soil pH
– Soil pH is a measure of hydrogen-ion (H+) activity in a soil suspension. This property influences the many aspects of crop production and soil chemistry, including availability of nutrients and toxic substances, activity and diversity of microbial populations, and activity of certain pesticides. Soil pH is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the H+ activity (moles per liter) in the soil solution. As the activity of H+ in the soil solution increases, the soil pH value decreases. Soils with pH values below 7 are referred to as “acid”; pH values above 7 are referred to as “alkaline”; soils at pH 7 are referred to as “neutral”.
– Saturated paste used for testing pH– 1:1– 1:2**– 1:5– 1:10– 0.01M CaCl2– 1.0M KCl
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis
• Soil electrical conductivity– The purpose: To determine the concentrations of soluble salts.
All soil has some water soluble salts which include essential nutrients for plants to grow. If the water soluble salts exceed an certain level then harmful effects on plant growth occur. The common unit of measurement for electrical conductivity is
microsiemens/centimeter formerly micromhos/cm.
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis
• Soil Organic Matter– Total Organic Carbon
• 900oC
– Walkley-Black (Old)• Low heat chromic acid
digest
– Loss on Ignition (Old)• 450oC
Chemical Soil AnalysisChemical Soil Analysis
• Factors that Affect Analysis– Temperature– Extractant*– Shaking Time– Extraction Ratio*– Instrumentation*– Sample partial size– Technique
• (The Soil Analysis information is from Bill Baker)
Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis
• Arkansas Soil testing Lab– http://www.uark.edu/depts/soiltest/
• Understanding your soil test report– http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/
publications/PDF/FSA-2118.pdf
Example Exam QuestionsExample Exam QuestionsOther Example Quiz questions
1. What is the first GIS implementation Phase? 2. A _______ _______ defines a organizations purpose
and forms the basis for defining tasks to be implemented by the organization
3. Name two examples of how you might identify and specify GIS user requirements.
4. Define Data Quality. 5. The ”level of data quality” should be balanced against
the ________________________________.6. _________ is the degree to which data agree with the
values of the real-world features that they represent.7. ___________ is a measure of “how exact data are
measured and stored.”
Example Exam QuestionsExample Exam Questions8. T of F. High precision always means high accuracy
9. List three types of errors.
10. What type of error refers to “mistakes”. They can be detected and avoided via well-designed and careful data collection.
11. What implies the lack of confidence in the use of the data due to incomplete knowledge of the data.
12. Name the five data quality components and be able to define them.
13. List and be able to describe Geographic Data Standards.
Example Exam Questions Cont.Example Exam Questions Cont.
14. What is a soil Survey? 15. List the five components of a Soil Survey. 16. Name four properties of soil map units in a soil survey. 17. List four types of information provided by a soil survey. 18. What are the factors that affect soil test analysis. 19. Why would you want to do a Benefit-Cost Analysis
before you started a GIS for an organization? 20. What is Strategic Management? 21. What are three selection Criteria that you can use to
choose a GIS supplier.22. What are two characteristics of a good soil analysis
extractant?
Read and DoRead and Do
• Lab at the Farm Tuesday the 24th
• Exam Thursday the 26th
• Review, look at quizzes, ESRI ArcGIS tutorials through module 8. Review Exam 1, chapters in Lo (2007)
• Turn in ESRI Learning ArcGIS Tutorial module 8 Today.
-“Ultimately all you will have left at the end of the day are your name and your reputation. Invest in them wisely and you and others will simultaneously reap the rewards.” Leonard A. Schlesinger - Management expert -“I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it." - Pablo Picasso {1881-1973