GIS for Environmental GIS for Environmental ScienceScience

ENSC 3603ENSC 3603

Class 18Class 183/12/093/12/09

Topics for TodayTopics for Today

• GIS Implementation Phases continued• Soil Survey• Soil Analysis

GIS Implementation PhasesGIS Implementation Phases

• Assessment and evaluation of the current situation;• Development of a business concept;• Identification and specification of user requirements;• Identification and acquisition of data;• Benefit-cost analysis;• Devising a strategic plan;• Choice of hardware and software;• Defining and obtaining the necessary expertise;• Choosing a GIS supplier;• System implementation;• Operation and maintenance of the system • (Bernhardsen, 1999)

Benefit-cost analysisBenefit-cost analysis

• Justification usually begins with an effort to identify and assign a price to the benefits and cost of adopting a GIS.

• What are the Costs of using current methods?• Will using a GIS improve efficiency enough to justify the

cost of implementation and maintenance.

Devising a strategic planDevising a strategic plan

• Business management consists of two general categories: strategic and tactical.

• Strategic management is laying out the overall long-term course of an enterprise.

• Tactical management is taking the short-term actions that keep the enterprise on the course provided by the strategic plan (Kay and Edwards).

Strategic plan ExamplesStrategic plan Examples

Arkansas Division of Agriculturehttp://division.uaex.edu/news_publications/strategic_plan/strategic_plan.pdf

Tucson, AZ Waterhttp://www.terrasw.com/tucwater/statplan/default.htm

Ontario, CA City Planhttp://www.ci.ontario.ca.us/index.cfm/3306

Choice of hardware and softwareChoice of hardware and software

• The right choices are essential.• Can be easy in that technical characteristics and prices

can be compared.• Can be difficult because future applications are unknown

and computer technologies change continuously. (Bernhardsen)

Defining and obtaining the Defining and obtaining the necessary expertisenecessary expertise

• Will you train “in house” or hire someone with experience?

• If you train current employees, how long will that take and will their GIS duties compete with other work duties on the job?

• Consultants are not essential. If needed they can guide the process.

Choosing a GIS supplierChoosing a GIS supplier• Factors that will affect GIS acquisition:

– Procedural requirements of your organization– The characteristics of the planned system

• System Acquisition Steps:– Request for Qualifications– Request for Information– Request for Proposals– Receipt and evaluation of proposals– Benchmark Test– Negotiation and contract– Site preparation– Hardware and software installation– Acceptance testing (Tomlinson)

Choosing a GIS supplierChoosing a GIS supplier

• Selection Criteria– Functionality – will it perform required functions– Cost– Training Availability and quality– System capacity/ scalability– System speed– System support– Vendor reliability (stability, market share, references

from other users) (Tomlinson)

System implementationSystem implementation

• Site Preparation: are the servers and network connections available for system installation?

• Hardware and software installation: The complexity of the system will determine if the vendor will provide this service. Often, the vendor and the client are involved.

• Acceptance testing: Does the installed system meet the criteria bid.

Operation and maintenance of the Operation and maintenance of the systemsystem

• Continue to provide training support and upgrades to the system.

Soil SurveySoil Survey

• Soil Survey is “a systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of the soils in a given area.”

• Brady and Weil. 1996

Soil SurveySoil Survey

• Cooperative effort between the NRCS, Land Grant Universities and Counties where Survey is being conducted.

• You can get print versions if available at: USDA/NRCS and Cooperative extension service

• NRCS Web Soil Surveyhttp://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/

Soil Survey ComponentsSoil Survey Components

• Mapping of the soils• Characterization of the Mapping Units• Classification of the Mapping Units• Correlation to other Soil Surveys• Interpretation of the soil suitability for various land uses

Soil Survey ComponentsSoil Survey Components

• Map Units: a collection of the areas which have similar defined soil properties. Due to these similar soil properties, interpretations can be made for use and management of the soils in the Mapping Unit

• Map Units have a two letter code that is Capital then lower case, this is usually followed by a slope class code ( a Capital letter form A to F)

• Example: CaB = Captina silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes

Le = Leaf silt loam

1

29

PF1

3130

754

PV1

HI1

H1

42

34

63

9

2

PF3

8

50

47

17

8A

48

F1

D5

46

E1

7A

151314

25

HI2

27

23 24

28

22

26

11 21

10

12

38

16

40

PF2

35

B4F2

33

G3

49

39

D3

1A

19

H13

K1

A1

A4

E2

D8

L8

AG PARK

A5

C4

C3

A3

B5

32

C2

A6

C1

K2

18

D6

G6

L2

D2

F8

A7

FS3

B6

L5

PV2HD2

HG3

FD8

A3A

I3

E4

D1

38A

G2

E5

37

HF4

G4

HF1

32A

A2

E3

36

G5

D7

HE5

HG2

B7

G7

HA

45

I1

B3

FS4

HC

D4

B10

44

HE8

HG8

20A

L3

I6F13

HE3

F10A

43

34B

50A

K5

HB

EN1

FS9

34A

FS5

F9

HD6

HD7

HE1

EN8

C5E

A8

18B

41

HD3

HG4

FD1

C5W

K3

34C

F10

HD5HH3

HD1

I4

HD4

HH2

F4

20

34D

C8E

C7E

C6E

K4

A2A

32B

HH3E

HH1

B8

L1A

E10

I5

C7W

C6W

G8

HD8

B9

B3

HH3C

C8W

F6

HG5

F7

HE4

G1

FS7

EN2

F5

18A

HG1

FS6

G8A

HG6

35A

I2A

B1

E8

HH3A

HF2

FS8

HG9

FS2

L1

HG7

HH3B

F12

F11

HH4

PF3A

E7

HE6

E6

I2

L4A

HF3

4 6A

HE9

FD6

L6FD7

FS1

EN6

G1

0

FD5

G9

HG10

G8B

E9E

N3

L4

FD4L4B

EN5

G9A

HE2

F3

D8A

EN7

33A

HE

7

HH

3D

FD

2

B8A

B1AL7 F

D3

G1

0 A

HG11

36A

EN4

Arkansas Agricultural Research and Extension Center

Soil SeriesBaxter cherty Silt loamCaptina silt loamCaptina silt loam, erodedCherokee complex, moundedCleora fine sandy loamJohnsburg complex, moundedJohnsburg silt loamLeaf silt loamNixa cherty silt loamPembroke silt loamPembroke silt loam, erodedPickwick gravelly loamPickwick silt loamPickwick silt loam,erodedRazort loamRazort silt loamSavannah fine sandy loamSummit complex, mounded

¬0 1,000 2,000500 Feet

US

540

Soil Series

Information Provided by Soil Information Provided by Soil SurveySurvey

1. Properties of Soil Map Unitscolor permeability stoniness depth to bedrockpH structure salinity textureslope H2O availability horizon thickness engineering

propertieserosion hazard

and other physical and chemical properties

2. Position on the Landscape3. Percent Area in the Landscape4. Capacities

Yield for crop, pasture and vegetableSuitability for silviculture or forestry, floriculture or flowering plants, recreation,

wildlife and water infrastructureEngineering potentials and hazards

CaptinaCaptina• Captina Series - Missouri Distribution• The Captina series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils

on uplands. These soils formed in a thin layer of loess and in cherty sediments. They have a fragipan. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the profile and slow in the fragipan. Slopes range from 2 to 9 percent.

• Typical pedon of Captina silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, 2,200 feet south and 800 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 26 N., R. 3 E.

• A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; common fine pores; common worm channels and casts; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. BE—5 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 5/6) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable in the E part, firm in the B part; common fine and medium roots; common fine pores; common worm channels; few fine pieces of carbonized material; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

• Bt—12 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; common fine pores; few worm channels and casts; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt loam in old root channels; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.Bx1—26 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; brittle in place; firm; few fine roots; few fine pores; about 10 percent chert fragments; extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.Bx2—30 to 36 inches; mottled brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very cherty silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; brittle in place; firm; about 60 percent chert fragments; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.Bx3—36 to 60 inches; mottled light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6), strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very cherty silty clay loam; brittle in place; chert-controlled structure; firm; thick clay flows along polygonal structure lines; about 60 percent chert fragments; extremely acid.

• Depth to the fragipan ranges from 16 to 28 inches. In uncultivated areas the A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3. The content of chert in this horizon ranges from 0 to 5 percent. The BE horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR and chroma of 4 to 6. It is silt loam or silty clay loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR and chroma of 4 to 8. The Bx horizon is mottled with hue of 7.5YR to 2.5YR and chroma of 2 or 8 and shades of gray and yellowish red. It is silt loam, silty clay loam, or the cherty or very cherty analogs of those textures. The content of chert in this horizon ranges from 10 to 60 percent.

Generalized

Landscape

Positions

1: Summit

2 and 3: Shoulder Slope

4 and 5: Backslope

6: Footslope

7: Toeslope

Position helps understand relative Alluvial vs. Colluvial material deposition.

Slope ClassesSlope Classes

• 0 – 2% or 0 – 3% sometimes 0 – 6% A

• 2 – 8% or 3 – 8% sometimes 2 – 6% B

• 8 – 15% C

• 15 – 25% sometimes 12 – 20% D

• 25 – 35% sometimes 20 – 45% E

• 35 – 60% F

Designated by a A, B, C, D, E or F at the end of the Map Unit Symbol

Drainage ClassesDrainage Classes

Redox Features and Mottling in Relation to Redox Features and Mottling in Relation to Drainage ClassesDrainage Classes

• 0 – 6 in. very poorly drained• 6 – 12 in. poorly drained• 12 – 20 in. somewhat poorly drained• 20 – 32 in. moderately well drained• 32 – 42 in. well drained• 42 – 52 in. somewhat excessively well drained• > 52 in. excessively well drained

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis

• Physical analysis– Particle size– Moisture content– Bulk density– Available water capacity

• Chemical analysis– Electrical conductivity– pH– Available NPK– Organic matter content

Physical Soil AnalysisPhysical Soil Analysis• Soil Particle size Analysis• Soil consists of discrete particles

of various shapes and sizes. The object of a particle size analysis is to group these particles into separate ranges of sizes and so determine the relative proportion by weight of each size range.

• The method employs sieving and sedimentation of a soil/water/dispersant suspension to separate the particles. The sedimentation technique is based on an application of Stokes‘ law to a soil/water suspension and periodic measurement of the density of the suspension.

• Uses a soil hydrometer, graduated cylinders, a sieve, timer.

Physical Soil AnalysisPhysical Soil AnalysisSoil texture – relative proportion of different grain sizesOf mineral particles in the soil.

Sand, Silt, Clay

Physical Soil AnalysisPhysical Soil Analysis• Soil moisture content measurements (partial

list)– Gravimetric. This involves collecting a sample, weighing it,

drying it, and then reweighing it. – Porous resistance blocks. Can be calibrated to measure

either content or potential. Their performance is only acceptable in relatively dry soil where the q - y relation is more or less linear. They are easy to use once calibrated, but are not particularly accurate

– Neutron probes. Provide high accuracy and non-destructive testing, by measuring water content surrounding an access tube installed in the soil. Use is declining because of the health

risk and legal reporting requirements. – Theta Probe -

Physical Soil AnalysisPhysical Soil Analysis

• Bulk Density– The weight of a volume of

bulk soil. Water is the standard by which other densities are compared. For water: 1 g/cc = 1 Mg/m3 = 1 kg/L

http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/6-1inst.jpg

Physical Soil AnalysisPhysical Soil Analysis

• Available water capacity– The range of available water that can be

stored in soil and be available for growing crops.

Chemical Soil AnalysisChemical Soil Analysis• 1954 to 1986

– NH4 Acetate by sequential Atomic Adsorption (AA)

• K• CA• Mg• Na

– Bray P1 by Spec 20• P04 -P

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis

• 1997 to present– Mehlich-3 by simultaneous

Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Spectrophotometry (ICP-AE)

• Ca, Mg, K, Na• Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu• B

• PO4-P

• SO4-S

– 11 analyses every 60s

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis

• What is a good extractant?– Mimics a plant root.

• Plant available nutrients released form the soil during the growing season

– Good Procedure• Rapid• Inexpensive• Analysis are well correlated to crop nutrient

response

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis

• Extactants– NH4 Acetate

• Major nutrients

– DTPA• Minor nutrients

– Bray P1• Phosphorus

– Mehlich-3 (used in Arkansas soil testing lab)• All the above

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis• Analytical

Instrumentation– Spectrophotometer

(Spec 20)• PO4-P

• Bray P1• Walkley-Black soil

organic matter (Chromic Acid)

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis

• Analytical Instrumentation– Flame Atomic

Adsorption (AA)• Ca, Mg, K, Na

(NH4 Acetate)

• Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, (DTPA)

• Acetylene flame

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis

• Analytical Instrumentation– Inductively Coupled

Argon Plasma Spectrophotometry (ICP-AE)

• Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, P, S, (Mehlich-3)

• Argon Carrier

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis

• Analytical Instrumentation– pH & Ionic Strength

• Soils can be difficult– Buffer solution… high

– Sample… low

– Selective Ion Electrodes

• 1:2 pH

• NO3-N

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis• Soil pH

– Soil pH is a measure of hydrogen-ion (H+) activity in a soil suspension. This property influences the many aspects of crop production and soil chemistry, including availability of nutrients and toxic substances, activity and diversity of microbial populations, and activity of certain pesticides. Soil pH is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the H+ activity (moles per liter) in the soil solution. As the activity of H+ in the soil solution increases, the soil pH value decreases. Soils with pH values below 7 are referred to as “acid”; pH values above 7 are referred to as “alkaline”; soils at pH 7 are referred to as “neutral”. 

– Saturated paste used for testing pH– 1:1– 1:2**– 1:5– 1:10– 0.01M CaCl2– 1.0M KCl

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis

• Soil electrical conductivity– The purpose: To determine the concentrations of soluble salts.

All soil has some water soluble salts which include essential nutrients for plants to grow. If the water soluble salts exceed an certain level then harmful effects on plant growth occur. The common unit of measurement for electrical conductivity is

microsiemens/centimeter formerly micromhos/cm.

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis

• Soil Organic Matter– Total Organic Carbon

• 900oC

– Walkley-Black (Old)• Low heat chromic acid

digest

– Loss on Ignition (Old)• 450oC

Chemical Soil AnalysisChemical Soil Analysis

• Factors that Affect Analysis– Temperature– Extractant*– Shaking Time– Extraction Ratio*– Instrumentation*– Sample partial size– Technique

• (The Soil Analysis information is from Bill Baker)

Soil AnalysisSoil Analysis

• Arkansas Soil testing Lab– http://www.uark.edu/depts/soiltest/

• Understanding your soil test report– http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/

publications/PDF/FSA-2118.pdf

Example Exam QuestionsExample Exam QuestionsOther Example Quiz questions

1. What is the first GIS implementation Phase? 2. A _______ _______ defines a organizations purpose

and forms the basis for defining tasks to be implemented by the organization

3. Name two examples of how you might identify and specify GIS user requirements.

4. Define Data Quality. 5. The ”level of data quality” should be balanced against

the ________________________________.6. _________ is the degree to which data agree with the

values of the real-world features that they represent.7. ___________ is a measure of “how exact data are

measured and stored.”

Example Exam QuestionsExample Exam Questions8. T of F. High precision always means high accuracy

9. List three types of errors.

10. What type of error refers to “mistakes”. They can be detected and avoided via well-designed and careful data collection.

11. What implies the lack of confidence in the use of the data due to incomplete knowledge of the data.

12. Name the five data quality components and be able to define them.

13. List and be able to describe Geographic Data Standards.

Example Exam Questions Cont.Example Exam Questions Cont.

14. What is a soil Survey? 15. List the five components of a Soil Survey. 16. Name four properties of soil map units in a soil survey. 17. List four types of information provided by a soil survey. 18. What are the factors that affect soil test analysis. 19. Why would you want to do a Benefit-Cost Analysis

before you started a GIS for an organization? 20. What is Strategic Management? 21. What are three selection Criteria that you can use to

choose a GIS supplier.22. What are two characteristics of a good soil analysis

extractant?

Read and DoRead and Do

• Lab at the Farm Tuesday the 24th

• Exam Thursday the 26th

• Review, look at quizzes, ESRI ArcGIS tutorials through module 8. Review Exam 1, chapters in Lo (2007)

• Turn in ESRI Learning ArcGIS Tutorial module 8 Today.

-“Ultimately all you will have left at the end of the day are your name and your reputation. Invest in them wisely and you and others will simultaneously reap the rewards.” Leonard A. Schlesinger - Management expert -“I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it." - Pablo Picasso {1881-1973