From Virtual Globes to Open Globes
Gilberto Câmara (INPE, Brazil)
Open Globe(def) collection of trusted spatial
data and services, available operationally and reliably on a open
access policy
Virtual Globes
Open Globes
OpenStreetMap Wikimapia
Virtual Globes
Open Globes
Data + services (can only be provided reliably by organizations
that are trusted)
Scientists as policy-makers(peer-reviewed results)
Citizens as sensors(perception, individual actions)
visibility,communication,
acessibility
?
The cat bonfire in the summer solstice
Cats thrown into the bonfire in the Place de Greve, Paris, © Bridgeman Art Library
Burning cats is part of the emergence of the modern State
State has the monopoly of violence
Sovereignty over a territory: monopoly of the State
Cantino´s map (circa 1502)
The Godzilla effect
Size matters!
trust reliability
operationality
source: IGBP
How is the Earth’s environment changing, and what are the consequences for human civilization?
The fundamental question of our time
Global Change
Where are changes taking place? How much change is happening? Who is being impacted by the change?
sources: IPCC and WMO
Impacts of global environmental changeBy 2020 in Africa, agriculture yields could be cut by up to
50%
Terrestrial
Airborne
Near-Space
LEO/MEO Commercial Satellites and Manned Spacecraft
Far-Space
L1/HEO/GEO TDRSS & CommercialSatellites
Dep
loyab
le
Perm
an
en
t
Forecasts & Predictions
Aircraft/Balloon Event Tracking and Campaigns
User Community
Vantage Points
Capabilities
Global Earth Observation System of
Systems
Will the Global Earth Observation System of Systems be based on free and open
data policies?
Costs of EO satellites x benefits from EO data
ENVISAT sat: US$ 3 billionENVISAT images: US$ 5 million/year
What did we learn from our fathers?
A penny saved is a penny earned
The Anti-Uncle Scrooge Principle
A pixel unused is a penny wasted
LANDSAT data archive (USGS)
Uncle Scrooge and the Internet
Value comes from use!
The Internet has reduced the cost of data distribution to zero!
What is a public good?
Non-rival ...[goods] which all enjoy in common in the sense
that each individual's consumption of such a good leads to no subtractions from any other individual's consumption of that good... (Samuelson)
Non-excludableit is impossible to exclude any individuals from consuming the good
Images are public goods
Rondonia, Brazil
19861975
1992
NASA’s mission formerly began with “To understand and protect our home planet…”. Those words have now been replaced with “Pioneering the future…”. The aim of better exploring the moon and Mars has attractions, but we agree with the sentiment “The planet that has to matter most to us is the one we live on.”
How far are we from the Open Earth?
US Earth Observation missions (source: NAS)
Are we doing it right? Budgets of EO satellites
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SPOT-4 RADARSAT-1 LANDSAT-7 ENVISAT
Images delivered per year (estimate)
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SPOT-4 RADARSAT-1 LANDSAT-7 ENVISAT CBERS-2
“Scientists have models for estimating the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere when a given plot of land is razed. This information can now be extracted fairly accurately from satellite images.
Access to information will be critical. A few satellites can cover the entire globe, but there needs to be a system in place to ensure their images are readily available to everyone who needs them. Brazil has set an important precedent by making its Earth-observation data available, and the rest of the world should follow suit.”
“If Brazil can do it, US can do it too”
Development as Freedom (Amartya Sen)Development can be seen…as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy.
The goal of development is the “promotion and expansion of valuable capabilities.”
Capability is the freedom to achieve valuable beings and doings”.
CBERS as a global satellite
CBERS ground stations will cover most of the Earth’s land mass between 300N and 300S
29
TERRA (ASTER & MODIS)
LANDSAT
SPOT
ALOS
RESOURCESAT
IRS
CBERS
A Potential Land Surface Imaging Constellation
SAC-C
Source: Daniel Vidal-Madjar (France)
Future of Open Globes
1. Mapping and sensing at large scales will remain under control of sovereign States
2. Open access is the best way to convert from today´s (mostly) closed earth to Open Earth
3. Open access is contagious and largely irreversible
4. Pressure from above (international organizations, global change) and pressure from below (citizens as sensors) will induce change in 10-15 years
5. Success of Open Earth depends on world development
Virtual Globes
Open Globes
OpenStreetMap Wikimapia
Virtual Globes
Open Globes
Data + services (can only be provided reliably by organizations
that are trusted)
Scientists as policy-makers(peer-reviewed results)
Citizens as sensors(perception, individual actions)
visibility,communication,
acessibility
?
GIScience provides crucial links between nature and society
Nature: Physical equations Describe processes
Society: Decisions on how to Use Earth´s resources
Slides from LANDSAT
Aral Sea
Bolivia 1975 1992 2000
1973 1987 2000
source: USGS
The priority of GIScience research on Open Earth is modeling change
What´s beyond mash-ups? Gapminders?
A sensor (data-centric view)
Sensor measurementsmeasure : (S x T) ⟶ VS is the set of locationT is the set of timesV is the set of values
What is a geo-sensor?What is a geo-sensor?
measure (s,t) = vs ⋲ S - set of locations in spacet ⋲ T - is the set of times. v ⋲ V - set of values
Field (static)field : S ⟶ VThe function field gives the value of every location of a space
Slides from LANDSATAral Sea
Bolivia
snap (1973)
1987 2000Snapshotssnap : T ⟶ Fieldsnap : T ⟶ (S ⟶ V)
The function snap produces a field with the state of the space at each time.
snap (1987) snap (2000)
snap (1975) snap (1992) snap (2000)
Taxa de desmatamento anual na Amazônia Legal
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ano de avaliação (agosto-agosto)
km2/
ano
Time series (deforestation in Amazonia)
series : T ⟶ VThe function gives a set of values in time
HistoryWell 30 Well 40 Well 56 Well 57
hist : S ⟶ (T⟶V)hist : S ⟶ SeriesThe function hist produces the history of a location in space
Trajectory
trajectory : (T⟶S)a trajectory is a changing location in time
Moving datamdata : (T⟶S) ⟶ Vmdata : Trajectory ⟶ V a point moving in space with changing values
Our aim....
state : (S x T) ⟶V )We want the state of the world at all locations and all times
In practice....
1. {hist1(s1),...., histn(sn)} We have a set of time series for fixed locations
2. {snap1(t1),...., snapn(tn)} We have a set of space-based snapshots
3. {mdata1(s1, t1),...., mdatan(tn)} We have a set of moving data
In practice....
{hist1(s1),...., histn(sn)} a set of time series for fixed locations
state : (S x T) ⟶V )the previous state of the world (or a theory about it)
state : (S x T) ⟶V ) (NEW) a new guess about the state of the world
theory_time : (T ⟶V ) a theory about the time evolution
In practice....
{snap1(t1),...., snapn(tn)}
a set of space-based snapshots
state : (S x T) ⟶V ) the previous state of the world (or a theory about)
state : (S x T) ⟶V ) (NEW) a new guess about the state of the world
theory_space : (S ⟶V ) a theory about the process that describe space
Models: From Global to Local
Athmosphere, ocean, chemistry climate model (resolution 200 x 200 km)
Atmosphere only climate model(resolution 50 x 50 km)
Regional climate modelResolution e.g 10 x 10 km
Hydrology, VegetationSoil Topography (e.g, 1 x 1 km)
Regional land use changeSocio-economic changesAdaptative responses (e.g., 10 x 10 m)
Models: From Global to Local
snap: T ⟶ (S1 ⟶ V) {snap1(t1),., snapn(tn)} space-based snapshots
hist : S2 ⟶ (T⟶V)the history of a location in space
Thank you!