From Virtual Globes to Open Globes

Gilberto Câmara (INPE, Brazil)

Open Globe(def) collection of trusted spatial

data and services, available operationally and reliably on a open

access policy

Virtual Globes

Open Globes

OpenStreetMap Wikimapia

Virtual Globes

Open Globes

Data + services (can only be provided reliably by organizations

that are trusted)

Scientists as policy-makers(peer-reviewed results)

Citizens as sensors(perception, individual actions)

visibility,communication,

acessibility

?

The cat bonfire in the summer solstice

Cats thrown into the bonfire in the Place de Greve, Paris, © Bridgeman Art Library

Burning cats is part of the emergence of the modern State

State has the monopoly of violence

Sovereignty over a territory: monopoly of the State

Cantino´s map (circa 1502)

The Godzilla effect

Size matters!

trust reliability

operationality

source: IGBP

How is the Earth’s environment changing, and what are the consequences for human civilization?

The fundamental question of our time

Global Change

Where are changes taking place? How much change is happening? Who is being impacted by the change?

sources: IPCC and WMO

Impacts of global environmental changeBy 2020 in Africa, agriculture yields could be cut by up to

50%

Terrestrial

Airborne

Near-Space

LEO/MEO Commercial Satellites and Manned Spacecraft

Far-Space

L1/HEO/GEO TDRSS & CommercialSatellites

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loyab

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Forecasts & Predictions

Aircraft/Balloon Event Tracking and Campaigns

User Community

Vantage Points

Capabilities

Global Earth Observation System of

Systems

Will the Global Earth Observation System of Systems be based on free and open

data policies?

Costs of EO satellites x benefits from EO data

ENVISAT sat: US$ 3 billionENVISAT images: US$ 5 million/year

What did we learn from our fathers?

A penny saved is a penny earned

The Anti-Uncle Scrooge Principle

A pixel unused is a penny wasted

LANDSAT data archive (USGS)

Uncle Scrooge and the Internet

Value comes from use!

The Internet has reduced the cost of data distribution to zero!

What is a public good?

Non-rival ...[goods] which all enjoy in common in the sense

that each individual's consumption of such a good leads to no subtractions from any other individual's consumption of that good... (Samuelson)

Non-excludableit is impossible to exclude any individuals from consuming the good

Images are public goods

Rondonia, Brazil

19861975

1992

NASA’s mission formerly began with “To understand and protect our home planet…”. Those words have now been replaced with “Pioneering the future…”. The aim of better exploring the moon and Mars has attractions, but we agree with the sentiment “The planet that has to matter most to us is the one we live on.”

How far are we from the Open Earth?

US Earth Observation missions (source: NAS)

Are we doing it right? Budgets of EO satellites

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SPOT-4 RADARSAT-1 LANDSAT-7 ENVISAT

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SPOT-4 RADARSAT-1 LANDSAT-7 ENVISAT CBERS-2

“Scientists have models for estimating the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere when a given plot of land is razed. This information can now be extracted fairly accurately from satellite images.

Access to information will be critical. A few satellites can cover the entire globe, but there needs to be a system in place to ensure their images are readily available to everyone who needs them. Brazil has set an important precedent by making its Earth-observation data available, and the rest of the world should follow suit.”

“If Brazil can do it, US can do it too”

Development as Freedom (Amartya Sen)Development can be seen…as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy.

The goal of development is the “promotion and expansion of valuable capabilities.”

Capability is the freedom to achieve valuable beings and doings”.

CBERS as a global satellite

CBERS ground stations will cover most of the Earth’s land mass between 300N and 300S

29

TERRA (ASTER & MODIS)

LANDSAT

SPOT

ALOS

RESOURCESAT

IRS

CBERS

A Potential Land Surface Imaging Constellation

SAC-C

Source: Daniel Vidal-Madjar (France)

Future of Open Globes

1. Mapping and sensing at large scales will remain under control of sovereign States

2. Open access is the best way to convert from today´s (mostly) closed earth to Open Earth

3. Open access is contagious and largely irreversible

4. Pressure from above (international organizations, global change) and pressure from below (citizens as sensors) will induce change in 10-15 years

5. Success of Open Earth depends on world development

Virtual Globes

Open Globes

OpenStreetMap Wikimapia

Virtual Globes

Open Globes

Data + services (can only be provided reliably by organizations

that are trusted)

Scientists as policy-makers(peer-reviewed results)

Citizens as sensors(perception, individual actions)

visibility,communication,

acessibility

?

GIScience provides crucial links between nature and society

Nature: Physical equations Describe processes

Society: Decisions on how to Use Earth´s resources

Slides from LANDSAT

Aral Sea

Bolivia 1975 1992 2000

1973 1987 2000

source: USGS

The priority of GIScience research on Open Earth is modeling change

What´s beyond mash-ups? Gapminders?

A sensor (data-centric view)

Sensor measurementsmeasure : (S x T) ⟶ VS is the set of locationT is the set of timesV is the set of values

What is a geo-sensor?What is a geo-sensor?

measure (s,t) = vs ⋲ S - set of locations in spacet ⋲ T - is the set of times. v ⋲ V - set of values

Field (static)field : S ⟶ VThe function field gives the value of every location of a space

Slides from LANDSATAral Sea

Bolivia

snap (1973)

1987 2000Snapshotssnap : T ⟶ Fieldsnap : T ⟶ (S ⟶ V)

The function snap produces a field with the state of the space at each time.

snap (1987) snap (2000)

snap (1975) snap (1992) snap (2000)

Taxa de desmatamento anual na Amazônia Legal

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ano de avaliação (agosto-agosto)

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Time series (deforestation in Amazonia)

series : T ⟶ VThe function gives a set of values in time

HistoryWell 30 Well 40 Well 56 Well 57

hist : S ⟶ (T⟶V)hist : S ⟶ SeriesThe function hist produces the history of a location in space

Trajectory

trajectory : (T⟶S)a trajectory is a changing location in time

Moving datamdata : (T⟶S) ⟶ Vmdata : Trajectory ⟶ V a point moving in space with changing values

Our aim....

state : (S x T) ⟶V )We want the state of the world at all locations and all times

In practice....

1. {hist1(s1),...., histn(sn)} We have a set of time series for fixed locations

2. {snap1(t1),...., snapn(tn)} We have a set of space-based snapshots

3. {mdata1(s1, t1),...., mdatan(tn)} We have a set of moving data

In practice....

{hist1(s1),...., histn(sn)} a set of time series for fixed locations

state : (S x T) ⟶V )the previous state of the world (or a theory about it)

state : (S x T) ⟶V ) (NEW) a new guess about the state of the world

theory_time : (T ⟶V ) a theory about the time evolution

In practice....

{snap1(t1),...., snapn(tn)}

a set of space-based snapshots

state : (S x T) ⟶V ) the previous state of the world (or a theory about)

state : (S x T) ⟶V ) (NEW) a new guess about the state of the world

theory_space : (S ⟶V ) a theory about the process that describe space

Models: From Global to Local

Athmosphere, ocean, chemistry climate model (resolution 200 x 200 km)

Atmosphere only climate model(resolution 50 x 50 km)

Regional climate modelResolution e.g 10 x 10 km

Hydrology, VegetationSoil Topography (e.g, 1 x 1 km)

Regional land use changeSocio-economic changesAdaptative responses (e.g., 10 x 10 m)

Models: From Global to Local

snap: T ⟶ (S1 ⟶ V) {snap1(t1),., snapn(tn)} space-based snapshots

hist : S2 ⟶ (T⟶V)the history of a location in space

Thank you!