------
. : ..
Uf'JTIl IT ALl.ED THe Ral", f(ilCIN'" A CORNER .... ... .
= TAKE REFU6e
-
I I
j
. I I I
f I ,
I
:
J I
I
I
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I J....
The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was first published in Jan. 197 1 by Ant Farm.It was our attempt to gather information and skil l s learned in process and present it in an eas il y access i bl e format. That INF LATOCOOKBOOK came l oose leaf in a vinyl bin der that we fabricated in our warehouse in Sausa li to. The first print in g was 2000 copies .
The experiences that qualified us as ' Inflatoexperts' occurred over an 18 month period in which we designed. built, and erected i nflatab l es for a variety of cl i ents and situat i ons.Charley Tilford showed Ant Farm how to make fast, cheap in flatag l es out of polyethylene and tape and support them with used fans from Goodwi l l . That was in the fall of 1969. The first one bui l t was the l arges t, a 10Q'xlOO' white pill ow that was bui l t for t he ill fated Wtl d We~t Fest i val in San Francisco, then after be i ng turned down fo r Stewart Brand's Liferaft Earth Event, final l y had i ts day at Altamont . There fo ll owed a year in which we built numerous demo -in f l atables at schools, .conferences, festivals and gatherings around the state of California and beyond.
ANT FARM at that time was: Andy Shap i ro, Kelly Gl oger, Fred Unterseher, Hudson Marquez, Chip Lord, Doug Hurr, Mi chael Wright,Curtis Schre i er, Joe Hall, and Doug Miche l s.
The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was w~i tten, designed, and put together by: Ch i p Lord, Curtis Schreier, Andy Shapiro, Hudson Marquez , Doug Hurr, Doug Mich els .with he l p from: Sy l via Oreyfus, Char l ey Tilford, and Sot iti Kitrilakis .
Th i s SECOND PRINTING (July 1973) takes on a new form for ease of printing and di stribution. It gets a new cover and binding. and some mate rial has been omitted for update. Still its a good buy at the or i gi nal price of 3 .00$, only at one place; thats Box 471 San Francisco Ca lif 9410 1
- ® ANT CORPS 1973
7H I i-I' '!
:z '-I E~ I (? ;"/:.,
'" o
1 ,
..; ,
~. w Z ~
~ ,
L
•
ENTRANCE
'"~~==~
THE WOf\LOtS
- -: LAf\GEST
I •
--I
, , . '- I
l : , .,
SNAK.E
OIL MASSAGE
MEDIA VAN
DETAIL
,
5D ,:jji"'
... ---.~""":-"-.--.. .. .... . . .-..
r
L
The World's Largest Snake Alphabe t Electroasi s -instant media & The Universa l Mass Consumption Grid Erection Americ an shopping centers Livi n ' & jivin' - a &: b o r uni ve r si t y automatons /sta. - c&e Ultrasonic media blasts from d Blow it up - f The World ' s Largest Snake eats videoscreens - g & a 5 man crew explores limits, blows up buildings , de s troy Fat City, build real (C)it"y Solar energy, dreams, enviroyesterday mobiletomorrow AND We give LO X energy credits with fillup.
• SECTION at CADDY
SECTION at CLOUD
WORLD'S LARGEST, SNAKE TRU CK SEC TION
SNAKE RATTLE & ROLL ROOM
57 \..-I"-'-'UT
--.- --
1
-
•
..
I th
e holes. A
dju
st tlie size of th
e neckho/e by.pinching it
-r closed -
the tautness or lim
pness of the stru
cture
if un
de
r yo
ur co
ntro
l. Tape the neckhole shu
t an
d in
flate
fully_ N
otice the .wrinkles nesr the shoulder o
f the bag. 'W
ith a
.knlfe ,cu
t.s 3" slit A
CR
OSS the w
rink.les. N
otice,
what h.appens. -im
me
dia
tely, to th
e hole.
No
w try
B
gainl-deflate the bag and tape the hole w
ith your ."
-.
tape -then turn the blow
ers on
again. This tim
e m
skels slit A
LO
NG
one of the w
rinkles. N
otice
w
hat it does.. Try this again at 8 pl,!ce w
him,
th'ere Bre no wrinkles.
An
y d
iffere
t/ce?
Of the
ntb, which w
ay wo
uld
you
cut if you were
m~kjng 8 d
oo
r an
d yo
u w
anted tq ~onserve B
/r?
-.." ." .
3.' Get so
me thicker plastic fD
mB
where.
Large orange or red pIeces c'ome as covers
on
flatca
r loads of gypS
uk wallboard. Large
black pieces come stapled to the side o
f a •
two-part m
obile ho
me, ~s it 90es dow
n the highw
ay. B
lack an;i,ear pieces are used
by constructio
n ere
to cover th{nfl$ u
p and
to pu
t under timere
slabs... A r8il1 find is
clear plastic reinfo!fed
wi(h~nYlon mesh used
in areenhouses.. M
ake sure that the piece is
-.
structure finer a
nd
yo
u·remem
ber o
f material 9.42
-the' 2
" polyeth-industry is good.
flat it is hard
can seal if she
p,
1=
T·.
---'
,
DO
NA
LD
DU
CK
\ •
. _':'?as~ you
ha
dn
't figu
red
qu
t a reason or eXClf~e, w
.hY to b
uild
infla
tab
le '~'::A-'C~'~~S~ iN
G,ETTIN
G-~\QUAJ~,(ED W
ITH' I~~~T~~~~}"
becom"es,o
bvio
us 8
5 soon as yo
u get p
eo
ple
inside. T
he free
do
m a
nd
instIl-¢i:J'A
1?fER
1 OF
TH
E LNf'L~TO..coO}{BOOK
biliry of 8~~n~ironment w
here the wa~'$ a~e. constantly bec~n:~ng the ceiling ;.'·.#h~~baggie from
MO;(ier's kt~e,.
Hold the end ~~and scoo~ ;11 ~m8 air. $~ A
he e~d and rh,e ceding th
e flo
or and the d
oo
r IS rollm
g a
rou
nd
the clli/my som
ewher6
"wlrh tape. _ Essentially a
ll inflatables wo
rk by encapsulating a
ir witJjJn
-B closed ;;iem
brsne.
fflle8~ a (oto
f e"nergy that is usually con
fine
d b
y the xyz planes o
f rhe nortn81 '1i .. 'SOt;In.you w
ill b,egin to notice'the bag gettlrig lim~r.' O
byiously, air iU
Jcaping thru boX
-foom.
The new-dim
ensional space becomes m
ore
or Jess w
hatever people dflo '"
h'6les ap
d creases in
you
r lousy taping job, R
ep68t tM
{J)(psriment using Ih
ot kn
ife to
cide it ;s _ a t~mple, a funhouse, a suffoc'atio~ tortu
re device, i/pleasure dom
e. A
'$
fiji th'e O!J.en e
nd
B
y seafing:~/I the ~ay across the ~n;'ng except fi
a small orifice,
confereflC6, p
arty, w
edding, 'meeting, regular S
aturday afte
rno
on
bllCom
es.,8 festival. the paggle,can be b/~wn y
p tig
htly lI.ke a rubber b
allo
on
jJnd ualtHJIW
"th. touc_
of'
,"
~ h
ot Iran:
N~t1ce the wrlnk~es m. th
e plastIc, if yo
u hav~ bll!.'im
.It up tightly.
To unfo
ld, infla
te an
d see each o
the
r in a black wh
ite red
pu
rple
clou
dballo
on
can (can Y
au C9f1lm
agme iJ
long baggle, W
ith one hundrBdpeople seale
d m
slde and real· d
itions righ
t) help to break do
wn
pe
op
le'; category w
alls ab
ou
t each oth
er and their o
wn
ize that the ~ir p~rm~neritIY entrained co
uld
(lot Isst 19f19, unless yo
u had.
. . . .
' .
enough plants m W
ith them.
Scotts, m
aker Bnd ta
ker of green, says th
at a
ab
ilities and can b
e a hm
t at the Jdea th
at m
aybe m
aybe any,body can should ,;ust take
50 by 50 p
lot o
f fawn tu
rf releases enough oxygen to supply a fam
ily of
space.making b
ea
utifyin
g inco her, his o
wn hands.
... ~
>('., four._
. ~'X ,
'. 2,
Gersom
e clf1!1ner bags, you
kn~w, those all·plastic ones w
ith a
ll the
.
--'--
--,~
'.
dreadfu{ warnm
gs about this is n
qta
toy, and ger same scotch
.tape and la
y ran
ds on ~'{blower o
f ~me kin
d. a sm
all fan. M
qth
er's:h
air
drye
r I:~ ideal and a vacupm cleaner b
low
er is pow
erful. Tape the
'\,.
ppen end'o
f the, cleaner bag aro
un
d the delivery end o
f wha
tever b
loW
Brjpr aro
t/?d the guard of the fsn.
-Turn on thl! pow
er, N
otice
wra
t happens, even thougrh the nack ho
la o
f the bag has been le
ft oPtn
. F
or the structure to becom
e i'lflate
d, m
ore
"A
O ",~-
IJ:r I~l~ be com
}:g!n
:hIu;.~~~/~~~ ~:"tB
~:~'~~ th
ru
, , , .
I I
;II "
I I
l
- -----.--.----~-
, ; ' ;
7lI" pft~1u " 5 '/#" h.,, /
@.---r-",\\'
Tape stripS of poly together mto a large square . . . .
, , , , , ' , '
L _ ____ _ __ - - - -- -- - ~
Fe\ d edse'5 over and tape .. _ . . .
Make tube for ,
CUT ME OUT
STICK ME ON f LAG ·
mfl-ate & etlt-entrv-siit-:-;-spend the n Isht t08@t\qe-r.---~. ," . ._, ".- ,
-
-KIDS
~i[j!L .u: .u: .u: ~U!L ~
~
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ i \ \ \
d
! Pt£cE., ( ,,+
\
. . .. . .
• ,
, , ,
..
".#'J ,,", ,'/ -"-
" , . , . , , , . , , , , , , , , ""- ',! ~
, , , ,
, , -' ~-----fI
, "
, , , ' , .
, " '- -, -.
-------GEOMETRY - - - - -
~ ~
~; ~?
, ,
ietrahedron
"
"- . .. , ~ -- ---
-
I \ ~I
~ I !
~ ! -w I I
L
" .~
~ M
AT
ER
IAL
S
We
used
pol
yeth
ylen
e be
caus
e o
f lo
w c
ost
CIn
d ea
sy h
andl
ing.
W
ith
a m
ater
ial
as a
bstr
act
as a
mic
ro-t
hick
pla
stic
film
, an
d as
easy
to
joi
n as
pol
yeth
ylen
e, o
ne c
an t
rans
it th
e en
tire
de
sign
-the
n-bu
ild
proc
ess
in s
uch
a sh
ort
tim
e 8
5 t
o be
abl
e to
see
the
pro
cess
as
II w
hole
. In
th
is se
nse
poly
ethy
lene
can
be
a m
ediu
m l
or
lear
ning
ab
ou
t w
hole
des
ign
proc
esse
s.
PO
( YE
TH
YL
EN
E -
(dic
tion
ary
defi
niti
on)
impe
rvio
us t
o m
oist
ure,
ligh
ter
than
wat
er,
tou~h,
pli
able
. ou
tsta
ndin
g at
die
lect
ric
high
fre
quen
cie
s; e
xcel
lent
che
mic
al r
esis
tanc
e.
We
star
ted
out
usin
g fo
ur m
il (.
004"
) fo
r ev
eryt
hing
(it
's c
heap
est)
bu
t no
w w
e us
e 6
mil
whe
reve
r w
e ca
n _
6 m
il st
rike
s a
pre
tty
goo
d ba
lanc
e be
twee
n co
st a
nd l
onge
vity
. T
he
life
~pan
of
the
mem
bran
e de
pend
s o
n 1
) th
e su
rfac
e th
e bu
bble
will
sit
on
(gr
ass
is b
estl
21
th
at
the
win
d w
ill d
o to
it
(Hig
h w
inds
may
des
troy
the
pla
stic
s ju
st b
y th
e fo
rce
of
the
wi
d, b
ut
mor
e o
ften
the
dam
age
is do
ne b
y th
e w
ind
ripp
ing
the
poly
on
bra
nche
s, c
orne
rs
of
hing
s, e
tc,)
; 3)
the
use
it
is p
ut
to.
Pub
lic
even
ts w
ith
high
ene
rgy
sour
ces
such
as
rock
m
usic
ten
d to
wea
r ha
rd -
stab
le u
ses
such
as
gree
nhou
ses
or
slee
ping
pla
ces
tend
to
wea
r w
eil.
Und
er o
ptim
um
con
diti
ons
(min
imum
sun
& w
ind)
the
mat
eria
l sh
ould
las
t ab
ou
t a
year
. 4)
(fo
r pu
blic
pla
ces
part
icul
arly
) un
ders
tand
ing
of t
he n
atur
e of
the
mat
eria
l by
the
pe
ople
usi
ng i
t. U
sers
nee
d to
be
mad
e aw
are,
som
eho~
, to
tak
e of
f th
eir
shoe
s be
fore
en
teri
ng,
no
t to
wal
k o
n (
thro
ugh)
the
wal
ls,
no
t to
tea
r th
e do
ors
as t
hey
go t
hrou
gh,
and
no
t to
blo
ck t
he
air·
supp
ly t
unne
ls,
Gen
eral
ly w
e tr
y to
rei
nfor
ce a
reas
of
heav
y us
age
and
mak
e ai
r tu
nnel
s w
here
you
can
't g
et t
o th
em o
r m
ake
them
big
eno
ugh
to c
raw
l in
wit
hout
bl
ocki
ng t
he a
ir f
low
. It
's b
ette
r to
des
ign
in d
urab
ilit
y th
an h
ave
to p
olic
e th
e vu
lner
able
deta
ils
(e.g
., se
lf·c
losi
ng d
oors
in
Geo
met
ry s
ecti
on).
¥ C
OL
OR
or
: C
OL
OR
T
he m
ost
easi
ly a
vail
able
col
ors
are
clea
r an
d bl
ack
(use
d in
con
cret
e co
nstr
ucti
on
wor
k)
bu
t whi
te a
nd c
olor
ed p
oly
can
also
be
foun
d.
Cle
ar i
s de
cide
dly
mag
ical
. It
s dr
awba
cks
arer
that
it
gets
tre
men
dous
ly h
ot
insi
de i
f th
ere
is su
n a
nd i
t is
a ho
t da
y. It
can
coo
k th
e pe
ople
ins
ide
and
the
gras
s un
dern
eath
. T
his
can
be
turn
ed t
o g
ood
adva
ntag
e in
co
ol
we~ther
for
sola
r he
at o
r, i
n w
arm
er w
eath
er g
ood
lor
wat
er e
nvir
onm
ents
, sau
na b
aths
, oi
l m
a1ssa
ges,
etc
. B
e ca
refu
l o
f le
avin
g a
clea
r bu
bble
on
a g
reen
law
n fo
r to
o lo
ng a
s it
wil
l st
e~m
tKe
gras
s in
its
ow
n ju
ice
in a
few
hou
rs i
f th
e su
n is
hot.
Whi
te r
efle
cts
heat
, b
ut
it
ge;s
ver
y br
ight
ins
ide.
Y
ou c
an p
roje
ct o
n i
t at
nig
ht o
r bo
unce
col
ored
lig
hts
arou
nd
ins'i
de i
t. O
ne g
ood
desi
gn c
ompr
omis
e is
a ha
lf w
hite
/hal
f cl
ear
bubb
le -
you
can
put
the
whi
te s
ide
up
to
the
sun
or
the
clea
r si
de u
p on
coo
l o
r cl
oudy
day
s.
It's
bes
t to
fin
d sh
ade,
o
r br
ing
yo
ur
own
_ a
big
P<lra
chut
e ov
er a
bub
ble
help
s a
grea
t !:l
eal
on h
ot d
ays.
F
rost
ed
poly
is
best
for
rea
r pr
ojec
tion
, w
hite
for
fro
nt
proj
ecti
on (
alth
ough
whi
te w
ill w
ork
for
rear
pro
ject
ion
-it
jus
t is
n't
quit
e as
bri
ght
an i
mag
e).
Som
e po
ly s
old
as c
lear
is
wha
t is
call
ed "
nat
ura
l" w
hich
is
slig
htl
y fr
oste
d, a
ltho
ugh
no
t fr
oste
d en
ough
to
wor
k w
ell
for
rear
pr
ojec
tion
. W
ith
usag
e, c
lear
bec
omes
fro
sted
-yo
u ca
n fa
cili
tate
th
e pr
oces
s by
rub
bing
it
un,ti
l th
e st
atic
cha
rge
pic
ks u
p d
ust.
C
olor
ed p
oly
giv
es a
fin
e co
lore
d li
ght
insi
de.
Sou
rces
fo
r co
lore
d po
ly a
re 1
) sh
eetr
ock
and
som
e o
ther
bui
ldin
g m
ater
ials
are
shi
pped
on
Ila
tcar
s co
vere
d w
ith
20
'X5
0' s
heet
s of
col
ored
pol
y.
Tal
k to
the
peo
ple
who
unl
oad
the
cars
. O
rice
we
got
a br
and
new
red
cO
lIer
from
the
US
Gyp
sum
fac
tory
in
Ho
usto
n.
2) C
olor
ed
po.iy
dro
pclo
ths
from
pai
nt o
r ha
rdw
ara
stor
es.
3)
Man
ufac
ture
rs o
f ga
s st
atio
n an
d us
ed
L ·L
-_I
_
Bui
ldin
g su
pply
sto
res
are
the
mos
t wid
espr
ead
sou
rces
of
poly
ethy
lene
(go
od l
ast
min
ute,
S
atur
day
sou
rces
) b u
t pa
ckag
ing
hous
es a
nd c
oncr
ete
cons
truc
tion
sup
ply
com
pani
es u
sual
ly
are
chea
per
and
carr
y a
larg
er s
tock
of
diff
eren
t w
eigh
ts a
nd s
izes
of
blac
k an
d cl
ear.
The
y ca
n us
uall
y or
der
whi
te (
in S
an F
ranc
is50
are
a, t
he V
isqu
een
dist
ribu
tor
has
whi
tr. .
.
Bes
t pr
ices
we'
ve f
ound
in
the
San
Fra
ncis
co A
rea
(per
sq.
ft.)
WE.
IGH
T 4
n<l11
hrM
ll &
v.t1
CLE
AR
1<
\0
1.6~
H
WH
ITE
2¢
NA
N
.A
BLAC
K 1.1
d;
l.b4
'2:2~
(Not
e:
Pric
es i
n S
an F
ranc
isco
are
n't
low
for
bui
ldin
g m
ater
ials
. Pr
ice
per
squ
are
foot
do
esn'
t se
em t
o in
crea
se f
or l
arge
r si
ze p
iece
s.
Whi
te o
nly
com
es i
n 4
miL
)
Als
o se
e at
tach
ed S
ears
pri
ce l
ist .
.
TA
PE
or
: T
AP
E
P oly
ethy
lene
can
be
heat
·sea
led,
bu
t w
e us
e ta
pe b
ecau
se i
t el
imin
ates
har
dwar
e, c
an b
e us
ed
in t
he f
ield
, and
th
e te
chni
que
can
be m
aste
red
by l
arge
num
bers
of
peop
le.
The
mos
t co
mm
on k
ind
of
tape
is
2"
poly
tap
e av
aila
ble
from
mos
t po
lyet
hyle
ne
outl
ets,
bu
t it
's n
ot
the
best
. G
ood
tape
com
es in
wid
er s
izes
, and
is
muc
h st
rong
er (
it t
he s
eam
is
tape
d w
ell,
the
poly
will
rip
bef
ore
the
seam
).
Tap
e ca
n be
had
fro
m:
Ari
sta
Cus
tom
Tap
e C
o.
Fo
ot
of
Far
m A
d.
Sec
aucu
s, N
.J.
07
09
4
86
4·3
131
H. T
. M
cGill
Co.
P.
O.
Box
517
45
11
Fro
nt S
t.
Bro
oksh
ire,
Tex
as
7742
3
Mr.
Zim
mle
r is
a f
ine
!lJY
. H
e d
oes
n't
lik
e to
fill
ord
ers
smal
ler
than
$1
00
. H
e ca
n se
nd a
n o
rder
by
UPS
air
fre
ight
to
San
F
ranc
isco
in
thre
e da
ys.
He
wil
l cu
t hi
s 9
mil
vin
yl t
ape
(for
us
e on
pol
yeth
ylen
e) t
o a
ny w
idth
. P
rice
is
$1.2
0/in
ch o
f w
idth
for
a 3
6 y
d. r
oll
in a
ny c
olo
r ex
cept
cle
ar (
whi
ch c
omes
in
4"
on
ly a
nd i
s ab
ou
t $4
.50/
roll
1. T
he
4"
clea
r st
uff
is v
ery
good
for
on
the
spa
', pa
tchi
ng.
3"
wid
th i
s go
od i
n th
e co
lore
d ta
pe.
Jim
Coo
k (w
ho h
as a
goo
d de
al o
f ex
peri
ence
in
poly
inf
lata
bles
w
hich
he
is us
uall
y pr
etty
ope
n to
sha
ring
) se
lls 4
" w
ide
poly
ethy
lene
tap
e (3
6 y
d r
olls
) w
hich
is
also
exc
elle
nt
tape
. T
he
pric
e is
com
para
ble
to A
rist
a's
on
4"
clea
r b
ut
the
serv
ice
isn'
t qu
ite
as f
ast.
Let
us k
no
w o
f an
y o
ther
goo
d so
urce
s an
d w
e w
ill p
ubli
sh t
he i
nfo.
ea
rl lo
t ba
nner
s.
Ber
gman
Ban
Mrs
in
San
Fra
ncis
co s
tock
s ni
ne c
olor
s in
36
" w
idth
(4
mil)
an
d se
lls
it f
or
$.03
/sq.
ft.
4) U
nio
n C
arbi
de w
ill m
ake
any
colo
r fo
r yo
u in
lot
s o
f 5
,00
0 I
bs.
. r-
-p.-
---It
i"o
ossi
ble
to b
uv c
olor
s th
at t
hev
alre
adv
have
in
1,O
OO
-lb.
lots
. _
_ .-
._
I ,
'C" "
,* J'i
!"'~
~., ~
--_
._-_
.. ' .
-
= -
~ -_
.--
' . _
. --
--.
-.
P'
-
" C
dNT
AC
T P
APE
R (
the
stuf
f yo
u p
ut
on s
helv
es,
" ,. It'~
goo
d re
info
rcin
g fo
r pl
aces
th
at g
et h
eavy
str
ess
or
traf
fic,
lik
e do
ors
ilnd
whe
re
tu~nels
join
flo
ors.
REI
NFO
RC
ED P
OL
Y
'I (S
ee S
ears
cat
alog
pag
e.)
Thi
s is
fine
, st
rong
stu
ff,
alth
ough
a l
ittl
e di
ffic
ult
to t
ape
due
to
tekt
ure.
T
here
is a
lso
a co
mpa
ny in
Hou
ston
nam
ed G
riff
oly
n t
hat
pro
duce
s th
is s
tuff
. d
qn
't k
now
how
th
eir
pri
ces
com
pare
.
• T
AP
ING
PR
OC
ES
S
or:
TA
PIN
G P
RO
CE
SS
Th
is is
best
wor
ked
ou
t by
you
, pa
rtly
dep
endi
ng o
n th
e nu
mbe
r of
peo
ple
you
have
tap
ing
toge
the r
. A
VO
IO W
RIN
KL
ES
in
the
tape
ilS
the
wri
nkle
s w
ill
gath
er w
ater
, pa
rtic
ular
ty w
hen
th
e bu
bble
is l
eft
unin
flate
d in
the
ra
in.
Th
is w
ill
even
tual
ly d
estr
oy t
he b
ond
of
ilny
of
thes
e ta
pes.
HE
AT
SE
AL
ING
Som
eone
fro
m O
rego
n se
z:
You
can
sea
l pol
y w
ith
a re
gula
r cl
othe
s ir
on (
Tef
lon
if po
ssib
le).
rl
'!e
qual
ity
of t
he s
eam
var
ies
grea
tly
wit
h th
e sk
ill o
f th
e pe
rson
who
is s
eam
ing,
so
prac
tice
fi
~st.
I s
aw a
do
me
bubb
le t
hat
got
des
troy
ed b
y th
e w
ind
as t
he s
eam
s ha
d be
en h
eat·
seal
ed
this
way
by
amat
eurs
. P
ut a
cou
ple
piec
es a
re c
ardb
oard
tog
ethe
r up
righ
t u
nder
the
ov
erla
ppin
g ed
ges
and
rUn
the
iron
alo
ng i
t sm
ooth
ly a
nd e
venl
y.
POL
YE
ST
ER
(m
yla
r is
a tr
ade
nam
e fo
r po
lyes
ter)
Silv
ered
myl
ar is
a g
ood
refl~tjve s
urf
ace
and
VE
RY
mag
ical
. 2
mil
myl
ar i
s ro
ughl
y 'e
quiv
alen
t in
str
engt
h to
Go
r a m
il p
oly,
and
it
can
be t
aped
tog
ethe
r lik
e p
oly
. Jo
hn
Ree
ves
in B
osto
n go
t a
quan
tity
of
it f
rom
Eis
er I
ndus
trie
s in
Rev
ere,
Mas
s. f
or $
.20/
sq.f
t.
He
had
to d
o a
lot
of t
alki
ng t
o g
et i
t at
that
pri
ce.
The
re a
re a
lot
of
com
pan
ies
prod
ucin
g m
ylar
now
, b
ut
we
have
n't
inve
stig
ated
. A
gain
, le
t us
kno
w w
hat
you
find
ou
t.
--
3AF
ET
Y C
OD
ES
AN
D T
HI:
I-I
Ht:
lVI~h""
,I",
,,,_
=ro
m T
ensi
le S
truc
ture
s, V
olum
e O
ne b
y F
ret
Ott
o:
" ...
pne
umat
ic b
uild
ings
are
saf
er
:han
any
oth
er f
orm
of
stru
ctur
e. T
he m
ain
adva
ntag
e of
the
pne
umat
ical
ly s
tret
ched
n
embr
ane
is it
s sm
all
wei
ght;
eve
n w
ith
span
s o
f m
ore
than
100
m.
the
wei
ght
of t
he
.truc
ture
doe
s n
ot
exce
ed 3
kg/s
q.m
. E
ven
jf th
e co
mpr
esse
d ai
r su
pply
sho
uld
fail,
it
YOu
ld t
ake
a lo
ng t
ime
for
larg
e en
velo
pes
to c
olla
pse,
sin
ce t
he e
nclo
sed
air
can
leak
ou
t lil
ly s
low
ly.
Eve
n la
rge
hole
s an
d te
ars
are
no
t da
nger
ous.
A
ltho
ugh
the
pres
sure
dro
ps
luit
e ra
pidl
y. t
he f
orce
du
e to
the
wei
ght
of t
he m
embr
ane
is so
sm
all
that
, in
lar
ge
:nv'
i!lop
es.
it m
ay t
ake
days
bef
ore
the
encl
osed
air
esc
apes
eve
n if
the
open
ings
are
lar
ge."
Ve'v
e ne
ver
had
any
inju
ries
due
to
stru
ctur
al f
ailu
re.
Fir
e co
des
are
nece
ssar
y, w
itne
ss c
ircu
s te
nt
fire
tra
gedi
es.
The
y ar
e us
uall
y pr
imar
ily
conc
erne
d w
ith
exit
s in
pub
lic
stru
ctur
es.
Poly
ethy
lene
inf
lata
bles
hav
e a
virt
ual
360
' ex
it b
ecau
se a
nyon
e ca
n ri
p hi
s w
ay o
ul,
bu
t th
is i
s so
met
imes
har
d to
com
mun
icat
e to
a
fire
mar
shal
l :"
ecau
se h
e w
ill h
ave
no p
rece
dent
for
allo
win
g th
at t
ype
of
exit
. H
e w
ilt
also
wan
t to
tes
t th
e fi
re r
esis
tanc
e of
the
mem
bran
e it
self,
usu
ally
by
hold
ing
a sm
all
pie
ce o
f it
ove
r a
buns
en b
urne
r fo
r te
n se
con
ds.
then
rem
ovin
g it
. If
it
rem
ains
bur
nin
g fo
r m
ore
tha
n tw
o se
cond
s it
is n
ot
cons
ider
ed s
elf·
exti
ngui
shin
g.
How
ever
, w
hen
the
poly
ethy
lene
is i
nfla
ted,
the
str
uctu
re h
as i
nter
nal
pres
sure
whi
ch w
ork
s to
ext
ingu
ish
the
flam
e as
soo
n as
it
burn
s th
roug
h th
e m
embr
ane.
(C
harl
ey T
ilfo
rd i
n N
ew Y
ork
has
do
ne
som
e re
sear
ch o
n th
is a
nd h
as a
fil
m o
f hi
s ef
fort
s.)
Try
to
ex
plai
n th
is.
We
pu
t up
in
fla t
able
s in
man
y pu
blic
sit
uat
ions
wit
h m
ixed
suc
cess
-w
e di
d no
t ge
t ap
prov
al f
rom
th
e S
an l
eand
ro F
ire
Mar
shal
l fo
r S
tew
art
Bra
nd's
hun
ger
show
. b
ut
we
did
get
appr
oval
(w
ith
the
dili
gen
t ai
d of
Dr.
Fra
nk O
ppen
heim
er)
for
an i
nter
med
ia e
vent
in t
he P
alac
e o
f F
ine
Art
s in
San
Fra
ncis
co.
We
did
n't
con
sult
a f
ire
mar
shal
l be
fore
Alt
amon
t. b
ut
rem
embe
r y
ou
are
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
safe
ty o
f y
ou
r st
ruct
ure
.
Goo
d th
ings
to
talk
ab
ou
t w
ith
Fir
e M
arsh
alls
:
1)
self
·ext
ingu
ishi
ng p
rope
rtie
s of
inf
late
d po
lyet
hyle
ne
2)
rip
thro
ugh
exit
doo
rs (
thin
ness
of
the
poly
) 3)
th
e hu
ge n
umbe
r of
doo
rs y
ou h
ave
4)
leng
th o
f ti
me
requ
ired
to
def
late
the
bui
ldin
g w
ith
hole
s in
it
5)
the
pres
sure
at
whi
ch t
he b
uild
ings
run
s 6)
th
e nu
mbe
r o
f C
FM
of
air
you
are
prov
idin
g pe
r pe
rson
7)
ho
w p
ower
ful
yo
ur
back
up
fan
is
(thi
s is
a m
ust
for
publ
ic e
vent
s)
(. (0
Y 'W
I [.> O
f j
RECYCLING
The best way to recycle polyethylene is to reuse it , but when it gets many holes in it, it is no longer good as a rain cover. The worst thing you can do with it is to put it in a garbage can - it will probably end up as land fill and never decompose. The best thing you can do with it is BURN it. When polyethy lene burns it breaks down into CO2, H20, and carbon which is the ugly black smoke produced but which will precipitate out of the air quickly and be absorbed by the earth.
It is possible to recycle poly chemically, but it's an elaborate process and all the big manufacturers find it more profitab le to make it from fresh natural resources (petroleum), We think inflatable shelter is a much bener use for petroleum than buming it in an internal combustion engine. We also like inflatables because they aren' t in any one place long enought to leave marks on the earth after they're gone.
--~.-- .. '
•
,
•
Clear Polyethylene
.... 10 tQ. tL--4 mil· u..... 10dl tt."'"
Mesh-:teinforoed Plastic
"' ...... ll!.o ..... _-low.. 3 Nt~ • . xlllO).lL"'"
. Black Polyethylene
...... 1 0--'" .. thAD lo.r.o-1t. .....
•• "bout FHA
Steel.niDforad. Woyera wire meSh, DOI1-ravd edges, d~ mo.tcd with liquid c:dIub.e ~te. BumiDa' ~ of 9>:10t mesh is 1091bs.; of lul4t mesh lS71bs. Lub sevo::nJ. seasons. Cut With scissors.
WOIl't rot ot' mild ..... , Keeps out ~ Jjght, ultra-violet raY$. Lasl$ J to s times loaget in · sunli&bt tlwI dea:r polyethylene. Salt-proof, paint-proof, oil-proof .. can't becWDaged by COI". rosive compost « 5ibge ..ods. Cut to tile willi scisaon. Available in 6 to fO-tt. width!.
Utility Plastic for ~~: ~, .carpets" 11 0",(2 1 Milk-white tnnSluCJeft1 atm.. 30 iDc:he -..ilk. Giyas ~ effect OD. -b&thmom 1Irindows, shower doon.. IckaI. f..- temporvy . carpet tuIIDer5. Diamond embossed 6Jm (1) hugNaterslip~ ribOed fdm (2) is "'IOl'e pliable; both typQ c:aD. be easily deaud by ' shaking. Sold pel" foot or in I~ rO&. - . _.
1 ~MOnd &.~ Fi..... "2 ltibbocl fi... . . ", l'u it. Shippiq ...t.. • oz. . Per It. ShiJl1)iD« 1Ri«bt .. =
32 :oa.m~';~2f~ 32 ~~·;'i:iibr2f: .. 32 W 42276C . _: •...•.... S30 .. !I5 . 32 W 42272C ••••.•.... _ .$19095
,1,'
AccesaorieIJ to ~ anchor plastics
l[j~~~~r~~~~[~~~~; ( .. ond 5 I Snap Fallene ... Snap rovtn waOO 04
1ncl000000oitdoor V{oterproof CIaTh Tope. 60-£1. 3;l W.4291~ lridth. W1. 6 oz.. Roll $1.19
Daub .. -fcc.d Mounting Tape. Strong ivory paper lrith adhesive t.cklllf on b:>th sides.. 54-11. roll. nw 429l1~-in.1ridth. W1." oz .•••. Roll 7k
.A",",~ ,!o.11e Cloth Tap •• W~~roof. M&kei: .... cdlm\ sealant for air duct.., }OUIlII( Qr :1IIOUi..1iriiplastiC sboetIna:. 6O-foot ron. 2-1n.. width. ·l2"W-.4291:1-';'WU lb ..••.••• . : •.•... • Roll $1.65 . \'.t:b..·tNdc· ... mill 0ne .... 1 I._"""",,*,,,",, troo
., -~-~'" .............. --.
-;
~~' .. p/:',
quidtly. Crowns all 2x2·llIch pn:smre 5e115itive tape. Studs on tape ocwood SCIt1JS. 10 each per pkg. 4 Tape-lItOUnted dud. for smooth surfac:ea.
32 W 429D3-Pq . '" 10. Wt." 0&. . • . , •••••• pq. fie 5 Screw-in Stud. lor rough surfaces.. . 32 W~Pq. of 10. WL 4 01.. •••••• ••• ·.Pq. 99c: 6 Breon G_. t.d Pla,tIc Ti. DowI\J.. ;Pressure. sensitive a.dhesive. 4.!ix2.in.
32 W 42902-Pq. 01 10. WL 4 oz. .•. ...... •.•• pq. 990:. '7 Molding Strip. Rei!! treated e&rd~, taW. For moullting sheeting. " in. by 36 in. long.. .
32 W ~5-Pq. oi l s.. WL 1 lb. .••••••....•• Pte. SSt , 8 IutlOrl 510.... 101" -anchoring ph$tk ~ til grouod. 61n;long, DOtchtd. Pkt. of 40.
13 W'lml-5hiPPinll ~ht 6 ""-. ....... pq. $1~
J;.~~
. ,1
I
.~ I
I
,
...
Since.polyethylene is so light (1200 sq.ft. of 4 mil weig~s about 20 Ibs. ) a fan usual ly is a better air source than a blower. A blower gives more pressure than is necessary to support the weight. Blowers tend to be high-pressure low-volume ai r sources; fans give out more air at lower pressure. In measuring the output of a fan or blower there are two considerations: number of cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air delivered and the static pressure at which that air is delivered. A water manometer is an easy W<1'( to measure static pressure.
A manometer will give you a lot of interesting and useful information about your bubble. Wind effects, for example, do not always increase the pressure inside the bubble (see Anchoring section) . You can tet1 how mu(:h pressu re your seams will wi thstand. Make your seams strong enough to withstand 2/5" pressure, because windloading is best withstood by maintaining a tight skin. If the skin isn't tight, the wind will make a sail in·the side of the bubble and then you .are a~,th .. wind's mercy ...
.' i , . ".
,-Remember that for a public event it is . ~ I ~ ...
necessary to have a back-up fan that will •• , "' • support the whole bubble if the nu'mber . (' .1...(, '" " J ... . ~ , (./ • one fan should fai l. Each fan must be " • \..·v . -:.ro' . _, -' capable of supplying at least 5 CFM per person indise the bubble. Having a working generator on hand is iI good idea if your power source is at all dubious. (We have panicked when a fuse inside a locked building blew.J '
This;s the 100' pil low before we put a net on it . When it was half inflated, we stopped inflating it to patch up the li ttle strings we had taped to it for tie·downs. A storm blew up and the wind made the 40'X l 00' sail tl1at you see in this picture. All the little string9 popped and the bubble took off. We finally stopped it by cutting a 60' slit in the back side to release all the air. Imagining a sail boat with a sail that big will give you an idea of the magnitude of force involved. This was an extreme case of low pressure, bu't you get the idea . . . . .-._--'--_._ ......
rl
1
II ,
de1ivery tube
A good source of fans and specifications on fans is Grainger's (a national chain of wholesalers). ' They sell a large variety of fans and blowers, each one listed in the catalog with its output. I usually try to match up a used fan r am buying with something in their catalog for an output estimate. To get a catalog or buy from them you have to show some company credentials or a purchase order, but it is worth the hassle as their prices are about 1/2 to 3/5 retail. A new fan is usually cheaper than a used one in the long run jf you get it wholesale, " but any fan you can get for free can be made to work. (Beware of used fans for public events, though, unless you are sure the fan is good.
About the best fan we've used for medium-sized inflatables is Charley Tilford's old-time office fan that he talked the city of New York out of when they air-conditiOf'led some offices. This fan is a 24" diameter, l' h.p., direct-dri..,e, two-speed fan with ' a cast-aluminum, three-prop air-foil blade and a sturdy, c lose-mesh guard. This fan probably put out about ! 5,000 CF M at 0" pressure and maybe 4,000 at 1''' pressure. Having a strong guard on any fan is important if there are going to be any general public, little kids, or stoned people. .
Charley cut down the pedestal so that the fan was near to the ground for more stability. The easiest way to attach the air tunnel to this type of fan is to tape it directly to the 'blade guard (another reason for a strong guard). Since the building will probably move around - especially if there is no net and the bubble is on a hill or in the wind - it is a good idea to make the air supply tunnel long enough so that the building can move without pulling the fan over. We've lost some good fans this way. (A good invention might be some skids on the bottom of your fans.)
>.
~ ~?"'~ eJ" best fan for large bubbles (used on the 100' pillow) is a four-foot diameter, six·blade .
-:;e:~;~ii:P::o::w::,:,;~ed by a * h.p. motor. We scrounged this fan from a house that got The original motor (l' h.p.) got burned out by a faulty generator, so
i
WARNING,
Fl)NKY GENERATORSI EAT FAN MOTORS
test your ... if at all possible. If you are renting a generator get the rental place to test it for you. The replacement '%. h.p. motor we got (and all the fans and blowers we've gotten since) has overload protection. This is simply a device inside the motor that shuts t he motor oft automatically when the motor overheats (due to overloading, incorrect voltage, etc.). The page from the Craftsman Motor Selection and Installation Guide shows how motor speed relates to fan speed determined by pulley sizes. This is a good booklet you can get from Sears. (HOW TO SELECT AND INSTALL ELECTRIC MOTORS) The attic fan puts out about 15,000 CFM at 0" and very approximately 12,000 at 1/8". A STRONG mesh guard high ly recommended. ""," screen is good. (Hinge pins a re remdveabfe for transporting.)
Charley recommends this fan for medium to big inflatables. This frame is made with e lectrical conduit. Included are the specs for this fan from the Grainger catalog.
12" TO 24" VENTURI-FRAME EXHAUST FAN KITS 1200 to 6IOCI CFM. 1 &. 2·Speltd Tot . ll y En ( lose-Q' C.yton Motol"$. Alulllinu m Blltdes
U" FAN :::mab~~ffi!l!~ ~~~~or~ ~~ied.u~':J~.:t r:nt1~l:ee:=. Q~Ie!i~'1= $27 69 at a savinI up to 30%. Tb.l.II ven- frame with venturl dlschule. A bible pre-
• turi_fr.me prefl!ITed everywhere punched motor hue taatent to vert cal. suPPort. lftI s. u. bec.nse of ealle of Installation with O-boIL'l supplied. Panel has mOWltlDJr hole
IlIId efficient ventUaUon. Kit comes ' In each comer tor easy, seeu", mountlnJC.l1arcI_ complete. Totally-enclo&ed Dmon 1500 RPM ware kit included. Panels are 4"" wider I nd sbaded pole or 1725 or 1725/1140 RPM .split- hlll:her than fan blade sUe. For Ihutten, see p'base, llSV. 60 Cy. motors: Motors ru,"",";-'.L!'""""e·,· ~~",c=",.,----;;;; ... ",;;:;",;;;-'
8c\'~ RPM c~ ~. ~O:- . 1ItU.!I ~~; s:~. lroo 1200 1/20 7C867 S3O.3O $18.12 $ 17.53 13
il
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idw
ay ~n
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ys .
. ill
defl
ect
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e 01
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e pu
lle)
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l "'
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too
lig
ht,
il ;n
crea
xs m
otor
lo
ad a
nd w
ur
on t
he M
arin
S'-
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CTIIG
PU
LLEY
S V
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lk)1
In
: m
nlu
red
fro
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dSe.
10
edge
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o/
in
gYllo
,·t)
. T
he
follo
win
g u
ble
giv
es
you
the
sptt
ds
of
driv
en p
ullc
ys .
. hen
IIl
inS
nri
ou
J co
m·
bina
tion
s of
dri~
and dri~
pull
ey
I;U:II
(i
n
inch
e3).
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PREC
AUTI
ONS
THAT
WILL
SA
VE Y
OUR
MOT
OR
DON
'T O
VERL
OAD
MOT
OR
o.~rll»ding
1 m
oror
nn
bur
n ;1
oul.
DD", "
,. I'~cl
;1 1
0 rN
n ~~
"'iHUO,,
sl,
ou
r/f
llld
td.
DON
'T L
ET V
OLTA
GE D
ROP
Wh
en \
'(llt
lgc
at
n>O<
OI
drop
.. u
lcd
r th
e 'l
iM
chin
g I .. p~n
l H
.. h
n1
.he
mot
or i
s o~rlo.dN
. W
ith
100
lin
k "
/ud
" ;1
is (
in e
Rea
) ""
crw
orlc
ed
-he
n ..
up
_
and
"'i
ll b
urn
0IJc
. U
K I
mpl
e si
u
,,·ir
ing
.
DON
'T "
SUFF
OCA
TE"
MOT
OR
If f
r« c
itaJ
bli
on
of
ai.
10 •
mol
D'
is I
l:Il
riC
fN
(by
dirt
. "'s
or p~~r
, O
f cl
osin
g ,I
up ,n
J
boll
) il
ov
e,h
eau
-m
ay b
u.n
011
1. K
ul' m
OIO
T rI,
.".
... d
d,/
,. If
u~d
,,·hU
t ..
·nod
ch
'!".
dU
ll. t
iC.
Can ~nlU '
n.
"de.
bl
o ...
ou
l Ih
e in
ler'
o ..
.. il
h dr
y co
mpr
uH:d
a,
. -o
r U
K a
"I(
\Ior
n cl
eane
r.
GROU
HD M
OTOR
PRO
PERL
Y
Th
e m
Oio
r fra~ s
houl
d be
co
nn
«lN
, by
... i
tt: o
f P
"""
"u
ut
ed
in
line
10
m
oIor
, 10
•
Mli
l.b
le
gro
un
d (
""'I
er p
i,,"
or
a g
rou
nd
ing
rod
prop
erly
i.u
ull
ni)
-bi
Kh
ro p
l1M
cct
you,
and
10
prO
icct
lh
e m
oeor
in
cue
oJ
an m
lem
al s
hon
C;t
aJiL
LUBR
ICA
TE M
OTOR
PRO
PERL
Y
Mo
tora
w
ith
b
....
. ze b
elr
;na
e d
o re
qll
lre
oe·
ceel"
",1
_
1."1
.. o
t 10
0 I"
",u~
.. ' 0
, ,.
cessi"
. '-
lub
ric.t
lon
. It
', b
eel
to c
he
ck "
'arl
,..e
nd
ed
d •
fe
w d
rop
e ea
ch O
m..
Too
",,,
eb o
il c
en
c
eu ..
tro
ub
le b
y celt
ina O
llt
of
the
b
url
nl:
In
to
the
mol
D ••
USE
RE·
SET
PRO
PERL
Y
If y
ou h
Ive
an "
"e.l
oad
pl1
M«
tOf
... it
h a
m:ln
ual
rest(
bU
llon
, al
....
ys .
. ..;
1 /0
' tl
olo
r 10
fO
ol 1
.'/0"
U
lIing
th
e n:
«t.
Ntr
n h
amm
er t
he
n:.J
« <
if ;
1 S
«mS
10
~Hick"), u
th
is .
. iII
brn
k o
If th
e _
ilC
h
plr
n.
Any
tro
uble
"'I
h 1
l:'J«
lin
g .
. ill
prob
ably
be
due
10
du.ll
bet
wee
n th
e co
n ••
eu -
and
bID
.... ·
ing
:I"'y
the
dU
llI,
Or
sim
ply
hold
ing
the
blln
on
in f
irm
ly ..
. ill
corr
ect
thi,
.
f ~ W
!! ~ If ;~
~ ~ ,1m
I~ I~ I- 'll ." 13 I!
----
---
-
.,-'
.-~~-6
' {
"';
. ..
, .... -
-r--
"'l
I t..
' \~t'"
1\ "
~
" '
':1 1,
: Il~:
I - •
I -? ~ ~
·We
boug
ht a
hug
e ce
ntri
fuga
l bl
ower
at
the
flea
mar
kat,
but
the
mo
tor
wen
t ou
t on
UI
afte
r on
ly t
wo
even
ts.
The
pro
blem
, wit
h us
ed m
otor
s is
th
at th
ey o
nly
go o
ut
It
cruc
ial
mom
ents
whe
n th
ere
is t
he m
ost
stra
in o
n a
mot
or,
i.e.,
in a
win
d O
f w
hen
ther
e .a
re a
lot
of
peop
le g
oing
in
and
out.
Whe
n yo
u bu
y I
used
fan
or
blow
er, r
un i
t for
15
min
utes
fir
st t
o se
e if
it he
ats
up.
If t
his
heat
s it
up
(hot
to
the
to
uch
), d
on
't b
uy
it,
becl
Use
if
it he
ats
up w
ith
no lo
ad,
it is
alm
ost
sure
to
bur
n ou
t un
der
stre
in.
The
w
heel
on
this
blo
wer
is
abou
t 12
" X
12"
. W
e ha
ve u
sed
the
0/. h
.p,
mot
or o
n t
tlis
blow
er, w
hich
pro
babl
y pu
ts o
ut a
roun
d 35
00 C
FM a
t IO
"pre
ssur
e an
d 30
00 a
t J(
," p
ress
ure.
It
wou
ld p
roba
bly
pop
the
seem
s of
any
bub
ble
if t
hare
wer
e no
air
ou
tlet
(su
ch a
s a
door
).
SIZ
ING
FA
N
8!tll
lltlH
lI.,
Figu
ring
out
wha
t si
ze f
an t
o u
se,
in a
mor
e th
orou
gh w
ay t
han
just
ref
erri
ng t
o t
hic
har
t .
It in
vol\/
8$ t
akin
g in
to c
onsi
dera
tion
all
the
dem
ands
on
th
e fa
n.
The
se a
re:
1) T
he p
ress
ure
at w
hich
the
bub
ble
will
be
runn
ing.
T
his
is de
term
med
by tn~
size
end
sh
ape
of t
he b
ubbl
e in
rel
atio
n to
the
win
d.
Thi
s is
deal
t wit
h in
the
"A
ncho
ring
" -
chap
ter.
R
unni
ng p
ress
ure
is a
bout
llb
/sq.
ft. (l
IS"
pres
sure
in a
wat
er m
anom
eter
).
Und
er h
eavy
win
d as
muc
h as
2 I
b/sq
.ft.
may
be
need
ed.
2) H
eat
calc
ulat
ions
. U
nles
s yo
u ha
ve a
cces
s TO
a g
iant
hea
ting
or
cool
ing
syst
em,
your
onl
y co
ntro
ls o
ver
the
tem
pera
ture
ins
ide
will
be
a. c
olor
of
the
poly
ethy
lene
-cl
ear
gets
the
war
mes
t, w
hite
is c
oole
st
b. s
hade
-ge
ttin
g th
e bu
bble
int
o th
e sh
ade
is by
far
the
eas
iest
and
gen
eral
ly t
he
mos
t su
cces
sful
way
to
coo
l a
bubb
le;
freq
uent
ly t
his
is im
poSS
ible
, th
ough
c.
how
muc
h ai
r yo
u pa
ss t
hrou
gh t
he b
ubbl
e -
thes
e ca
lcul
atio
ns a
re p
rim
aril
y w
hat
we
are
deal
ing
wit
h be
low
3) H
ow f
ast
you
wan
t to
Inf
late
the
bub
ble.
It
is
unus
ual
that
you
wou
ld w
ant
to i
nlla
te
the
bubb
le s
o fa
st t
hat
the
size
fan
req
uire
d w
ould
be
larg
er t
han
that
reQ
t.lir
edby
the
co
olin
g re
quir
emen
ts.
But
if y
ou d
o us
e th
is a
s a
desi
gn f
acto
r, t
ake
a ro
ugh
esti
met
e o
f th
e vo
lum
e o
f th
e bu
bble
(in
cub
ic f
eet)
, di
vide
by
the
nu
mb
er o
f m
inut
es y
ou w
ant
to t
ake
to i
nfla
te t
he b
ubbl
e, a
nd t
he q
uoti
ent
is t
he t
he r
equi
red
CFM
ou
tpu
t fo
r th
e f~
Vol
ume
(tt3
) '"
CFM
req
uire
d In
flat
ion
Tim
e (m
in.)
In
flat
ion
Tim
e Im
in.!
---
~~, -
--
--_
. __ ._
-_.
j
.. ---_
.... --
:::-
-I
~ I(
O·
\ I:.
I •
" I~
I~ sl··
0 c c . i 0
V\ N
IIJ~~
- z ~G
:I
G'
Z
C\
I: ::t
: ).
S
~ o ~ .•
~!
-
--
,,--
----
----
-
The
spe
cifi
cati
ons
we
are
tryf
ng t
o' g
et f
or th
e fa
n ca
n be
exp
ress
ed a
s II
per
form
8flo
e cu
rve.
A
ll th
e fi
gure
s be
ing
deal
t w
ith
here
are
app
roxi
mat
ions
, 50
you
will
hav
e to
adi
u.st
you
r bu
bble
ope
rati
ng c
ondi
tion
acc
ordi
ng t
o w
hat
feel
s ri
ght
whe
n th
e bu
bble
is u
p (
mor
e ho
les,
ch
okin
g th
e fa
n tu
nnel
wit
h II
stri
ng,
etc.
).
Thi
s cu
rve
is d
iffe
rent
for
eac
h fa
n. W
e w
ill g
ive
as a
n ex
ampl
e he
re t
he a
ppro
xim
ate
curv
e fo
r th
e 24
" V
entu
ri-F
ram
e E
xhau
st F
an f
rom
the
Gra
inge
r ca
talo
g.
'Us,i
ng t
he
give
n w
orki
ng p
ress
ure
of II
bub
ble
to b
e 1
.. pr
essu
re (
see
"Anc
hori
ng"
) th
is
part
icul
ar f
an w
ill b
e pu
ttin
g o
ut
abo
ut
35
00
CFM
. .
.
I I I I I 1-
' I
1M I-I
.P.
24
" VE
NlV
Rl
fRAM
E EX
HAU~
T FA
N _1I1'\.'\'T~
~ fi
ll'
P5I\A
IIII'I
AtIIZ
-!
-r
(iURV
e.
-~
, . ,
It\C
he5 w~er
!'N1
"IIr
e
. " 7'
tf{'
'
+
1
• .'
----
4
---
c
11 & 'i2
... ~ :::l
:n 0.:. ... <z:
In order to arrive at how much ai r the fan is going to put into the bubble and how much area of holes it will take for this air to pass through the bubble whiie maintaining the proper pressure in the bubble requires a series of calculations. Since the amount of air ~ aTI! going
to pass through depends on the heating and cooling requirements. we must figure out woat conditions ate going to make it hotter and how much hotter, then balance this with the factors that are going to cool the bubble.
HEATING FACTORS 1) sunshine 2) people. inside
COO LING FACTORS 3) conduction through the bubble skin 4) passing air through the bubble
How to figure these follows:
1) HEAT GAIN DUE TO SUNSHINE Heat gain due to sunshine is Very Approximately 300 BTU/sq. ft./hr. of direct sunshine (sun at 90 degrees to the su rface of the bubble). Heat drops off towards sunset or as the angle the sun makes with the surface of the bubble diminishes.
It should be noted here that if you're using white polyethylene, which you should be if you are doing anything in the sun in hot weather, the heat 98in will be somewhat less, but we will design for the maximum heat so we will have a little more cooling power than necessary rather than a little less ....
2) HEAT GAIN DUE TO PEOPLE INSIDE Heat gain due to people inside is very approximately 400 - 1,000 BTU/person/hr. This depef,ds on the level of act ivity of the people. If the bubble is going to be-in full sun, this figure will be negligible compared with the heat gain due to the sun.
HEAT GAIN
HEAT LOSS DUE TO CON DUCTI ON T HROUGH THE BUBBLE SKIN
a '" (AH T HU) Q .. conduction loss in BTU!hr A " surface area of the bubble (not counting that
which is one the ground)
APP. HEAT GAIN DVE TO SUN T " the diffe rence in temperature inside and outside
the bubble in degrees Fahrenheit U " heat transfer coefficient for polyethy lene (a.bout 1.2)
AN&LE
4) HEAT LOSS DUE TO PASSING A IR THROUGH THE BUBBLE
Qair .. heat loss in BTU/hr
W .. cubic ft. of air moved per hour
Cp .. heat capacity of air (about .016 BTU/ft3)
T .. d ifference between inside and outsjde temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
Now in order to use these fi gures, add together all the gains from heat and people. subtract from this the heat loss due to cond uction, and solve the 4th formu la for W or the amount of air you are QOing to have to move. 5)""
In order to pass this much ai r through a bubble, it is necessary to have some holes fo r the air to flow out. To get a rough idea of how big these holes should be, we will use the fan performance curve (which has been determ ined by the above figuring) figure obtained above for the required number of CFM to be moved, and the following formu la:
TO e.U88~e -.:...1
lpHv2) Pd "'2"G
,
"
I I ,
LOOKS Q:1,+1PLEX ?
Pd
P
V
G 2G
= pressure drop at a hole (about 1Ib./sq.ft. under normal conditions
= density of air which is about .07 Ibs./ft.3
= air velocity at the hole (in ft.Jsee.)
= acceleration due to gravity
:. 64 ft./sec.2
v = (approx) 30 for normal conditions
Within the figures for V are the variables we are playing with:
NOPE I ITS c-Z. HERES "rN £XAfYlPt.E TO SHOW YiJV HdW. ,GO OVER
V ={ CFM at which fan is operating) (from calculation 4 above) ~quare feet of opening
60 seconds (the variable here to change minutes to seconds)
YO()R MSVMPT/()N5 HYPOTHETICAL PILLOW DESIGN for determining fan and size EXAMPLE
(fllN ifftl&e,E ,Erc) ANP 50'X50' p illow, white on top. To be used in daytime -maximum exposure to the sun will
CALCVLAT I ON5 BERJIlE be about half the pillow getting 45 degree angle sun for noon hours. There.will probably 8UY,/IIe;. be about 100 people at medium tohi!tl activity as there will be rock music. Outside
temperature is about 60' Fahrenheit - temperatures up to 80' F are acceptable inside. O.K.
W-- Little sketches are helpful for getting rough estimates so ... . ~ ---~~, 0' 3 r"T} -SS'uwnii'9Glfoal':l.Lrnl=-:-"22'5506;oo's,o,q-yttr-----~ 1250 sq ft exposed to 45 degree sun
(see chart) J1.xi.iRx.:tll~KIiIX1%¥ will gain,
\\
.J1n'~ ~[1'0 1 50 BTU/hr/sq ft. 1250 ~I "-L ',,, 1 '" \f x 150 ,,~t~yv OV 187500 BTU gain/hr \ 'ic "".., ~ from SUD
z L~\VV ~ v 2)Body heat gain1l0 BIWik.ip.~x •• ~ 'f)CJt{.:J~'\ . gener,ating 500BTU/hr/person =
EXfhS' r.t (" "t, l ' 0,000 BTU gain per hr ~v 3)Conduction Loss-
Wa.:tx~x
.<?, Q=MTU
Q= (3500)(20)(1.2) = 85,000 BTU/hr Loss from conduction .ox ta 187,500 T yO" ooo - 85 ,0 0 Total Ga in per hour .
= ;!A,OO Q" ,
4) Heat Loss Due to Passing Ai r ihrougb ilUl;8Rx 150,000 =(W)(.016)(20) Two medium-size fans (around W = 480,000 cubic ft per hour
,480 ,0 00 60 = W expressed in CFH
5000 CFH) migh t be a good solution, providing good control over the ••• xaxx.xxaiaxi air-flow
W = 8 ,0 00 CFH 5 )
v.=(m 30 = V )
r ~sI ft opening 60
or
• as wellaas a double blower system
~xJl.x opening = 4.5 sq ft. Rough guess your door openings i •• x:tkia a bit
zxza¥xXakaxZk •• smaller to allow for zka(inevitable)tears which will increase
the area of air leakage.
'. I ' , \
II "
J
~l
~l
Ii ,
, ,
,,:.' .....
200/
+
I
+-+ +
+ +-
"':\
ANCHORING
If your inflatable is going to be up outdoors in any wind, it will need an anchoring system, For small volume (500 sq.ft. of floor area or less) interior weights should work; these could be sand bags or water bags. Larger structures require heavier. anchoring. There are a number of ways of doing it: integrally made tie downs, buried edge, weighted edges, taped edge, or tension net anchors. Buried edge is good for a semi.permanent installation where you can dig a trench. A taped edge is good for a small installation on'a smooth floor; tie downs and tension nets are good for sites with existing things to tie to (trees. fire hydrants), or where it wou ld be easy to drive tent stakes or augers.
The anchoring system must wi thstand not only windloading but also the internal air pressure of the structure. Precise structural ca1cul~tions shou ld be left to 2 engineers, 3 Ph.D. mathematicians, and a computer, but a little rough math can give you a close enough estimate of what anchors to use. We will deal first with inflation pressure and second with wind loads.
PRESSURE LOAD ... On any suriace that is curved in one direction, i.e., a cylinder or a long pillow, the tension per unit of width is equal to the internal pressure multiplied by the radius of curvature. Work in pounds and feet. Some ball.park figures on figuring pressure: the highest pressure you are likely to get with a pov.-erful direct ,drive fan is 2 pounds per sq. ft. (2Ib.fsq.ft.). A normal working pressure is llb./sq.ft. On a water manometer, 1" of water equals 5Ib.fsq.ft. (see monometer drawing). Indoors you can keep a structure up with as little as Y.lb./sq.ft.
Make a sketch of the shape, find the radius of curvature by making a section through it, on this diagram the tension equals pressure times radius of curvature. ' The tension is the downward force you need per foot of edge.
TIft '" (P)(Rc) TIft downward force needed per foot of edge
P pressure (in Ibs./sq.ft.)
Rc .. radius of curvature (in feet)
EXAMPLE: The Earth Day Bubble by Charley Tilford in' New York City was 200' X 60', radius of curvature was 30'. The anchors were parking meters spaced at 9' along the long edges (the 200' dimension). The pressur!! which the bubble was designed to withstand was 2Ib./sq.ft. The ropes spanned between parking meters so the load on each rope was (tension per foot of width) ti~es(spacing between meters) . Tension = (30·)(2Ib./sq.ft.l and
Tension per rope " (9)(30·J(2Ib./sq.ft.) .. 540 Ibs. per rope. 2500 Ibs test 3/8 inch dia nylon rope was used.
If you want to do an inflat.able with the weighted edge (instead of a plastic floor): findthe total downward force required, then divide by the perimeter to get force required per unit of length of the perimeter.
WINDLOADING
To figure windloads: find the area of resistance the structure presents fu the wind. (len"gth)(height). The horizontal force from the wind blowing on the structure can be up to 10Ib./sq.ft. d~ending on the shape of the structure and the wind velocity. A lower, more shallow-sloping profile will create less resistance (and will ...... createmeo..-e.: negative pressure on the leeward side of the bubble.
Bubble I presents a large area to the wind. The negative pressure is concentrated on the back side. (This negative pressure is created the same way as lift is created by an airplane wing.) Bubbles II and III are actually getting some lift help from the wind. Bubble III would probably need less fan pressure in the wind because of the negative presS'-:Jre on the outside created by the wind blowing over the low profile. A structure to be left up for more than , say, an afternoon (or a structure for an event which you don't want to have to postpone due to high wind) shou ld be designed for 101b./sq.ft. pressure. For a structure 50' long and 15' high, the design force would be (50'H15')(10Ib./~q.ft.l which is 7500 Jbs force on the structure.
FORMULA (area presented to the wind)(10Ib/sq.ft.l '" wind load
If 7500 Ibs seems like a lot, think of the force on just the minimal area your body presents to the wind in a good, high wind.
I I
I I
TOTAL LOAD
This wind load must be added to the inflation load to get the total load that the anchoring sy5tem has to counteract. If it is possible that the whole wind-load could be on one anchor point (such as when a square pillow with a square net anchored down at each comer presents one comer to the wind). then the total windload must be added to the inflation load on each anchor. If the wind is coming di rectly against one side, then the windload divided by the number of anchors that will be under tension should be added to the inflation load for each anchor.
TYPES OF ANCHORING SYSTEMS
TheSe systems have the structural advantage of distributing the forces evenly around the whole perimeter of the building. We used one with pieces of pipe taped into the edge over a waterbed environment so that we were able to remove t he inflatable by lifting it over the bed without having to move the water bed which weighed 3000 Ibs. Because the plastic floor is eliminated. this type of inflatable wou ld also be good for a .gre!!!lhouse, storage facility, pool cover, etc. These types might tend to last lcoger, too, because they are more static so people probably wquJdn't walk through the walls or otherwise freak out at the expense of the plastic.
WE IGHTED EDGE
Weighted Edge is anything heavy that can be laid on the edge of the plastic or taped into the edge. See illustration.
I saw an interesting inflatable that John Reeves did in the Summer T~ing program in Boston that was an inflated hemisphere (out of 2 mil silver mylar) that tied down to a pieC1l of telephone cable that he had gotten the phone company to donate. A 20' diameter circle of this phone cable weighed about 200 Ibs. The phone company usually just chops it up and melts it down again. John's bubble leaked air between the"cable and the edge of the plastic. This could be desireable if you want to circu late a lot of air, but if you have pressure problems a flap could be taped on inside the bubble. like on giant Bird·Air and most commercial inf latables. A section of the detai l
might look like this:*
Looking at the elevation drawing of this, notice the catenary curves between each tie-down point. This is the natural configuration the line between two weighted points on an inflatable takes, so it will strengthen your bubble to actually cut a curve to an approximate shape, reinforce the edge by taping a piece of cord into the edge and running the tie-down loops through the string. This will distribute the force of the t ie-downs throug, the whole edge of the inflatable, rather than gathering the stress at the point where the tie-<iown meets the edge of the plastic. This will minimize wrinkles and tears due to concentrated stress. Inflatables that are to be tied to stakes can be made in the same way as this.
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, TA
PE
D E
DG
E
-.~
,
Edg
es c
an b
e ta
ped
to a
nyth
ing
smoo
th e
noug
h to
tap
e To
BU
RIE
D E
DG
E
L
Jim
Coo
k at
H.
T.
McG
ill C
o. i
n H
oust
on
sho
wed
us
this
met
ho
d o
f bu
ryin
g ed
ges.
H
e ha
s ha
d ex
tens
ive
8xpe
rillf
lce
wit
h it.
H
is c
ompa
ny h
as d
one
poly
ethy
lene
sw
imm
ing
pool
cov
ers,
Chr
istm
as t
ree
war
ehou
ses,
and
oth
er s
tuff
. T
he h
oles
In
the
bo
tto
m e
re i
mpo
rtan
t.
Unl
ess
they
are
the
re,
the
unde
rgro
und
poly
col
lect
s w
ater
. m
akes
mud
, an
d th
e lu
bric
ated
pla
stic
sli
ps o
ut
of
the
grou
nd.
FR
AM
E E
DG
E
Jim
Coo
k ,I
so s
how
ed u
s pi
ctur
es o
f a
syst
em h
e di
d w
ith
two
by f
our
fram
es.
Wra
p th
e po
ly a
t le
ast
one
tim
e al
l th
e w
ay a
rou
nd t
he s
mal
ler
piec
e of
woo
d be
fore
na
ilin
g o
r bo
ltin
g th
is o
nt t
o t
he 2
X 4
. T
he f
ram
e w
ill e
et a
s te
n$l
on r
ing
cont
aini
ng
the
Infl
atio
n pr
essu
re, a
s w
ell
as a
ctin
g as
a h
old-
dow
n ag
ains
t th
e w
ind
.
TAP
ED
RO
PE
S
Thi
s Is
on
e o
f th
e fe
w w
eys
to m
ake
a po
ly b
ubbl
e th
at h
as fI
pla
stic
flo
or w
ith
ou
t a n
et.
An
oth
er w
ay I
s lu
st t
o pu
t so
me
heav
y th
ings
lik
e pe
ople
or
bric
ks w
rapp
ed In
som
eth
ing
soft
Insi
de t
he
bubb
le w
hile
inf
l~ti
ng I
t.
l ~-
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NE
TS
Adv
anta
ges
of
a pl
asti
c-fl
oor
buil
ding
wit
h a
net
are
port
abil
ity.
lo
tal
encl
osur
e,
larg
e in
flat
able
s, a
nd e
ase
of c
onst
ruct
ion
of t
he a
ncho
ring
sys
tem
. In
a l
arge
in
flat
able
, it
wou
ld b
e di
ffic
ult
to
mak
e a
conn
ecti
on b
etw
een
a ti
e-do
wn
rope
an
d po
lyet
hyle
ne t
hat
coul
d w
iths
tand
th
e gr
eat
forc
es o
n t
he b
ubbl
e.
Net
s ti
ll
also
be
very
bea
utif
ul.
To
desi
gn y
ou
r ne
t. m
ake
a m
odel
of
yo
ur
bu
bbl
e an
d st
art
play
ing
wit
h st
ring
. If
yO
U c
an,
set
up t
he
mod
el s
omew
nere
tha
t yo
u ca
n na
il in
to l
he f
loo
r (l
ike
a pi
ece
of
ply
wo
od
) to
sim
ulat
e an
chor
ing
po
ints
. If
yo
u a
lread
y ha
lle a
site
fO
f th
e bu
bble
pic
ked
ou
t, p
ut n
ails
in
whe
re t
here
are
na
tura
l anc
hon,
lik
e p
arki
ng
met
ers
or t
rees
or
cars
. If
you
are
goi
ng t
o us
e yo
ur o
wn
auge
rs,
then
you
are
,to
tall
y fr
ee t
o d
o an
ythi
ng w
ith
the
net,
spi
der
web
s, s
tar
shap
es,
gian
t gr
ids,
wha
teve
r ..
. T
o t
est
your
mod
el,
get t
he f
an t
hat
is g
oing
to
hold
up
you
r bi
g bu
bble
and
use
It
as a
win
d so
urce
. T
his
test
ing
can
be r
eall
y in
form
ativ
e if
you
very
the
win
d an
d th
e pr
essu
re i
nsid
e th
e in
flat
able
. N
ylon
str
ing
(har
dwar
e st
orel
is
a ni
ce m
odel
mat
eria
l.
Bui
ldin
g a
net
can
be
a m
ajor
job
. W
a m
ade
a 10
0'X
10
0' n
et w
ith
a 5·
foot
gri
d b
y st
akin
g do
wn
ali
tha
hori
zont
al r
opes
. th
en t
ying
sli
p kn
ots
ever
y 5
feet
in
each
rop
e, s
lipp
ing
tha
vert
ical
rop
es t
hrou
gh a
nd p
oppi
ng t
he k
no
ts.
Tha
kno
ts a
t th
e ad
ge o
f th
e na
t w
are
just
squ
are
knot
s, t
iad
on
to l
oops
in t
he
adge
rop
e.
If y
ou a
re t
ying
kno
ts,
thin
k ab
ou
t kn
ots
that
do
n't
inv
olve
sli
ppin
g th
e w
hole
rop
e th
roug
h aa
ch k
no
t.
The
100
' pil
low
nat
: O
ur f
int
net
was
thi
s 10
0' s
quar
a.
We
used
par
achu
te c
ord
for
the
bulk
of
tha
nat,
%"
nylo
n ro
pe f
or t
ha 2
nd,
3rd,
and
4th
rop
85 f
rom
the
ed
ge, e
nd 3
/8"
nylo
n ro
pe f
or t
he e
dge.
A
t ea
ch c
orne
r w
e ti
lKh
"0
" r
ing
to
avoi
d th
e ro
pe r
ubbi
ng a
nd c
utti
ng I
tsel
f at
thi
s st
rass
poi
nt.
Fro
m t
ha
0 ri
ng t
o th
e an
chor
we
used
som
a 10
,000
lb.
nylo
n st
rapp
ing
that
we
got
from
a s
urpl
us
stor
e w
ith
a do
oble
D r
ing
on t
he a
nd 5
0 th
at w
e co
uld
tig
hten
and
loo
sen
the
net.
T
lght
anln
g th
e ne
t In
the
win
d he
lped
qui
te a
bit
in
low
erin
g th
e pr
ofil
e of
th
e su
rfac
e pr
asen
ted
to t
he w
ind.
W
e us
ed 1
0,00
0 lb
. uu
gers
. C
htlr
ley
Til
ford
ha
s si
nce
med
e an
othe
r 10
0' p
illo
w o
ut
of 6
mil
poly
(th
e or
igin
al w
as 4
mil
l us
ing
8 n
et w
ith
20' a
quar
es I
nste
ad o
f 6
' squ
ores
.
RO
PE
ST
RE
NG
TH
Ch.
rley
Mnd
. fr
om N
ew Y
ork
the
acco
mpu
nyln
g ap
prox
imat
e ro
pe I
tren
gth
cher
t:
DIA
ME
TE
R
BR
EA
KIN
G P
OIN
T
NY
LO
N
P~e
!!!SO
""
~",.
,~"
eao
""
~"I"
I~"
13
00
'"
II ro
· '2
. ~O"
l"It
JO~
&f&
" "'~
,1f
'11
50
· 1/
2.~
1.:t1
O*
"'~I
I"
=-
"
AN
CH
OR
S
1-"0
" 1'"
.
~"o",
· ",A
0
0
~~
f~ •• -. c "'-
:,).
"re~
· '(
-- -..
We
got
our
10,0
00 l
b. a
uge
rs f
rom
a t
elep
ho
ne
supp
ly c
o. i
n H
oust
on.
T
elep
hone
st
lpp
ly c
o.'s
are
gen
eral
ly a
goo
d so
urce
lor
th
ese.
T
hese
aug
ers
are
abou
t 5
feet
tal
l.
A,B
. Chl
lnce
Co.
, Je
rsey
Ave
., N
ew B
runs
wic
k, N
.J.
has
10,0
00 I
b (1
" X
66
" sh
aft,
S
" he
lix)
aug
l!rs
for
ab
ou
t S
6.1
5.
Big
aug
ers
gene
rall
y ha
ve a
n ey
e at
the
to
p t
hat
you
nic
st
it:k
u lo
ng (
6'1
hea
vy p
ipe
thro
ugh
and
twin
the
m i
nto
the
grou
nd.
Th
is g
ener
ally
ta
kcs
2 Il
copl
e.
Sm
ull
bubb
les
can
be a
ncho
red
wit
h do
g· an
chor
s w
hic
h co
st a
bo
ut
$1
.25
cuc
h fr
om a
pet
sto
re o
r ha
rdw
are
stor
e.
Tre
es, l
ight
pol
es,
lire
hyd
rant
s, p
arki
ng
met
ers.
car
s, et
c.,
are
stil
l th
e ch
eape
st.
Whe
n yo
u ha
ve y
ou
r bu
bble
up
and
the
win
d co
mes
up,
tig
hten
you
r ne
t an
d in
crea
se y
ou
r in
flat
ion
pres
sure
. T
he i
ncre
ased
air
pre
ssur
e w
ill k
eep
the
side
of
the
bubb
le f
rom
cav
ing
in a
nd t
he t
igh
tene
d ne
t w
ill I
:jecr
ease
the
are
a pr
esen
ted
to t
he w
ind.
(Se
e p
ho
to o
f bu
bble
ab
ou
t to
tak
e us
all
for
a ri
de I
n A
ir S
uppl
y S
ecti
oo.l
JtI..
r
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rJ
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45° Angles.
FlatCnearly flat;) T~. P"~~rB/anket 4· F;'n Patch
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ZiPper Hatchways Access Panels
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ruJ to flat or nearly fiat; surface
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IOutolde
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_1'-_.1 '/ ' Plan ahead
So .hat themost ccm~'e)< tunnelo ca be fittecl be ore. the majOr r.liloW5 are wp'ed up·
I To fmd out how to do thiS one Just take apart. ,
at! old pair , of pent'S "
~
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,
I 'm e 12
- - -----~- -- - -
fi\6ke UP a few .PInts 8~ead of t,me w ith care
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Wnnk~ in I"<-f" p<11q.v """n the p'lasuc skm ,. stre'6<d alonS we wnnkks II There are litt'le or no stres!h the cthei wav
~ 1(1 II" ~ . Re.nfutred poIoch ' .
A ,;lit cut &rQ~~. the wrinkles will tend to spread
. cpen and leak. air:
!-Jot. recommended
,
,- , , , , , . ' "
!\rin8 or hula hoop taped around 8 arcular hole will ~rne Il self cioslns door tf It " located SO It rests flat on the f':I'WNi when no ore IS mtennS'
, . , '"
I.S7d ~ length of ~ cin:vmfererce of do'lOt . ~ •
I
! <t i I ~ . 1-0 I~
relnfon:~ I . In holes
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c I c
" <f ... '1;
1J + ] £ t p u
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Hot Ltps, a floroy donut- at the end cf" low Pre5'5Ure wnnel. When conne;:.rea 100 'the blower; small holes ad mit air to tile nJnnel from the I i~, 1VIer1:eY
InflA!tlr1(S It -e-,~., .0
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Curv!lture determines stress : a tmy plast IC rose carnes /3 hundrol pounQs pressure and a huqe weather balloon has a p",ssure barely above atmc<pt1enc. Yet we stresses on both -the \'x:J5e wall and W balloon .skin may be the spme - The tinY vA:Je will i IS shan:1y curveq ari:\ the weacher n~ lIcorl s<-l'f<lce Is'fitirter: :r:r the etlrttJ were a giant. ballccn, nrl"flne row "We pressure WOL/Id IX neruecl 'InSide tv tense ty1e hom on ~ trqht!
2Q
Make a little cube out of th in elastic sheet. Then Inflate. Tk con1ers , sharply curved, MnA ~ 'mpli J1)nrlc the m,dJ:l)lnts 3rc taut enougn tb burst! Be,ne, rutter, chese areas t8/tl more streSS. 1l1e ewe tries 'to IXcome a sphere - a shate In which the skm curves !1:> an . ,. equal amount In all dl Y'ceDons. deprly, the best shaPe 15 a Sphere, an.d these.
pageo; are c:levot<lct 'to get;t;! riP, as c.IoSt 10 :;phencal CIS \ p~lllle WIt/1 flat rntltena s. , ,
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Surf&::e IS' lV,ded '"to poly'JOl'l'< e more p:>ly tIll<ci., the se.r tile ;;t mat. a ' phenc8 surface..
POLYGON Get Ideas from: l:esebBIi;" volleyballs, METHOD =~I~~odeSlc ciomery,zot1'\€s,
GO'"
Surlace IS or JlC"es.
GoRE METHOD
. A form made of rhornb idlall'lOl\d\) IS economical ~to"":::,,",,"
maKe 'trom rolls of pla.uc.
fe.~e of the base BlVes
MabnB the leJ18th ,.f the @ 5 equal * rne cm:um-
a half· sphe!ical shape.
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PNEUM,I..TtCS: At K~Y Td -.Ai~k HYBRID STRUCTURING
ATtIJ'f _no Mr. Bird', tmpre.lve c:hNw. m.n1l1nd h_lng Mr. Lundy'. enthuulIm I lIrilh to introci.lct .• note of construct ..... pn-6lim11m. P..JmImc.lly. I comider thet the tppUc.t1on· in the field of ItrUctures · of pnlUmltic techniques Is 106 involved whh tpfving norrnal structural Ind shelter prob-
EL 'It'h1l.1h.lntwmittent enclowre of . "mmlng pool, or protection of trMtitionli
, ormruetion wori( b extremely uMfuI, ... ch IIPPllcadom, if 100 iNkietpreld, can well reaJl, in the fo'lowlng actionf which .re detri· menU! to increasing the development of V
pneumatic technology : 11 Over-emphasis may be given to the static siting of .ir structures.. 2) Direct cost comparisons with traditional structures m~ be made. 3) The fixed-period accommodation avail· able with air structures may only be exploited for disaster or random-use of air structures. All these actions can retard the investigation of new applications requiring improved and more complex air-structures. In addition the development of new materials and fabrication techniQUes snould be related to new applications rather than concentrate on trie perfection of existing applications since these very applications are still extremely arbitrary. White space exploration and defence programs provide a valuable technical "spin-off' of the development air-structure technology, its very peculiarity is likely to restrict, in the near future, the technological advance of air structuring related to civil and social activities. Too many architects and desi{11ers wait to see what NASA and various Defence projects will produce. This conference must increase the content and frequency of exchange between scientists, engineers, manufacturers, architects, planners and social administraton_ An immediate task could be to agree on the semantic definition of the various structures and systems we are now discussing (air·supported structures; airinflated structures; air structures; pneumatic membrane structures; sealed pneuma"i:ic structu res). I n this paper, reference to air structures ir.:;:ludes air-supported and air-inflated structures, together with air-controlled and air-moved structures. In addition, we must keep mutually aware of the alteration of attitudes of authorities and others to the employment of air structures. In September 1965 the Department of Architecrure and Civic Design of the Greater London Council refused to license a high-pressure air-beam structure for temporary use as a place of public entertainment on the grounds that it constituted merely "a tent withou_t poles or frame". In December 1965 the same department of the G L C were prepared to consider the use of the identical structure on receipt of calculations related to stability. Only when a continuous exchange is estab-
IMtdc.n "IndNlW.i 'giroups- hi my c...chlteci:t tnd phy.icll pI.nnen· make eccure!l' ~ aJblUntlltld dem~ on pneumatic UdtnolOW. At 'itl, mge of the conference II1.t some.epec:tI of thi' technology which are of ~rtk:ul ... Intcnst to mt • an ...-ch it8ct: a) Multi-memb,-.ne construction which enIIbfes variable preauriution tnd containment (ct. paper by R. Szilard). bl The lNllilllbility and performance If)«:ification of trlfllParent membranes . cl The contrd of light and radiation by both membranes. intennembrane conatruct· Ion and contained gaaes. or l!quidl (ct. p.,..-s by R. S:dl.-d and N. Laing). V
dl The containment of granular tubatances between membranes to control humidity, sou nd transference etc. e) The capacity of controlled air movement· through the material of the membranes. Such a possibility enables changes in the norm" methods of foul air evacuation. fl Multi· layer bonding enabling v.iable cel constnJction. Such hybrid construction can enable the simultaneous use of hi!ll presaJre seated volumes and low pressure air-supported volumes.. gl UltrHonic bonding enabling an increased variation of membrane material. An incre. sed use of various materiats is urgently required not only to enable varying structural perfonnance specifications to be met but also to achieve varying textural qualities. h) Further information on the performance of hi!ll and low pressure structures in movement. "tie existing U K inflatable vehicle transporter which both protects the vehicle and propels it on the Hovercraft principle is an example of this. Movement must include the employment of the Hover craft or Ground Effect Machine (G E M) principle. iI Self·packing, on deflation, of large votume membranes. il A new method of costing air·structures which is related to the variation of use and not merely material and unit plant cost. Any mechanical plant, pumps, blower etc. must be accepted as a structural element. The variation and individual control of volumes singly or in combination enables the separation of membranes related to the elimination of particular adverse conditions Ict. paper by R. Szilard). As roofs, walls and floors no longer exist in the conventi011al sense, their pneumatic equivalents no longer need to provide the additive structural support normally reo quired. Only col lective stability is requ ired and the air one breathes can become the major structural force. This being so, the interior fittings or divisions of such sbUctures become relatively more perman· em (see the interior of Lundy/Bird US Atomic Energy Commission's travelling exhibit). Movement of such internal parts must alsO be investigated. The use of air-pallets for such intermittent movement is extremely valid. The use of an air-conditioning plant as the structural pressure fee<i is onlv one
;
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671721 D5 1 1 Paper given at 1st International Colloquium
on Pneumatic Structures Stuttgart
example of the advantage of co-ordinated use of air within such structure"s. Methods of cleaning and mOl/ement related to the whole or part of the structure should also be indudod_
I n the past major urban congregation areas were detennined by the location of a large pennanent structure providing mass accommodation or shelter such as the Roman Circus, the Mediaeval Cathedral, the Market Hall and Itle Sports Stadium. With the use of air structures such permanence is not requiredand so the additional restrictions of the fixed site should now be avoided. I n effect large air structures can enable planner5 to r:everse the pattern of traditional
urban congregation and seNicing nodes found in existing towns or cities. In new proposed urban settlements such nodes need no longer be pennanent generators of fixed urban patterning.
Theuse of air structures to provide sAonterm small and medium sized ~ial facilities enables the siting of shon-term mobile housing to be independent of towns offering similar facilities. Air structures are already used to provide industrial production space panicularty where the demand for such space is likely to fluctuate. Thus in effect we already have the mobile factory, but it must be further develope4 and its potential further exploited . Work on disaster control and emergency planning has, over the past years, produced a wide range of pneumatic appliances and applications such as fabddams, dracones, vehicular hover-pads and GEMs or hovercraft. However, such uses of air structures have not yet been seen as a method of reducing the dependence of emergency planning. That is, they have not been viewed as a potential asset to society enabl ing rapid yet variable control and communication to be achieved. Such realisation, backed by increasing design and developmeht work, can enable air structures to contribute to a higher degree of sensitivity in society's continuous control of the physical environment.
This conference and the possibilities of future exchange that it has created must assist in establishing new priorities for future work. While I accept the fact that development of present projects is by no means perfect. a desire to achieve greater accuracy in -the immediate tasks must not impair our realisatiol"l. of the future potential. Pneumatic.s, as far as partial or total structuring are concerned, are likely to stagnate unless this is realised. The field of valid application has scarcely been touched. The determination of the extent, interaction and location of activities that require buildings is no longer a sufficient brief. The quantitative assessment of the valid social life related to panicular location must also be made and designed for.
This then is the major role for <-if structures now and in the future .
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A RESPONSIBLE METROPOLITAN NEWSPAPER'
DAILY
Faculty Urges U.C Contr%f Air Labs
Some dared to enter, others iust gaped at th is huge plastic air container In Tr;ou", .... , ..... F·310,"
lower Sproul Piau .it the U.C. Campus
Breathing- That's Their Bag 3F,IlKELEY- A 4O-by.w-foot can cam pus e ~ ~ ... iih their The voice invited onlookers affixed small yellow cl'rcles to
piastic bag was the theater, Clean Air Pod (CAP 1500) per- to take shelter in lbe CAP oruookers' foreheads. ''These ~:.z.g~ a.nd prop yesterday Illr formed outdoors at the Uni· 1500 which, it said, had been are sensors w.mch can be
vemty of california campus tested "in Akron under gov- monitored by a Human Re-a chWingly realistic bit of as part of a three-day Envi. ernment contract," The air &lurces Sat e III t e whidl is theater about a "day when the ronmentai Teach-in. system inflating CAP 1500 also t r-a c kin g your fmaJ move-air becomes too polluted to As an 'air raid siren drew screens out deadly pollutants, ments," it was amiably ex. breath!. U.C. students to lower Sproul the voice said. p I a fn e d by a I man called
"Air Emergency" was ~n. Plaza, a monotone loudspeak. Those who didn't go Into "F·310," who described him· er voice informed them that CAP 1500 were given "nega· sell as a " human mentad pro.
ceived and built by a Sausall· an "air failure" had occurred tive census forms" to fill out g ram m e d only to answer to "family" of dropout ar· and those who couldn't escape before dying. questions from the press." chilecls called the Ant Farm. from the pollution would die White·jacketed Ant Far m The teach-in toncludes to.. The commune, touring. Amerir -- wtthin""1S"li'illitites. members wearing gas masks day.
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err\" TO
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as a one night show at the S
ausalito Art C
enter in which
we w
ere given tolal control over the environm
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ission charge, etc. W
e inflated a w
eather balloon dome abou
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' dia, in the cen
ter, with a lo
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water bed in it. a shro
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re phone center w
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he Cine
ma
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rkshop
video equ
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ther ex
tras (see Plan).
Adm
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as by barter. o
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we go
t 44 dollars, 4 joints, and one B
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not enough to pay expenses. a lo
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band that nev
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phone w
as a dynamite invisible environm
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tside. T
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ld have been ideal for a seq
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like a museum
where w
e could live in it for say a w
eek. It w
as a treme
ndous energy o
utput for a one n
ight stand, w
e forgot to take any photos.
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