CCDD Rules and RegulationsTraining Seminar
PID/FID Equipment - Use and Calibration
EquipmentPat Maloney
J & M Instruments
Field Use at CCDD FacilitiesMatt Vondra
Bluff City Materials
PID/FID EquipmentUse and Calibration
AGENDA
Presentation on PID and FID Technology
Demonstration of TVA (FID-PID)
Demonstration of RAE PIDs
Questions And Answers
PID/FID Equipment
PID/FID EquipmentUse and Calibration
Section 1100.205 Load CheckingThe owner or operator must institute and conduct a load checking program designed to detect attempts to dispose of waste at the facility. At a minimum, the load checking program must consist of the following components:
a) Routine Inspections1) An inspector designated by the facility must inspect every load before its acceptance at the facility utilizing an elevated structure, a designated ground level inspection area, or another acceptable method as specified in the Agency permit. In addition to a visual inspection, the inspector must use an instrument with a photo ionization detector utilizing a lamp of 10.6eV or greater or an instrument with a flame ionization detector, or other monitoring devices approved by the Agency, to inspect each load. All instruments shall be interpreted based on the manufacturer’s margin of error. Any reading in excess of background levels using any of these instruments must result in the rejection of the inspected load. In addition, any reading in excess of background levels on any monitoring device used by the Agency during an Agency inspection must result in the rejection of the inspected load.
PID/FID Equipment
Introduction to FID and PID gas monitor equipment and practical considerations for
field use
Pat MaloneyJ & M Instrument Co.(219) 924-4545 x104
PID/FID Equipment
MSA• Permanent & Portable Gas Monitors for Toxics & Combustible Gases• Refrigerant Monitors, Confined Space Meters & Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
SERVOMEX• Gas Analyzers for ProcessControl, Combustion, & Environmental• Features Paramagnetic 02 – Insitu Combustion CO &/or O2 & Photometric IR/UV
THERMO (including the former Foxboro TVA)• Industrial Mass Spec for Fast On Line Analysis of Process, Safety and Environmental Applications• On Line Sulfur for Gas & Refining
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YOKOGAWA• Process Analyzers for Combustion O2, Gas Chromatography, NDIR and Gas Density
RAE• Portable Gas Monitors for Toxic and Explosive Gasses - Specialists in PID Technology, Including Benzene & Butadiene Specific Portables
PID/FID Equipment
Basic Theory: Sample is introduced into an ionization chamber and exposed to an ultraviolet lamp of a specific energy. The photons of UV energy excites the sample and ions (less than or equal IP to lamp) are attracted to a collecting electrode. The collection of the ions result in an increase current which is proportional to the concentration of the compound (compared to a known calibration standard). The sample exits the system unaltered.
Photo Ionization Detection (PID)
PID/FID Equipment
Diagram of PID
PID/FID Equipment
Basic Theory: Sample is introduced into an ionization chamber and burned in a hydrogen flame. This process separates free ions (from hydrogen and carbon bonded – “hydrocarbons”) which in turn are attracted to a collecting electrode. The collection of the ions result in an increase current which is proportional to the concentration of the compound (compared to a known calibration standard). The by-products of the process are H2O and CO2.
Flame Ionization Detection (FID)
PID/FID Equipment
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Diagram of FID
PID/FID Equipment
Advantages FID Wide dynamic and linear range
(0-50,000 ppm or 5% which is 100% LEL as Methane)
Highly sensitive to hydrocarbon vapors
Can See Methane
Very stable and repeatable (with generally tighter correction factors vs PID)
Unaffected by ambient levels of water vapor
PID/FID Equipment
Requires H2 Fuel Source
Requires 16 % 02 for reading (so has Flameout Issues)
Size and Weight
Sees Methane (not really toxic – can interfere with seeing gas of interest)
More Complex Unit (Calibration & Operation - Cost and Maintenance)
Can NOT See Inorganics
Disadvantages FID
PID/FID Equipment
Size and Weight (Newer Models) and Simplicity of Use
No support gases required (works in inert conditions – no O2)
Better low end sensitivity (PPB – newer models)
Non-destructive detector (allows sample collection)
Can measure many inorganic compounds (NH3 for exam)
Sensitive to aromatic, chlorinated & unsaturated hydrocarbons
Immune to (does not see) Methane
Easier and Less Costly to Maintain (newer models – have less expensive and more accessible lamps and detectors)
Advantages PID
PID/FID Equipment
Typically sufficient range – but lower range than FID
(0-2000/10,000 ppm and looses linearity at higher ranges)
Limited to reading gasses at/below Ionization Potential of the
UV lamp installed (typically 10.6 – though 11.7 and 9.8 exist)
Affected by Moisture: 95% RH may reduce reading 25-30%
(New models do allow for dryer tubes– 15/30 minute run time)
Based on my field experience, beware the claim for moisture
immunity/compensation of some PID manufacturers.
Disadvantages PID
PID/FID Equipment
IP and Lamps IEPA requires 10.6 minimum (best lamp)
9.8 reduced survey capability
11.7 expanded range
Quickly degrades – less stable
short life
PID/FID Equipment
CENTURY® TVA1000B
PID/FID Equipment
Internal Packaging
PID/FID Equipment
Diagram of Dual System
PID/FID Equipment
CCDD Rules and Regulations
PID/FID Field Use and Calibration
Concerns Under CCDD Rules and Regulations
PID/FID Field Use
Filed Use of FID and PID gas monitor equipment at CCDD Facilities
Concerns Under CCDD Rules and Regulations
Matt VondraBluff City Materials
PID/FID
PID - Photoionization DetectorFID - Flame Ionization Detector Both are sensitive air monitoring devices Air stream pumped through detector so gases can be
analyzed Unit ionizes hydrocarbon compounds carried in the sample
air stream Ionized compounds are converted by unit into an
approximate concentration when compared to a known standard
Does not distinguish one type of compound from another
PID/FID Field Use
PID/FID Operation Calibration
Calibrate to zero using hydrocarbon free air Calibrate using 100ppm isobutylene gas
Screen CCDD materials by sampling vapors emanating off the material
Hydrocarbons found in the material will volatilize and be detected through the sample air stream
Detector will give approximate concentration in parts per million (ppm)
PID/FID Field Use
PID/FID Field Use
Place the tip of the PID near the edge of the material collected with the sampling device
Record the peak measurement shown on the PID If the PID shows a reading greater than the margin
of error, the material could be contaminated and that load should be rejected
Results must be documented
PID/FID Field Use
PID/FID Field Use
PID/FID Field Use
PID/FID Field Use
Important Considerations
Thoroughly review and understand manual Unit response time is usually within a few seconds Manufacturer provides a statement of the
sensitivity/accuracy of the device Routine maintenance is needed and should be
documented Charging Inlet filter change out Lamp change out
PID/FID Field Use
Important Considerations Environmental Factors which may affect reading
accuracy Temperature and humidity extremes Rain and sunlight Moisture and solids introduced into detector
through air sampling pump Can purchase an outside filter to minimize the
environmental factors that could affect accuracy of readings
PID/FID Field Use
PID/FID Alternatives IEPA allows for the approval of alternate devices
Field GC/MS – gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer - screens for the presence of metals
estimated $35,000 per XRF analyzer
PID/FID Field Use
Calibrating PID/FID for Background Levels PID/FID devices should be calibrated daily using
the manufacturer’s suggested gas May calibrate several times throughout the day to
account for any fluctuations in readings due to weather conditions
Calibration should occur at the CCDD inspection site
The device has a margin of error of +/- 0.1 ppm
PID/FID Field Use
Calibration StepsEach morning the inspector should:
1. Calibrate the device
2. Establish background levels
3. Apply the margin of error to determine the “rejection” threshold and record this number
4. Utilize this number when determining which loads are accepted/rejected
* See Sample Calibration Log
PID/FID Field Use
PID/FID Calibration Log
PID/FID Instrument Background Level Log
Date: _________________ Time: _________
Inspector: ____________________________
Site: ________________________________
Calibrated Background Level: _______________
Margin of Error: +/-_________________________
Rejection Threshold: 0 + margin of error = _________
Notes: __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________
PID/FID Field Use
Issues Worth Additional Discussion
Sample preparation
How to deal with Back Ground measurements
PID Calibration Demonstration
PID/FID Equipment
Sample Conditioning Considerations Sample Conditioning – Concepts for improved results – not required
procedures (to my knowledge)
You want a warm representative sample(s) to test – to get better results
Cold Weather – seal off sample and raise temperature if possible (less of an issue in warm weather – but could be standardized as a procedure.
Get a sample from the center – not just a pass at the top
As easy as a Zip lock bag by floor board heater 5 min – or similar SAFE temperature increase – leave sufficient head space to test.
PID/FID Equipment
How to deal with background I have long proposed to industrial users (LDAR)
to always use a real baseline ZERO – and to include the background as part of their readings. They may have more room for inclusion than will work for CCDD applications. However, I remain a big fan of starting from a baseline ZERO and if needed – log the background and report that against the reading.
PID/FID Equipment
Zeroing out the background If you ever need to explain your numbers – people will
understand a logged offset that was recorded against the reading. (The instrument reported ZERO on the Zero gas – we noted 3 to 4 ppm background and the unit reported 12 ppm sample headspace (9 ppm actual difference after accounting for lowest average background).
Now imagine explaining that same 9 ppm after site personnel ZEROs to the back ground (unrecorded).
Baseline ZERO is simpler to maintain and explain
PID/FID Equipment
PID Cal DemoUse of Demand Flow Reg (bags used FIDs)
USE ZERO GAS (not background)
Span to Isobutylene 100 ppm
Marker Cap field check – not marker
PID/FID Equipment
MiniRAE 2000: PID Sensor Inspect sensor for damage and replace to rectify the following conditions:
Bent electrode “fingers” Teflon mask warped so that sensing electrode shows Electrodes not in the same plane If problems persist, replace PID sensor
Bent Electrode
Teflon Mask Warped
Straight Electrodes with mask removed for clarity
PID/FID Equipment
Maintenance Clean PID Lamp & Sensor
When display creeps upwards after good zero
When PID responds to moisture When movement of PID results in
response on display
No dirt build-up to foster a decrease in airspace resistance
Clean Sensor
Bias Electrode
Sensing Electrode
Dirty Sensor
Bias Electrode
Sensing Electrode
Dirt build-up absorbs water and breaks down airspace resistance leading to sensor “leakage” or moisture response
PID/FID Equipment
Maintenance Humidity Check
Cup hand over inlet or breathe into inlet for 10-20 seconds
Do not block flow If M2K reads >2 ppm or
ppbRAE reads >500 ppb, then the sensor needs cleaning
PID/FID Equipment
Maintenance
How to Clean PID Sensor Always clean sample probe and replace or clean
filters FIRST! If PID holds a stable zero after this step then further cleaning may not be necessary
Use anhydrous methanol (Lamp cleaning solution), never use water
Clean lamp face with lens tissue – do not touch with your bare hands
PID/FID Equipment
Maintaining PID Sensor Cleaning the PID Sensor
Clean sensor by immersion in cleaning solution
Do not loosen or remove screws on PID sensor
Remove the o-ring from the PID sensor
If Ultrasonic Cleaner is not available
Immerse in cleaning solution and agitate by hand
Drying the PID Sensor Let air dry overnight Warm air (not hot) will speed
drying
PID/FID Equipment
Humidity Filtering II Tubes
Temporary relief for a dirty sensor Dries sample gas for about ½ hour Measure VOCs; multiple sample use OK Useful for gasoline and chlorinated solvents CAUTION: May cause low response for some compounds or at
low temperature or concentration
Humidity Filtering II Tube(10-pack, p/n 025-2002-010)
Tube Tip Breaker
Tube Adapter(p/n 025-3002-000)
Flex-I-Probe(p/n 021-2400-100)
PID/FID Equipment
General Calibration Procedure
Prior to daily use, it is good practice to perform a Fresh Air/Zero Calibration
After Calibration, test for moisture response If readings increase more than 5ppm, clean lamp & sensor
If readings do not increase higher than 5ppm, continue with pump stall test
If unit passes, test pump to verify it will stall, if pump does not stall, service the pump Check Stall Threshold Check tubing Clean/rebuild pump or replace
PID/FID Equipment
MiniRAE 2000 Top Assembly
Filter history Green dust filter was
originally used, but proved not to work effectively
“C” filter was used next but proved to absorb too many VOCs
Now only porous metal filter is used
Lamp Housing
1 1/8” O’Ring
PID Sensor
Porous Metal Filter
3/8” O’Ring
Sensor Adapter
Lamp Housing Cap
Housing
PID/FID Equipment
Inside the MiniRAE 2000
PID/FID Equipment
Questions?
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