All
-Op
tica
l Si
gnal
Pro
cess
ing
Tec
hn
olo
gies
fo
r N
etw
ork
A
pp
lica
tio
ns
Pro
f. P
aul Pru
cnal
Dep
artm
ent of Ele
ctrica
l Engi
nee
ring
PRIN
CETO
NU
NIV
ERSI
TY
Glo
beco
mA
cces
s ’06
Bus
ines
s For
um“A
dvan
ced
Tech
nolo
gies
for O
ptic
al a
nd W
irele
ss A
cces
s and
Met
roN
etw
orks
”Pr
of. C
hunm
ing
Qia
oan
d D
r. Ti
ng W
ang,
Cha
irsN
ovem
ber 2
9, 2
006
Virtu
es o
f All-
Optic
al P
roce
ssin
g
Ban
dwid
thH
igh
carr
ier f
requ
ency
pro
vide
sla
rge
info
rmat
ion
band
wid
thSi
mpl
icity
Avo
ids t
he c
ost &
com
plex
ityof
opt
oele
ctro
nic
conv
ersi
onPa
ralle
lism
Proc
essi
ng o
f mul
tiple
wav
elen
gths
occ
urs s
imul
tane
ousl
y
Perf
orm
ance
Switc
hing
tim
es c
an b
e m
uch
fast
er th
an e
lect
roni
cs
Use
s lig
ht to
dire
ctly
con
trol l
ight
in a
hos
t mat
eria
lw
ithou
t any
inte
rven
ing
elec
troni
cs.
All-
Optic
al P
roce
ssin
g in
Today
’s L
ong-
Hau
l N
etw
ork
s
Erb
ium
Dop
ed F
iber
Am
plfie
rs
Wav
elen
gth
Div
isio
n M
ultip
lexi
ng
Ram
an A
mpl
ifica
tion
and
Dis
pers
ion
Com
pens
atio
n
Bandwidth X Distance [bits/sec X Km]
… is
use
d pr
imar
ily fo
r tra
nspo
rt.
The
Per
form
ance
of Today
’s S
witc
hin
g Tec
hnolo
gy in O
ptic
al N
etw
ork
s
7thA
venu
e, N
Y C
ity, c
. 191
0, p
rior t
o in
trodu
cing
firs
t tra
ffic
cont
rol d
evic
es in
191
5.
Elec
troni
c sw
itchi
ng sp
eed
is li
mite
d by
the
carr
ier t
rans
it tim
es o
f ele
ctro
ns
and
hole
s acr
oss t
rans
isto
r gat
es (n
anos
ecso
r pic
osec
s).
Lim
it de
term
ined
by
min
imum
gat
e le
ngth
and
car
rier m
obili
ty e
.g.,
25 n
m b
ase,
75
nm c
olle
ctor
, 509
GH
z.
Lim
itatio
ns
of Ele
ctro
nic
Sw
itchin
g
Uni
v. Il
linoi
s, 20
04
IEEE
Com
mun
icat
ions
Mag
azin
e • M
arch
200
2, p
age8
9
Dyn
amic
Wav
elen
gth
Switc
h/C
ross
connec
t2D
MEM
sTe
chno
logy
MEM
scan
be
switc
hed
at g
laci
alsp
eeds
!
The
TO
AD
: U
ltraf
astA
ll-O
ptic
al S
witc
h
SOA
Con
trol
Dat
aF
∆xso
a
Out
put
“Ter
aher
tz o
ptic
al a
sym
met
ric d
emul
tiple
xer”
Empl
oys d
iffer
entia
l fas
t ons
et o
f non
linea
rity
in a
n in
terf
erom
eter
“Ultr
afas
t” sw
itchi
ng sp
eed
~1Tb
/sLo
w s
witc
hing
ene
rgy,
< 1
00 fJ
Low
cro
ssta
lk a
nd p
olar
izat
ion
sens
itivi
ty
Con
trol 1
Dat
aO
utpu
t
Con
trol 2
∆ tcs
Mac
h Ze
hnde
r
SOA
SOA
F
Loop
: Sok
olof
fet a
l, IE
EE P
hoto
nics
Tec
hnol
ogy
Lett.
, 5, #
7, p
p 78
7-79
0, 1
993
Mac
h Ze
hnde
r: K
. Kan
g et
al.,
Ele
ctro
nics
Let
t., V
ol. 3
1,Is
sue
9,27
Apr
il 19
95, 7
49 –
750.
(c) O
ptic
al si
gnal
rege
nera
tion
Wan
g et
al,
Opt
Com
mun
,199
, pp8
3, 2
001
(d) D
emul
tiple
Gle
sket
al,
Elec
tron
Lett,
30, p
p339
, 199
4
Rou
te P
acke
t
TOA
D 1
IN
2τ
1x2
Clo
ck Rea
d A
ddre
ss
Hea
derD
elay OI
SOATO
AD
2O
UT
1O
UT
2PS
(b) O
ptic
al sw
itchi
ng a
nd ro
utin
g
Gle
sket
al,
Elec
tron
Lett,
30,
pp3
39, 1
994
(a) A
ll-op
tical
sam
plin
g
Den
g et
al,
IEEE
PTL
,10,
pp3
97, 1
998
Multi
ple
Funct
ional
ities
of th
e TO
AD
80 p
s
-100
-50
050
100
Cal
ibra
ted
Tim
e (p
s)Te
rahe
rtz-s
ampl
ed &
dow
ncon
verte
dw
avef
orm
on
100
MH
z os
cillo
scop
e
-100
-50
050
100
Cal
ibra
ted
Tim
e (p
s)
80 p
s
20 G
Hz
Pho
tode
tect
or
Sign
al fr
om a
20G
Hz
phot
odet
ecto
rfo
llow
ed b
y a
50G
Hz
osci
llosc
ope
100
GH
z O
ptic
al S
amplin
g O
scill
osc
ope
Den
g, K
. et a
l, IE
EE P
hoto
nics
Tec
h. L
ett.,
Vol
. 10,
No.
3, M
arch
199
8.
Sw
itch
Opt
ical
Out
puts
0 7
1 4
Up
Dow
n
Rec
eive
Mem
ory
Hea
der a
t TO
AD
Out
puts
07
14
TOAD
1
TOAD
2
Up Dow
n
Rec
eive
Mem
ory
Dig
ital T
hres
hold
04
17
TOA
D 1
Thre
shol
d
TOA
D 2
Thre
shol
d
100
Gbit/
sec
Optic
al R
outin
g in
Shuffle
Net
000 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
Rx
10
10
11
Toliv
er e
t al,
IEEE
/OSA
J. L
ight
wav
e Te
chno
l., 1
6, #
12,
216
9-21
80, 1
998
TO
AD
Pack
ets
Loo
k-up
AD
D Rou
ting
cont
rol
Nod
eR
ecei
verD
ROP
TO
AD
C
ross
bar
Switc
h
Kai
light
Phot
onic
s
All-
Optic
al R
egen
erat
ion
e in
terp
lay
of cr
oss
-gai
n a
nd c
ross
-phas
e m
odula
tion in the
TO
AD
res
tore
s puls
e sh
a
Inpu
t OSN
R =
18d
B/0
.1nm
Out
put O
SNR
= 3
5db/
0.1n
m
Pro
be li
ght
Noi
sy D
ata
CW
Lig
htTu
nabl
e fil
ter
TOAD
Res
hape
dD
ata
Cha
yet,
H. e
t al.,
Opt
ical
Fib
er C
omm
unic
atio
n C
onf.,
Vol
ume
5,6-
11 M
arch
200
5, V
ol. 6
.
With
λco
nver
ters
New
requ
est
E D
C
B
D
E
All-
Optic
al W
avel
engt
h M
anag
emen
t
TOA
D W
avel
engt
h co
nver
sion
dem
o
Blo
ckin
g occ
urs
if tw
o c
han
nel
s w
ith the
sam
e co
lor
are
route
d
to the
sam
e outp
ut port. W
avel
engt
h c
onve
rsio
n r
esolv
es
conte
ntio
n.
New
Col
or
Inpu
t Dat
a
TOAD
Out
put D
ata
Xu,
L. e
t al.,
IEEE
Pho
toni
cs T
ech.
Let
t., V
ol. 1
5, N
o. 2
, Feb
ruar
y 20
04.
Cha
n 1
Cha
n 2
Cha
n 3
Cha
n1
Cha
n 2
Cha
n 3
Inpu
t cha
nnel
sM
UX
100
Gb/
s TD
M fr
ame
Rec
eive
d ch
anne
ls
30 p
s/di
v30
ps/
div
10 p
s/di
v1 ra
ndom
1
10 p
s1
1
1ra
ndom
11
rand
om
Expe
rimen
tal r
esul
ts
100G
b/s
rec
onfigu
rable
OTD
M inte
rconnec
t
Den
g, K
. et a
l., J.
Lig
htw
ave
Tech
., V
ol. 1
8, N
o. 1
2, D
ecem
ber 2
000.
CH
1
CH
2
CH
3
10 p
s
OTD
M T
x3
ΣO
TDM
Tx1
OTD
M T
x1
TDL
Cloc
k
TOAD
All-
Opt
ical
Dem
ultip
lexe
r
Met
roC
ore
Bus
ines
s &
R
esid
entia
lA
cces
s
Pass
ive
Split
ters
15xx
DW
DM
1550
nmC
ATV
Cur
rent
acc
ess t
echn
olog
ies d
on’t
prov
ide
flexi
bilit
y:TD
M b
ased
app
roac
hes r
equi
re ‘r
angi
ng’ f
or sy
nchr
oniz
atio
nW
DM
PO
Nsp
rovi
de a
pat
h fo
r upg
rade
abili
ty b
ut la
ck fl
exib
ility
, fin
e gr
anul
arity
and
cap
abili
ty
for Q
oS p
rovi
sion
ing
sync
hron
ous
asyn
chro
nous
Opt
ical
Net
wor
k U
nits
Pas
sive
Optic
al N
etw
ork
sA
cces
s net
wor
ks re
quire
fle
xibi
lity,
low
cos
t, an
d su
ppor
t fo
r div
erse
traf
fic &
ban
dwid
th.
Code
Div
isio
n M
ulti
ple
Acc
ess
(CD
MA
)
Cel
lula
r Sys
tem
s
Wir
eles
s CD
MA
•Fa
stes
t gro
win
g w
irele
ss te
chno
logy
•
Allo
ws:
–A
sync
hron
ous m
ultip
le a
cces
s–
Freq
uenc
y re
use
•Pr
ovid
es:
–Im
mun
ity to
inte
rfer
ence
–Fi
ne g
ranu
larit
y, v
aria
ble
QoS
, var
iabl
e da
ta ra
tes
–So
ft bl
ocki
ng•
Leve
rage
s bur
stin
esst
o in
crea
se c
apac
ity
Opt
ical
CD
MA
•W
hy?
–W
DM
has
har
d lim
it on
the
num
ber o
f use
rs–
OTD
M n
eeds
sync
hron
izat
ion
•A
pply
con
cept
of w
irele
ss C
DM
A
to o
ptic
al d
omai
n
OC
DM
Aen
code
rT b
itT b
it
λ 1λ 2
λ 3λ 4
Inco
here
nt O
CD
MA
Exam
ple:
tim
e/w
avel
engt
h en
codi
ng(a
lso
spec
tral a
mpl
itude
, spa
tial c
odin
g et
c…)
Coh
eren
t OC
DM
AEx
ampl
e: te
mpo
ral p
hase
enc
odin
g(a
lso
spec
tral p
hase
enc
odin
g et
c…)
OC
DM
Aen
code
rT b
itT b
it
Φ1
Φ2
Φ3Φ
4
Inco
her
ent O
ptic
al C
DM
A
OC
DM
AD
ecod
er 1
OC
DM
A
Enc
oder
1
OC
DM
AD
omai
nO
CD
MA
Dom
ain
Rec
eive
r E
lect
roni
cs
OC
DM
AD
ecod
er N
OC
DM
AE
ncod
er N
Dat
a
Dat
a
Rec
eive
r E
lect
roni
cs
OC
DM
A T
xO
CD
MA
Rx
Mul
ti λ
sour
ce
D E M U X
M U X
TDL
TOAD
TDL
TDL
TDL
TDL
TDL
Nλ
D E M U X
M U X
Nt
12
12
Wav
elen
gth-
hopp
ing
time-
spre
adin
g O
CD
MA
•Asy
nchr
onou
s mul
tiple
acc
ess
•Fas
t (G
Hz)
cod
e se
lect
ion
achi
eved
with
tuna
ble
dela
y-lin
e co
ders
& d
ecod
ers
•Inc
oher
ent t
rans
mis
sion
is ro
bust
to fi
ber n
onlin
earit
ies (
>50
km si
mul
ated
)
Som
e A
dva
nta
ges
of O
CD
MA
Soft
Blo
ckin
gVa
riabl
e da
ta ra
tes
and
QoS
Hig
h D
ata
Rat
e, H
igh
QoS
Low
QoS
, Low
Dat
a R
ate
Hig
h Q
oS,
Low
Dat
a R
ate
Num
ber o
f sim
ulta
neou
s us
ers
asyn
chro
nous
(4
,101
) CH
Prim
e C
ode
10-9
Probability of Error10-4
10-6
10-8
10-2
10-1
0
10-1
2
10-1
4
OC
DM
AD
ecod
erTO
AD
TO
AD
co
ntro
l sig
nal
D
Ele
ctro
nic
Dat
a
Mul
tiacc
ess
inte
rfer
ence
Aut
o-co
rrel
atio
n(d
esir
ed d
ata)
Gat
ed
Aut
o-co
rrel
atio
n
Inpu
t with
MA
I
Gat
ed O
utpu
t
Num
ber
of si
mul
tane
ous
user
s
Probability of Error
2ps T
OA
D
gatin
g w
indo
w
050
10
0
TO
AD
-bas
ed O
CD
MA
rec
eive
r
P.R
. Pru
cnal
, Opt
ical
Cod
e-D
ivis
ion
Mul
tiple
Acc
ess:
Fu
ndam
enta
ls &
App
licat
ions
, Tay
lor a
nd F
ranc
is, 2
006.
•hig
h da
ta ra
tes p
er u
ser
•var
iabl
e da
ta ra
tes &
QoS
•sof
t blo
ckin
g &
scal
abili
ty
PON
.…..
Proc
ess
or
Mem
Proc
ess
or
Mem
Proc
ess
or
Mem
Inte
rcon
nect
s
•asy
nchr
onou
s mul
tiple
acc
ess
•sca
labi
lity
LA
N
•hig
h da
ta ra
tes p
er u
ser
•var
iabl
e da
ta ra
tes &
QoS
•sof
t blo
ckin
g &
scal
abili
ty
FSO
•hig
h da
ta ra
tes
•fle
xibl
e ne
twor
k pl
anni
ng•i
mm
unity
to in
terf
eren
ce
Met
ro
•sca
labi
lity
•fle
xibi
lity
•sec
urity
Adva
nta
ges
of O
CD
MA
in N
etw
ork
s
Opt
ics a
lread
y pr
ovid
es h
igh
B×L
pro
vidi
ng th
e ba
ckbo
ne fo
r gl
obal
ne
twor
king
N
onlin
ear o
ptic
s off
ers t
he p
rom
ise
of a
ll-op
tical
sign
al p
roce
ssin
g–
Opt
ical
sam
plin
g &
A/D
con
vers
ion
–Si
gnal
shap
ing
and
rege
nera
tion
–O
ptic
al sw
itchi
ng a
nd lo
gic
–U
ltraf
astd
emul
tiple
for O
TDM
and
OC
DM
A
App
licat
ion
area
s–
Scal
able
pas
sive
opt
ical
net
wor
ks -
soft
bloc
king
, mul
ti-ra
te, m
ulti-
QoS
–M
etro
net
wor
ks –
scal
abili
ty, s
tega
nogr
aphy
and
phys
ical
secu
rity
–U
ltraf
astA
/D fo
r wire
less
per
form
ance
enh
ance
men
t
Sum
mar
y
Recommended
