All

-Op

tica

l Si

gnal

Pro

cess

ing

Tec

hn

olo

gies

fo

r N

etw

ork

A

pp

lica

tio

ns

Pro

f. P

aul Pru

cnal

Dep

artm

ent of Ele

ctrica

l Engi

nee

ring

PRIN

CETO

NU

NIV

ERSI

TY

Glo

beco

mA

cces

s ’06

Bus

ines

s For

um“A

dvan

ced

Tech

nolo

gies

for O

ptic

al a

nd W

irele

ss A

cces

s and

Met

roN

etw

orks

”Pr

of. C

hunm

ing

Qia

oan

d D

r. Ti

ng W

ang,

Cha

irsN

ovem

ber 2

9, 2

006

Virtu

es o

f All-

Optic

al P

roce

ssin

g

Ban

dwid

thH

igh

carr

ier f

requ

ency

pro

vide

sla

rge

info

rmat

ion

band

wid

thSi

mpl

icity

Avo

ids t

he c

ost &

com

plex

ityof

opt

oele

ctro

nic

conv

ersi

onPa

ralle

lism

Proc

essi

ng o

f mul

tiple

wav

elen

gths

occ

urs s

imul

tane

ousl

y

Perf

orm

ance

Switc

hing

tim

es c

an b

e m

uch

fast

er th

an e

lect

roni

cs

Use

s lig

ht to

dire

ctly

con

trol l

ight

in a

hos

t mat

eria

lw

ithou

t any

inte

rven

ing

elec

troni

cs.

All-

Optic

al P

roce

ssin

g in

Today

’s L

ong-

Hau

l N

etw

ork

s

Erb

ium

Dop

ed F

iber

Am

plfie

rs

Wav

elen

gth

Div

isio

n M

ultip

lexi

ng

Ram

an A

mpl

ifica

tion

and

Dis

pers

ion

Com

pens

atio

n

Bandwidth X Distance [bits/sec X Km]

… is

use

d pr

imar

ily fo

r tra

nspo

rt.

The

Per

form

ance

of Today

’s S

witc

hin

g Tec

hnolo

gy in O

ptic

al N

etw

ork

s

7thA

venu

e, N

Y C

ity, c

. 191

0, p

rior t

o in

trodu

cing

firs

t tra

ffic

cont

rol d

evic

es in

191

5.

Elec

troni

c sw

itchi

ng sp

eed

is li

mite

d by

the

carr

ier t

rans

it tim

es o

f ele

ctro

ns

and

hole

s acr

oss t

rans

isto

r gat

es (n

anos

ecso

r pic

osec

s).

Lim

it de

term

ined

by

min

imum

gat

e le

ngth

and

car

rier m

obili

ty e

.g.,

25 n

m b

ase,

75

nm c

olle

ctor

, 509

GH

z.

Lim

itatio

ns

of Ele

ctro

nic

Sw

itchin

g

Uni

v. Il

linoi

s, 20

04

IEEE

Com

mun

icat

ions

Mag

azin

e • M

arch

200

2, p

age8

9

Dyn

amic

Wav

elen

gth

Switc

h/C

ross

connec

t2D

MEM

sTe

chno

logy

MEM

scan

be

switc

hed

at g

laci

alsp

eeds

!

The

TO

AD

: U

ltraf

astA

ll-O

ptic

al S

witc

h

SOA

Con

trol

Dat

aF

∆xso

a

Out

put

“Ter

aher

tz o

ptic

al a

sym

met

ric d

emul

tiple

xer”

Empl

oys d

iffer

entia

l fas

t ons

et o

f non

linea

rity

in a

n in

terf

erom

eter

“Ultr

afas

t” sw

itchi

ng sp

eed

~1Tb

/sLo

w s

witc

hing

ene

rgy,

< 1

00 fJ

Low

cro

ssta

lk a

nd p

olar

izat

ion

sens

itivi

ty

Con

trol 1

Dat

aO

utpu

t

Con

trol 2

∆ tcs

Mac

h Ze

hnde

r

SOA

SOA

F

Loop

: Sok

olof

fet a

l, IE

EE P

hoto

nics

Tec

hnol

ogy

Lett.

, 5, #

7, p

p 78

7-79

0, 1

993

Mac

h Ze

hnde

r: K

. Kan

g et

al.,

Ele

ctro

nics

Let

t., V

ol. 3

1,Is

sue

9,27

Apr

il 19

95, 7

49 –

750.

(c) O

ptic

al si

gnal

rege

nera

tion

Wan

g et

al,

Opt

Com

mun

,199

, pp8

3, 2

001

(d) D

emul

tiple

xing

Gle

sket

al,

Elec

tron

Lett,

30, p

p339

, 199

4

Rou

te P

acke

t

TOA

D 1

IN

2τ

1x2

Clo

ck Rea

d A

ddre

ss

Hea

derD

elay OI

SOATO

AD

2O

UT

1O

UT

2PS

(b) O

ptic

al sw

itchi

ng a

nd ro

utin

g

Gle

sket

al,

Elec

tron

Lett,

30,

pp3

39, 1

994

(a) A

ll-op

tical

sam

plin

g

Den

g et

al,

IEEE

PTL

,10,

pp3

97, 1

998

Multi

ple

Funct

ional

ities

of th

e TO

AD

80 p

s

-100

-50

050

100

Cal

ibra

ted

Tim

e (p

s)Te

rahe

rtz-s

ampl

ed &

dow

ncon

verte

dw

avef

orm

on

100

MH

z os

cillo

scop

e

-100

-50

050

100

Cal

ibra

ted

Tim

e (p

s)

80 p

s

20 G

Hz

Pho

tode

tect

or

Sign

al fr

om a

20G

Hz

phot

odet

ecto

rfo

llow

ed b

y a

50G

Hz

osci

llosc

ope

100

GH

z O

ptic

al S

amplin

g O

scill

osc

ope

Den

g, K

. et a

l, IE

EE P

hoto

nics

Tec

h. L

ett.,

Vol

. 10,

No.

3, M

arch

199

8.

Sw

itch

Opt

ical

Out

puts

0 7

1 4

Up

Dow

n

Rec

eive

Mem

ory

Hea

der a

t TO

AD

Out

puts

07

14

TOAD

1

TOAD

2

Up Dow

n

Rec

eive

Mem

ory

Dig

ital T

hres

hold

04

17

TOA

D 1

Thre

shol

d

TOA

D 2

Thre

shol

d

100

Gbit/

sec

Optic

al R

outin

g in

Shuffle

Net

000 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

0 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

Rx

10

10

11

Toliv

er e

t al,

IEEE

/OSA

J. L

ight

wav

e Te

chno

l., 1

6, #

12,

216

9-21

80, 1

998

TO

AD

Pack

ets

Loo

k-up

AD

D Rou

ting

cont

rol

Nod

eR

ecei

verD

ROP

TO

AD

C

ross

bar

Switc

h

Kai

light

Phot

onic

s

All-

Optic

al R

egen

erat

ion

e in

terp

lay

of cr

oss

-gai

n a

nd c

ross

-phas

e m

odula

tion in the

TO

AD

res

tore

s puls

e sh

a

Inpu

t OSN

R =

18d

B/0

.1nm

Out

put O

SNR

= 3

5db/

0.1n

m

Pro

be li

ght

Noi

sy D

ata

CW

Lig

htTu

nabl

e fil

ter

TOAD

Res

hape

dD

ata

Cha

yet,

H. e

t al.,

Opt

ical

Fib

er C

omm

unic

atio

n C

onf.,

Vol

ume

5,6-

11 M

arch

200

5, V

ol. 6

.

With

λco

nver

ters

New

requ

est

E D

C

B

D

E

All-

Optic

al W

avel

engt

h M

anag

emen

t

TOA

D W

avel

engt

h co

nver

sion

dem

o

Blo

ckin

g occ

urs

if tw

o c

han

nel

s w

ith the

sam

e co

lor

are

route

d

to the

sam

e outp

ut port. W

avel

engt

h c

onve

rsio

n r

esolv

es

conte

ntio

n.

New

Col

or

Inpu

t Dat

a

TOAD

Out

put D

ata

Xu,

L. e

t al.,

IEEE

Pho

toni

cs T

ech.

Let

t., V

ol. 1

5, N

o. 2

, Feb

ruar

y 20

04.

Cha

n 1

Cha

n 2

Cha

n 3

Cha

n1

Cha

n 2

Cha

n 3

Inpu

t cha

nnel

sM

UX

100

Gb/

s TD

M fr

ame

Rec

eive

d ch

anne

ls

30 p

s/di

v30

ps/

div

10 p

s/di

v1 ra

ndom

1

10 p

s1

1

1ra

ndom

11

rand

om

Expe

rimen

tal r

esul

ts

100G

b/s

rec

onfigu

rable

OTD

M inte

rconnec

t

Den

g, K

. et a

l., J.

Lig

htw

ave

Tech

., V

ol. 1

8, N

o. 1

2, D

ecem

ber 2

000.

CH

1

CH

2

CH

3

10 p

s

OTD

M T

x3

ΣO

TDM

Tx1

OTD

M T

x1

TDL

Cloc

k

TOAD

All-

Opt

ical

Dem

ultip

lexe

r

Met

roC

ore

Bus

ines

s &

R

esid

entia

lA

cces

s

Pass

ive

Split

ters

15xx

DW

DM

1550

nmC

ATV

Cur

rent

acc

ess t

echn

olog

ies d

on’t

prov

ide

flexi

bilit

y:TD

M b

ased

app

roac

hes r

equi

re ‘r

angi

ng’ f

or sy

nchr

oniz

atio

nW

DM

PO

Nsp

rovi

de a

pat

h fo

r upg

rade

abili

ty b

ut la

ck fl

exib

ility

, fin

e gr

anul

arity

and

cap

abili

ty

for Q

oS p

rovi

sion

ing

sync

hron

ous

asyn

chro

nous

Opt

ical

Net

wor

k U

nits

Pas

sive

Optic

al N

etw

ork

sA

cces

s net

wor

ks re

quire

fle

xibi

lity,

low

cos

t, an

d su

ppor

t fo

r div

erse

traf

fic &

ban

dwid

th.

Code

Div

isio

n M

ulti

ple

Acc

ess

(CD

MA

)

Cel

lula

r Sys

tem

s

Wir

eles

s CD

MA

•Fa

stes

t gro

win

g w

irele

ss te

chno

logy

•

Allo

ws:

–A

sync

hron

ous m

ultip

le a

cces

s–

Freq

uenc

y re

use

•Pr

ovid

es:

–Im

mun

ity to

inte

rfer

ence

–Fi

ne g

ranu

larit

y, v

aria

ble

QoS

, var

iabl

e da

ta ra

tes

–So

ft bl

ocki

ng•

Leve

rage

s bur

stin

esst

o in

crea

se c

apac

ity

Opt

ical

CD

MA

•W

hy?

–W

DM

has

har

d lim

it on

the

num

ber o

f use

rs–

OTD

M n

eeds

sync

hron

izat

ion

•A

pply

con

cept

of w

irele

ss C

DM

A

to o

ptic

al d

omai

n

OC

DM

Aen

code

rT b

itT b

it

λ 1λ 2

λ 3λ 4

Inco

here

nt O

CD

MA

Exam

ple:

tim

e/w

avel

engt

h en

codi

ng(a

lso

spec

tral a

mpl

itude

, spa

tial c

odin

g et

c…)

Coh

eren

t OC

DM

AEx

ampl

e: te

mpo

ral p

hase

enc

odin

g(a

lso

spec

tral p

hase

enc

odin

g et

c…)

OC

DM

Aen

code

rT b

itT b

it

Φ1

Φ2

Φ3Φ

4

Inco

her

ent O

ptic

al C

DM

A

OC

DM

AD

ecod

er 1

OC

DM

A

Enc

oder

1

OC

DM

AD

omai

nO

CD

MA

Dom

ain

Rec

eive

r E

lect

roni

cs

OC

DM

AD

ecod

er N

OC

DM

AE

ncod

er N

Dat

a

Dat

a

Rec

eive

r E

lect

roni

cs

OC

DM

A T

xO

CD

MA

Rx

Mul

ti λ

sour

ce

D E M U X

M U X

TDL

TOAD

TDL

TDL

TDL

TDL

TDL

Nλ

D E M U X

M U X

Nt

12

12

Wav

elen

gth-

hopp

ing

time-

spre

adin

g O

CD

MA

•Asy

nchr

onou

s mul

tiple

acc

ess

•Fas

t (G

Hz)

cod

e se

lect

ion

achi

eved

with

tuna

ble

dela

y-lin

e co

ders

& d

ecod

ers

•Inc

oher

ent t

rans

mis

sion

is ro

bust

to fi

ber n

onlin

earit

ies (

>50

km si

mul

ated

)

Som

e A

dva

nta

ges

of O

CD

MA

Soft

Blo

ckin

gVa

riabl

e da

ta ra

tes

and

QoS

Hig

h D

ata

Rat

e, H

igh

QoS

Low

QoS

, Low

Dat

a R

ate

Hig

h Q

oS,

Low

Dat

a R

ate

Num

ber o

f sim

ulta

neou

s us

ers

asyn

chro

nous

(4

,101

) CH

Prim

e C

ode

10-9

Probability of Error10-4

10-6

10-8

10-2

10-1

0

10-1

2

10-1

4

OC

DM

AD

ecod

erTO

AD

TO

AD

co

ntro

l sig

nal

D

Ele

ctro

nic

Dat

a

Mul

tiacc

ess

inte

rfer

ence

Aut

o-co

rrel

atio

n(d

esir

ed d

ata)

Gat

ed

Aut

o-co

rrel

atio

n

Inpu

t with

MA

I

Gat

ed O

utpu

t

Num

ber

of si

mul

tane

ous

user

s

Probability of Error

2ps T

OA

D

gatin

g w

indo

w

050

10

0

TO

AD

-bas

ed O

CD

MA

rec

eive

r

P.R

. Pru

cnal

, Opt

ical

Cod

e-D

ivis

ion

Mul

tiple

Acc

ess:

Fu

ndam

enta

ls &

App

licat

ions

, Tay

lor a

nd F

ranc

is, 2

006.

•hig

h da

ta ra

tes p

er u

ser

•var

iabl

e da

ta ra

tes &

QoS

•sof

t blo

ckin

g &

scal

abili

ty

PON

.…..

Proc

ess

or

Mem

Proc

ess

or

Mem

Proc

ess

or

Mem

Inte

rcon

nect

s

•asy

nchr

onou

s mul

tiple

acc

ess

•sca

labi

lity

LA

N

•hig

h da

ta ra

tes p

er u

ser

•var

iabl

e da

ta ra

tes &

QoS

•sof

t blo

ckin

g &

scal

abili

ty

FSO

•hig

h da

ta ra

tes

•fle

xibl

e ne

twor

k pl

anni

ng•i

mm

unity

to in

terf

eren

ce

Met

ro

•sca

labi

lity

•fle

xibi

lity

•sec

urity

Adva

nta

ges

of O

CD

MA

in N

etw

ork

s

Opt

ics a

lread

y pr

ovid

es h

igh

B×L

pro

vidi

ng th

e ba

ckbo

ne fo

r gl

obal

ne

twor

king

N

onlin

ear o

ptic

s off

ers t

he p

rom

ise

of a

ll-op

tical

sign

al p

roce

ssin

g–

Opt

ical

sam

plin

g &

A/D

con

vers

ion

–Si

gnal

shap

ing

and

rege

nera

tion

–O

ptic

al sw

itchi

ng a

nd lo

gic

–U

ltraf

astd

emul

tiple

xing

for O

TDM

and

OC

DM

A

App

licat

ion

area

s–

Scal

able

pas

sive

opt

ical

net

wor

ks -

soft

bloc

king

, mul

ti-ra

te, m

ulti-

QoS

–M

etro

net

wor

ks –

scal

abili

ty, s

tega

nogr

aphy

and

phys

ical

secu

rity

–U

ltraf

astA

/D fo

r wire

less

per

form

ance

enh

ance

men

t

Sum

mar

y