6
General Anatomy
and Physiology
2
Introduction
• Anatomy– Study of body structures
• Physiology– Study of body functions
3
Ten Body Systems
• Skeletal• Muscular• Nervous• Endocrine• Reproductive
• Circulatory• Digestive• Respiratory• Lymphatic• Immune
4
Body Planes and Directions
• Sagittal plane– Divides body into left and right halves
• Transverse plane– Divides body into upper and lower sections
• Frontal plane– Divides body into front and back sections
5
Body Planes and Directions
Click here to view the animation.
6
Body Cavities
• Dorsal cavity– Posterior portion of body – Spinal canal and cranial cavity
• Ventral cavity– Anterior portion of the body– Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and the
pelvic cavity
7
Basic Structure and Functions of the Cell
• Smallest basic unit of all systems
• Cells differ in appearance, function, and structure, based on their purpose
8
Basic Structure and Functions of the Cell
• Cell components:– Cell membrane– Nucleus– Cytoplasm– Chromosomes
9
Skeletal System• Functions:
– Support– Movement– Protection– Manufacturing of red blood cells– Storage of minerals
10
Skeletal System
• Divisions of the skeletal system– Axial skeleton – Appendicular skeleton
• Number of bones• Adult = 206 Child = 270
11
Skeletal System• Composition of the bone (osseous
tissue)– 20 percent water– Two thirds of the remainder are minerals or
inorganic matter– One third of the remainder is organic
matter • Cells, blood vessels, and cartilage
12
Skeletal System
• Two types of bone tissue– Cancellous bone – Compact bone
• Osteoclast cells • Periosteum
13
Skeletal System• Types of joints:
– Fibrous joints– Cartilaginous joints– Synovial joints
14
Skeletal System• Common diseases
– Osteomyelitis– Osteoporosis– Cleft palate– Fractures– Temporomandibular joint disorder
15
Muscular System• Functions of the muscular system
– Provides body movement and posture– Produces body heat– Moves food along digestive tract– Keeps heart beating
16
Muscular System• Types of muscles
– Striated– Cardiac– Smooth
17
Muscular System• Muscular characteristics
– Fibers are groups of muscle cells– Excitability (irritability) is the ability of
muscle tissue to respond to stimuli– Extensibility refers to muscle’s capacity to
stretch– Muscle tone is the tension of the muscular
system
18
Muscular System• Muscle attachments
– Tendons– Aponeurosis– Ligaments
19
Muscular System• How muscles work
– Antagonistic pairs:• One muscle contracts as its corresponding
muscle relaxes
– Muscles use energy in the form of glycogen
• Form of oxygen and glucose supplied via the blood system
20
Muscular System• Conditions and diseases
– Strain– Sprain– Cramp– Inflammation
21
Muscular System• Conditions and diseases
– Spasm– Atrophy– Fibromyalgia– Muscular Dystrophy– Myasthenia gravis
22
Nervous System• Functions
– Transmits stimuli from outside and inside body
– Serves as body’s communication system– Maintains the body’s unity and harmony
through response and transmitting
23
Nervous System• Structures
– Brain– Spinal cord– Nerve cells
24
Nervous System• Spinal cord
– Center for reflex and involuntary response– Transmits stimuli from body to brain and
response is sent back to organ or muscle– Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves
25
Nervous System• Brain and cranial nerves
– Receive incoming stimuli and interprets and processes information
– Twelve pairs of cranial nerves
26
Nervous System• Diseases
– Neuritis– Multiple sclerosis (MS)– Parkinson’s disease– Bell’s palsy
27
Endocrine System and Reproductive System
• Functions of the endocrine system– Controls body’s growth– Protects body in stressful situations by
releasing the fight-or-flight hormone– Promotes sexual development– Regulates water balance and use of calcium– Produces insulin
28
Endocrine System
• Functions
29
Endocrine System and Reproductive System
• Hormones– Control the internal environment of the
body from the cellular to organ level– Similar to thermostats
30
Endocrine System and Reproductive System
• Dental concerns of the reproductive system– Main function of the male and female
reproduction system is creation of new life– Protection of these systems should be
provided during certain procedures:• Use of lead apron when exposing radiographs• Adequate ventilation during nitrous oxide sedation
31
Endocrine System and Reproductive System
• Major glands of the endocrine system– Pituitary– Thyroid– Parathyroid– Adrenal– Pancreas– Testes– Ovaries
32
Endocrine System and Reproductive System
• Diseases and conditions – Diabetes mellitus– Pregnancy– Hypothyroidism– Hyperthyroidism
33
Circulatory System• Functions
– Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and antibodies throughout the body
– Removes waste
34
Circulatory System• Heart
– Pump that circulates blood throughout the body
– Three layers:• Pericardium• Myocardium• Endocardium
35
Circulatory System• Heart
– Atria• Right and left upper chambers
– Ventricle• Right and left lower chambers
36
Circulatory System
• Heart valves– Tricuspid valve– Pulmonary valve– Mitral valve
• Bicuspid
– Aortic valve
37
Circulatory System• Blood vessels
– Arteries– Veins– Capillaries
38
Circulatory System• Blood has three main functions
– Transportation of nutrients, gases, waste, and hormones
– Regulates body fluids, Ph balance, body temperature
– Protects body from pathogens and blood loss after injury
39
Circulatory System• Blood composition
– Plasma• Liquid portion of the blood
– Corpuscles• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
40
Circulatory System• Blood Groups: 5 types
– A– AB– B– O– ABO
41
Circulatory System
• Pulmonary Circulation
• Systemic Circulation
42
Circulatory System• Diseases and conditions
– Bacterial endocarditis– Hemophilia– Leukemia
43
Digestive System• Functions
– Digestion– Absorption– Elimination
44
Digestive System• Parts of the digestive system
– Alimentary canal• Mouth• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach• Small intestine• Duodenum• Large intestine
45
Digestive System
– Accessory organs• Teeth• Tongue• Salivary glands• Liver• Gallbladder• Pancreas
• Parts of the digestive system
46
Digestive System• Diseases and conditions
– Tooth decay– Periodontal disease– Bulimia– Hepatitis
47
Respiratory System
• Functions– Supplying body with oxygen – Exhaling waste product carbon dioxide
48
Respiratory System
• Parts of the respiratory system– Nose– Pharynx– Larynx– Trachea– Bronchi– Lungs
49
Respiratory System• Diseases
– Asthma– Tuberculosis– Lung cancer– Cold– Pneumonia– Bronchitis
50
Lymphatic and Immune Systems
• Function of the lymphatic system– A network of vessels that drains and filters the
tissue fluid that surrounds cells
51
Lymphatic and Immune Systems
• Parts of the lymphatic system– Lymph– Lymph vessels– Lymph nodes– Spleen– Thymus gland– Tonsils
52
Lymphatic andImmune Systems
• Function of the immune system– Protects and defends the body from foreign
invaders
• Immunity– Nonspecific immunity– Specific immunity
53
Lymphatic andImmune Systems
• Diseases and conditions– Tonsillitis– Hodgkin’s disease– Allergy– Immune deficiency disease