• Understanding the Era:
– The Enlightenment pushed for “rationalization”
– New idea.. Be “irrational” (be true
to yourself and nature, explore dreams and fantasy)
- Questioned - What moves man to do things?
- Opposed to conflict, questioned laws, gov’t, religion (anything that ties one down)
– Romantic Era (Freud, Marx, Dickens, Three Musketeers and Robin Hood,
– Beethoven and Shelley – Mary and Percy)
Percy – “The world will be a better place…
– Napoleon = A Robin Hood Hero
• Corsica – French Occupation
• Angry young guy
• 9 – Military School
• Why?
• Brutal and smug warrior
• By 23 – A General!– Great Irony – A Nationalist!
• Great leadership abilities – General• 1799 – Directory is weak
– Coup d’état – “bloodless”– Streamlines government– National Bank of France– Napoleonic Code (fair regulated legal system)
• Individual liberty, equality before the court, free enterprise
– Concordat - Reopens the Churches (even though he’s a non-believer)
– Tax Reforms– Lycees, public works – sewers, statues, Arc de Triompe– 1802 – Appointed Head of State
Arc de Triomphe
• During the French Revolution women fought for equal rights
• “Declaration of the Rights of Women” – 1793 = National Razor
• Napoleonic Code…2nd class– Property of father or husband
• 1945 = Equal Rights
Olympe de Gouges
• Egypt & Danube – great victory• Marengo – great loss?
• 1810 – Europe is his!• Age 40 – 70 million!• No heir!
• What about Britain?• How to attack?• Navy?• Balloons/tunnels?• Embargo?• Russia!
• French occupation is Brutal!– Assassination attempts, obsessed with winning
• Thinks he’s infallible and invincible
• 1812 – The Grande Armee – 650K• The Greatest Russian Warrior! (1940, too!)
• 1814 – surrender – exile
• 1814 - Louis XVIII – restored
• Everything is restored (borders, laws, rule)
• France is stunned!
• 1815 – Napoleon is bored and hears rumours.
• The big escape!
• What happens when he makes landfall?
• The Grande Armee is restored!• Austrians are quickly defeated before Brits arrive.• Nap meets Wellington at Waterloo.• 40K vs 20K (with higher ground)• Outdated techniques• Prussians arrive from behind!• Defeat!
• Very remote
• Poor treatment
by British troops
• 1821 – health fails (age 51)
• Rumours
• What does it all mean? What are the consequences?
• Louis XVIII• Congress of Vienna – 1814
• Italian Nationalism• German Nationalism• European Revolutions
The Rise of Nationalism
– 1794 – Poland– 1796 – White Lotus – China– 1789 – Irish– 1804 – Serbian– 1808 – Madrid– 1810 – Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela– 1812 – Korea– 1820 – Spain and Portugal – Peru, too!– 1821 – Greece– 1822 – Mexico IND– 1824 – Russian (Decembrists)– 1825 – Indonesia– 1830 – French again– 1830 – Belgium IND– 1832 – Algeria– 1837 – Canada– 1841 – Afghanistan– 1848 – France, Italy, Germany IND– 1848 – Hungary– 1851 – China– 1854 – Spain IND– 1857 – India– 1859 – Italy– 1866 – Japan– 1867 – Irish– 1867 – Canada IND– 1868 – Puerto Rico IND– 1875 – Herzegovina – 1876 – Bulgaria– 1896 – Philippine IND– 1903 – Macedonia IND– 1905 – Iran– 1907 – Romania– 1908 – Turkey– 1910 - Mexico
Examine the Ripple Effect from 1789:
What was the result of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era?
The End• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bneJnNxC8Ig• Today, Napoleon is buried in 6 places... WHY??
St Jerome's Chapel
A Question to Think About
• How could the key concepts we’ve been discussing be applied to France?
– collective consciousness– national identity– national unity– contending national loyalties– forms of nationalism