8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
1/30
Ramanjaneyulu
No problem will be solved with the same level of thinking that created it in the first place
-Dr Albert Einstein
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
IN POST GREEN REVOLUTION ERANEED FOR A PARADIGM SHIFT
caring for those who feed the nation
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
2/30
Green Revolution Paradigm Nations self sufficiency as goal
Transfer of Technology model Public Sector playing major role
Input intensive
Public extension
Irrigation playing major role
Technology transfer public to private
Free technology
Controlled markets
Public Distribution System
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
3/30
Basic features Reliance on external inputs
Chemicals, Seeds, Machines and knowledge Genetic improvement: leading to monoculture
High energy consuming: fossil fuel, chemical fertilizers, chemicals,
caring for those who feed the nation
process ng, storage, transport Globalization:
Driven by an economic philosophy and strategy of international division of labor
Leading to the expansion of international trade
Financial incentives and market forces have been shaping research agendas and
capital investments in agriculture
Contribute to an expansion in the scale of production units and to ever-greater
input use and capital-intensity
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
4/30
Where we went wrong ?
Copied research (technology), education and extension paradigms
Support systems not extended
Subsidies
Regulatory system
accountability
Are labour saving technologies our requirement ?
In country of diversity why did we monoculture-crops, varieties and
genes?
Moving farmers out of agriculture ?
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
5/30
Source: NCRB 1995-2010
Total 256,913 in 16 years
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
6/30
State Farmers Suicides annual average Difference (2nd Avg-1st
Avg)
1995-2002 2003-2010
Andhra Pradesh 1590 2301 +711
Assam 155 291 +135
Farm Suicide Annual Averages in select Statues
Karnataka 2259 2123 -236Kerala 1292 1071 -221
MP+Chhattisgarh 2304 2829 +1294
Maharashtra 2508 3802 +1294
Tamil Nadu 992 866 =126
Uttar Pradesh 640 531 =109
West Bengal 1426 990 -436
The table only includes states who annual averages have risen of fallen by 100
farm suicides between the two periods. It also treats MP and Chhattisgh as oneunit for data purposes
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
7/30
Farmer: most endangered species on earth
Large scale migration
About 17 lakh farmers are under the condition ofdistress
75% farmers live on break-even or loss every year
caring for those who feed the nation
Vidarbha region alone 6 districts in six months
In AP 2525 have committed suicides during 2010.
Suicides 1 every 30 min
Less than 50% deaths are officially reported asdeaths due to agrarian distress women deaths andtenant farmers are not included
Lives of survivors worse
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
8/30
Cropping Pattern Changes in Andhra Pradesh for Selected Years(million Hectares)
1970-73 1987-90 2004-07 2009-11
Rice 3.1
(24.76)
3.9
(30.65)
3.6
(28.54)
4.3
(31.15)
Maize 0.2(2.12)
0.3(2.33)
0.7(5.53)
0.8(6.16)
Other coarse Grains 4.1
(32.73)
2.1
(16.47)
0.6
(5.05)
0.3
(2.21)
Total Cereals 7.6 6.3 5.6 5.6
(59.61) (49.46) (39.13) (40.57)Pulses 1.3
(10.79)
1.5
(11.85)
1.8
(14.39)
1.7
(12.3)
Total Foodgrains 8.9
(70.42)
7.8
(61.31)
6.9
(53.52)
7.4
(53.6)
Cotton 0.3
(2.47)
0.6
(4.8)
1.0
(8.23)
1.1
(8.2)Oilseeds 2.2
(17.51)
3.8
(24.74)
2.6
(20.91)
2.7
(19.5)
Total Non- Foodgrains 3.7
(29.57)
4.9
(38.69)
5.9
(46.94)
4.7
(34.05)
Gross Cropped Area 12.7(100.00) 12.8(100.00) 12.8(100.00) 13.8(100.00)Source: DES. AP Govt
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
9/30
Prices to Farmers during 2010-11 and 2011-12
Crop 2010-11 Rs/Quintal 2011-12 Rs/Quintal
Cotton 6500 3600Turmeric 14000 4000
Chillies 12000 5500
Redgram 5000 3500Blackgram 5200 3500
Bajra 4000 2000
Jowar 2500 1800
Onion 16000 2500
Sweet Organge 75000 60000
Compiled from Newspapers
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
10/30
Huge Ecological Costs
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
11/30
Bhopal
The worst tragedy with pesticide industry
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
12/30
Years 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Fertiliser Subsidy 18299 25952 40338
119772*
(estimated)
Years 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
FertiliserSubsidy 18299 25952 40338 119772 100000 60000 100000
*Source : Department of Fertilisers, Min of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Govt of India In lakh crores
Government introduced Nutrient based Subsidy and permitted industry to increase the prices
A bag of DAP which was Rs. 480/bag of 50 kg in June 2010 reached Rs. 1050/bag of 50 kg inJanuary 2012
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
13/30
Life in queues
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
14/30
Environmental concerns Nitrates in water
Decreasing groundwater levels Salinisation of lands
caring for those who feed the nation
es c e res ues n oo , wa er, m an oo
Climate change: global warming, climate variability
Millions of rural producers around the world,
especially the poorest households, have beenbypassed by input-driven modern technologies
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
15/30
Post Green Revolution: dominant paradigm GM intensive
Monoculture-narrowing genetic base Proprietary technologies-genes, methodologies even species are
patented
Monopoly-Decreasing role of public research and extension, agenda
mostly driven by unding agencies Agri-input dealers in new Avathar Agri-clinics
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
16/30
Buttoday research priorities are Pest management research or pesticide research?
GM crops Monoculture of genes
y r s n a crops, o er crops ave een
abandoned
NATP-hybrid main driver
NAIP-GM main driver Indo US Knowledge initiative
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
17/30
GM crops and foods
Key issues
Relevance of GM crops
Biosafety issues IPRs andMarket monopoly
Conflicts of interests and scandals
Documentary evidences on Violations of regulations in
field trials,
Illegal GM food crop field trials
First reports on Bronze wilt, Tobacco Streak Virus,Mealybug
Evidences on sheep death
Studies on Environmental Risk Assessment and Socio
Economic Impactshttp://www.indiagminfo.org
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
18/30
Bt cotton yields in AP
caring for those who feed the nation
since 2007, yields in AP have dropped back to below where they were before
farmers started adopting Bt cotton.
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
19/30
Cotton yields in IndiaYear
Area in
lakh hectares
Production in lakh bales
of 170 kgs
Yield kgs
per hectare1950-51 58.82 34.30 99
1960-61 76.10 60.12 134
1970-71 76.05 56.64 127
1980-81 78.23 78.00 1691990-91 74.39 117.00 267
2000-01 85.76 140.00 278
2001-02 87.30 158.00 308
- . .
2003-04 76.30 179.00 399
2004-05 87.86 243.00 470
2005-06 86.77 241.00 472
2006-07 91.44 280.00 521
2007-08 94.14 307.00 5542008-09 94.06 290.00 524
2009-10 103.10 305.00 503
2010-11 111.42 339.00 517
2011-12 121.91 345.00 481
Source: Cotton Advisory Board caring for those who feed the nation
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
20/30
Cotton: out of control No public sector seeds in the market
In AP, TN and Karnataka official figures are zero CICR has no say
, arwar cou no re ease s co on y r s
Bt Bikeneri Narma and Bt NH-44 forced to withdraw
80 % area is under hybrids with narrow genetic base
Monoculturing genes
caring for those who feed the nation
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
21/30
NARS-the lost empire Crops in pipeline-bt rice, bt brinjal, bt .
No IPR literacy UAS dharwar, TNAU and CICR cases
ABSP-II
UAS dharwar, TNAU Regulatory role
Bt bhendi case in AP
Bt brinjal trials in AICRP vegetables
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
22/30
The shift
innovating systems that support decentralisation,
diversity and democracy rather than centralisation,uniformity and control
culture of experimentation and learning,
partnering with a wide range of actors, ability to contextualize and continuously adapt technologies
to suit varied user demands,
efforts at influencing the institutions and policies amongother actors to promote innovation, and
participation in wide sector related networks and extensive
use of networks.caring for those who feed the nation
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
23/30
Energy use going to be critical
Large-scale mechanized production will become more expensive, and this will make
more labor-intensive methods relatively more profitable as a result.
Fertilizer and agrochemical prices are also likely to rise, making our current input-intensive agriculture less profitable, and for many farmers not practical.
International trade in agricultural commodities will become less economic becauseof hi her costs of trans ortation, es eciall adverse for bulk , low-value commodities.
caring for those who feed the nation
This means globalized solutions to maintaining food security will become lesssupportable.
Other sources of alternative energy may become available. But there should be
some burden of proof, with evidence of meaningful public and private investment,
that these other energy sources will actually become available to maintain high-inputagriculture.
Subsidization of energy and agricultural inputs by governments or donor agencies,which fueled the spread of Green Revolution technologies, is probably an obsolete
strategy. There is neither the political will nor fiscal capacity to return to such policies
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
24/30
Adapting to changing climate
Climate change is going to be critical
Paddy yields have fallen by more than 10 % in thelast one decade
are increasing
Situation specific cropping systems and well
adapted varieties are needed
GM crops are more vulnerable-AP and Vidharba
reports
caring for those who feed the nation
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
25/30
GE regulation: who regulates whom?
Failed to regulate pesticides and seeds
How do they conduct independent, pro-poor biotech researchin the midst of existing IPR regimes controlled by MNCs and
also given that private sector funding of many public research
agenda?
How will public organizations deal with the royalties issues
given that all complementary (markers, vectors etc.)
technologies are patented? How can technology be madeavailable to poor?
How will they perform the regulatory functions without serious
conflicts of interest?caring for those who feed the nation
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
26/30
Sustainable Agriculture: in harmony with nature
Local Resources: Seeds, soils, crops
Knowledge and skills of Ecological methods of farming likeNon Pesticidal Management, Soil health and Productivity, Seed
banks
ns u ona ys ems or sus a n ng e n a ves
Increasing control over the post harvest management,
processing and marketing
Social and equity concerns
Improving agriculture based livelihoods
caring for those who feed the nation
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
27/30
New partner ships
Farmers as active partners
Supplementing the farmers knowledge Knowledge as the main driver
armers ga n ng con ro over e r resources
caring for those who feed the nation
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
28/30
Post Green Revolution: new ecological paradigm
New science of ecological farming
Local Resource based technologies Open source
Knowledge intensive
Less energy intensive
Low capital intensive
Diversity based cropping systems
Technology generation at different nodes
Horizontal scaling up
Community managed institutions and support systems New opportunities for resource poor areas, resource poor
farmers and agril. workers
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
29/30
Ecological farming: shaping up
Organic movement Commercial, export oriented
Sustainable, domestic market oriented
Large scale community based initiatives- CMSA in AP
caring for those who feed the nation
,
Subash Palekar, Nammalwar, Manohar Parchure, BhaskerSave
NGOs across the states
9 states came with organic farming policy
Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, National Mission onSustainable Agriculture announced
8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era
30/30
Contact for further information
Centre for Sustainable A riculture
Turning the tide
if you think you are too small to make a difference, try sleeping in a closed
room with a mosquitoAfrican Proverb
http://www.csa-india.org
http://www.indiagminfo.orghttp://www.agrariancrisis.wordpress.com
Ph. 040-27017735, 27014302