120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era

8/3/2019 120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era

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Ramanjaneyulu

No problem will be solved with the same level of thinking that created it in the first place

-Dr Albert Einstein

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

IN POST GREEN REVOLUTION ERANEED FOR A PARADIGM SHIFT

caring for those who feed the nation


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Green Revolution Paradigm Nations self sufficiency as goal

Transfer of Technology model Public Sector playing major role

Input intensive

Public extension

Irrigation playing major role

Technology transfer public to private

Free technology

Controlled markets

Public Distribution System


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Basic features Reliance on external inputs

Chemicals, Seeds, Machines and knowledge Genetic improvement: leading to monoculture

High energy consuming: fossil fuel, chemical fertilizers, chemicals,


process ng, storage, transport Globalization:

Driven by an economic philosophy and strategy of international division of labor

Leading to the expansion of international trade

Financial incentives and market forces have been shaping research agendas and

capital investments in agriculture

Contribute to an expansion in the scale of production units and to ever-greater

input use and capital-intensity


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Where we went wrong ?

Copied research (technology), education and extension paradigms

Support systems not extended

Subsidies

Regulatory system

accountability

Are labour saving technologies our requirement ?

In country of diversity why did we monoculture-crops, varieties and

genes?

Moving farmers out of agriculture ?


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Source: NCRB 1995-2010

Total 256,913 in 16 years


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State Farmers Suicides annual average Difference (2nd Avg-1st

Avg)

1995-2002 2003-2010

Andhra Pradesh 1590 2301 +711

Assam 155 291 +135

Farm Suicide Annual Averages in select Statues

Karnataka 2259 2123 -236Kerala 1292 1071 -221

MP+Chhattisgarh 2304 2829 +1294

Maharashtra 2508 3802 +1294

Tamil Nadu 992 866 =126

Uttar Pradesh 640 531 =109

West Bengal 1426 990 -436

The table only includes states who annual averages have risen of fallen by 100

farm suicides between the two periods. It also treats MP and Chhattisgh as oneunit for data purposes


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Farmer: most endangered species on earth

Large scale migration

About 17 lakh farmers are under the condition ofdistress

75% farmers live on break-even or loss every year


Vidarbha region alone 6 districts in six months

In AP 2525 have committed suicides during 2010.

Suicides 1 every 30 min

Less than 50% deaths are officially reported asdeaths due to agrarian distress women deaths andtenant farmers are not included

Lives of survivors worse


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Cropping Pattern Changes in Andhra Pradesh for Selected Years(million Hectares)

1970-73 1987-90 2004-07 2009-11

Rice 3.1

(24.76)

3.9

(30.65)

3.6

(28.54)

4.3

(31.15)

Maize 0.2(2.12)

0.3(2.33)

0.7(5.53)

0.8(6.16)

Other coarse Grains 4.1

(32.73)

2.1

(16.47)

0.6

(5.05)

0.3

(2.21)

Total Cereals 7.6 6.3 5.6 5.6

(59.61) (49.46) (39.13) (40.57)Pulses 1.3

(10.79)

1.5

(11.85)

1.8

(14.39)

1.7

(12.3)

Total Foodgrains 8.9

(70.42)

7.8

(61.31)

6.9

(53.52)

7.4

(53.6)

Cotton 0.3

(2.47)

0.6

(4.8)

1.0

(8.23)

1.1

(8.2)Oilseeds 2.2

(17.51)

3.8

(24.74)

2.6

(20.91)

2.7

(19.5)

Total Non- Foodgrains 3.7

(29.57)

4.9

(38.69)

5.9

(46.94)

4.7

(34.05)

Gross Cropped Area 12.7(100.00) 12.8(100.00) 12.8(100.00) 13.8(100.00)Source: DES. AP Govt


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Prices to Farmers during 2010-11 and 2011-12

Crop 2010-11 Rs/Quintal 2011-12 Rs/Quintal

Cotton 6500 3600Turmeric 14000 4000

Chillies 12000 5500

Redgram 5000 3500Blackgram 5200 3500

Bajra 4000 2000

Jowar 2500 1800

Onion 16000 2500

Sweet Organge 75000 60000

Compiled from Newspapers


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Huge Ecological Costs


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Bhopal

The worst tragedy with pesticide industry


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Years 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Fertiliser Subsidy 18299 25952 40338

119772*

(estimated)

Years 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

FertiliserSubsidy 18299 25952 40338 119772 100000 60000 100000

*Source : Department of Fertilisers, Min of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Govt of India In lakh crores

Government introduced Nutrient based Subsidy and permitted industry to increase the prices

A bag of DAP which was Rs. 480/bag of 50 kg in June 2010 reached Rs. 1050/bag of 50 kg inJanuary 2012


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Life in queues


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Environmental concerns Nitrates in water

Decreasing groundwater levels Salinisation of lands


es c e res ues n oo , wa er, m an oo

Climate change: global warming, climate variability

Millions of rural producers around the world,

especially the poorest households, have beenbypassed by input-driven modern technologies


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Post Green Revolution: dominant paradigm GM intensive

Monoculture-narrowing genetic base Proprietary technologies-genes, methodologies even species are

patented

Monopoly-Decreasing role of public research and extension, agenda

mostly driven by unding agencies Agri-input dealers in new Avathar Agri-clinics


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Buttoday research priorities are Pest management research or pesticide research?

GM crops Monoculture of genes

y r s n a crops, o er crops ave een

abandoned

NATP-hybrid main driver

NAIP-GM main driver Indo US Knowledge initiative


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GM crops and foods

Key issues

Relevance of GM crops

Biosafety issues IPRs andMarket monopoly

Conflicts of interests and scandals

Documentary evidences on Violations of regulations in

field trials,

Illegal GM food crop field trials

First reports on Bronze wilt, Tobacco Streak Virus,Mealybug

Evidences on sheep death

Studies on Environmental Risk Assessment and Socio

Economic Impactshttp://www.indiagminfo.org


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Bt cotton yields in AP


since 2007, yields in AP have dropped back to below where they were before

farmers started adopting Bt cotton.


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Cotton yields in IndiaYear

Area in

lakh hectares

Production in lakh bales

of 170 kgs

Yield kgs

per hectare1950-51 58.82 34.30 99

1960-61 76.10 60.12 134

1970-71 76.05 56.64 127

1980-81 78.23 78.00 1691990-91 74.39 117.00 267

2000-01 85.76 140.00 278

2001-02 87.30 158.00 308

- . .

2003-04 76.30 179.00 399

2004-05 87.86 243.00 470

2005-06 86.77 241.00 472

2006-07 91.44 280.00 521

2007-08 94.14 307.00 5542008-09 94.06 290.00 524

2009-10 103.10 305.00 503

2010-11 111.42 339.00 517

2011-12 121.91 345.00 481

Source: Cotton Advisory Board caring for those who feed the nation


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Cotton: out of control No public sector seeds in the market

In AP, TN and Karnataka official figures are zero CICR has no say

, arwar cou no re ease s co on y r s

Bt Bikeneri Narma and Bt NH-44 forced to withdraw

80 % area is under hybrids with narrow genetic base

Monoculturing genes



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NARS-the lost empire Crops in pipeline-bt rice, bt brinjal, bt .

No IPR literacy UAS dharwar, TNAU and CICR cases

ABSP-II

UAS dharwar, TNAU Regulatory role

Bt bhendi case in AP

Bt brinjal trials in AICRP vegetables


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The shift

innovating systems that support decentralisation,

diversity and democracy rather than centralisation,uniformity and control

culture of experimentation and learning,

partnering with a wide range of actors, ability to contextualize and continuously adapt technologies

to suit varied user demands,

efforts at influencing the institutions and policies amongother actors to promote innovation, and

participation in wide sector related networks and extensive

use of networks.caring for those who feed the nation


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Energy use going to be critical

Large-scale mechanized production will become more expensive, and this will make

more labor-intensive methods relatively more profitable as a result.

Fertilizer and agrochemical prices are also likely to rise, making our current input-intensive agriculture less profitable, and for many farmers not practical.

International trade in agricultural commodities will become less economic becauseof hi her costs of trans ortation, es eciall adverse for bulk , low-value commodities.


This means globalized solutions to maintaining food security will become lesssupportable.

Other sources of alternative energy may become available. But there should be

some burden of proof, with evidence of meaningful public and private investment,

that these other energy sources will actually become available to maintain high-inputagriculture.

Subsidization of energy and agricultural inputs by governments or donor agencies,which fueled the spread of Green Revolution technologies, is probably an obsolete

strategy. There is neither the political will nor fiscal capacity to return to such policies


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Adapting to changing climate

Climate change is going to be critical

Paddy yields have fallen by more than 10 % in thelast one decade

are increasing

Situation specific cropping systems and well

adapted varieties are needed

GM crops are more vulnerable-AP and Vidharba

reports



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GE regulation: who regulates whom?

Failed to regulate pesticides and seeds

How do they conduct independent, pro-poor biotech researchin the midst of existing IPR regimes controlled by MNCs and

also given that private sector funding of many public research

agenda?

How will public organizations deal with the royalties issues

given that all complementary (markers, vectors etc.)

technologies are patented? How can technology be madeavailable to poor?

How will they perform the regulatory functions without serious

conflicts of interest?caring for those who feed the nation


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Sustainable Agriculture: in harmony with nature

Local Resources: Seeds, soils, crops

Knowledge and skills of Ecological methods of farming likeNon Pesticidal Management, Soil health and Productivity, Seed

banks

ns u ona ys ems or sus a n ng e n a ves

Increasing control over the post harvest management,

processing and marketing

Social and equity concerns

Improving agriculture based livelihoods



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New partner ships

Farmers as active partners

Supplementing the farmers knowledge Knowledge as the main driver

armers ga n ng con ro over e r resources



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Post Green Revolution: new ecological paradigm

New science of ecological farming

Local Resource based technologies Open source

Knowledge intensive

Less energy intensive

Low capital intensive

Diversity based cropping systems

Technology generation at different nodes

Horizontal scaling up

Community managed institutions and support systems New opportunities for resource poor areas, resource poor

farmers and agril. workers


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Ecological farming: shaping up

Organic movement Commercial, export oriented

Sustainable, domestic market oriented

Large scale community based initiatives- CMSA in AP


,

Subash Palekar, Nammalwar, Manohar Parchure, BhaskerSave

NGOs across the states

9 states came with organic farming policy

Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, National Mission onSustainable Agriculture announced


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Contact for further information

Centre for Sustainable A riculture

Turning the tide

if you think you are too small to make a difference, try sleeping in a closed

room with a mosquitoAfrican Proverb

http://www.csa-india.org

http://www.indiagminfo.orghttp://www.agrariancrisis.wordpress.com

[email protected]

Ph. 040-27017735, 27014302

Documents

120217 Agri Research in Post Green Revolution Era