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29,569handgunspictured…equivalenttothenumberofhandgundeathsintheUnitedStatesin2004. Chris Jordan, photographer, 2007
YouthviolenceprevenBon,coaliBons,&poliBcalacBon:Acity‐wideorganizaBonal
networkanalysisDouglasD.Perkins
EricTesdahlRobinFraser
CenterforCommunityStudies,PeabodyCollege,VanderbiltU.
SocietyforCommunityResearch&AcBonBiennialConference,6/18/11ThisstudywasfundedbytheNCIPC/USCDCP(5U49CE001022).TheviewsexpressedinthispresentaBondonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialpoliciesoftheUSCDCP,DHHSorendorsementbytheUSGovernment.
PreviousStudies• ResearchofyouthviolenceprevenBonefforts(YVP)unabletoidenBfydirectservicemethodsattheorganizaBonal
levelthatareconsistentlybotheffecBveandtrulyprevenBveforthewholepopulaBon
• Inresponse,varioustypesofcommuniBesandciBesacrossthecountryhaveturnedtocollaboraBvepartnershipsandcoaliBonsinYVPefforts,whichhavebeenshowntobeeffecBveincasesofsubstanceabuseandpublichealth(Hays,Hays,DeVille,&Mulhall,2000;Roussos&Fawcec,2000).
• ThisapproachisbeingadoptedinternaBonally(Stevens,Seedat,Swart,&vanderWalt,2003).
CoaliBonEffecBveness:• AbilityofcoaliBonstocauseextraorganizaBonalchangestemsfromnetworkingandcollaboraBvepartnerships
thatworkto:
– Bringtogetherkeystakeholders– PoolandincreaseaccesstoinformaBon– IncreaseinfluenceinpoliBcs– IncreaseabilitytoengageinthecommunityanddisseminateinformaBon(Griffithetal,2008)
PoliBcalAdvocacy:• TohaveanychanceofdemonstraBnganimpactatthecommunityorwiderlevel,clearlypublicpolicychangesare
needed,e.g.,toreduceyouthaccesstofirearms,butfeworganizaBonsparBcipaBngingovernment‐supportedcoaliBonshavethecapacity,knowledge,training,orinclinaBontoengageinpolicy‐relatedresearch,educaBonoradvocacy(Schmid,Bar&Nirel,2008).
• YetafeworganizaBonsinanygivencitytypicallydohavememberswhounderstandstructuralcausesofviolence&havethecapacityforpoliBcalacBon(Boris&Krehely,2002).
• SeveralfactorscorrelatewithincreasedpoliBcalacBvity:– OrganizaBonallevel:Higheraccesstoresources,e.g.,largevolunteerbaseandbudget,(Schmidetal,2008),
andnetworkingwithandinvolvingcommunityleadersindecision‐making(Pentz,2000)
– CoaliBonlevel:memberdiversityandnumberofsectorsofcommunityrepresented(Haysetal,2000)• MixedresultsofwhethercollaboraBon/networkingofcoaliBonmembersleadstoincreasedpoliBcal
advocacyornot(Haysetal,2000;Griffithetal,2008)
StudyAim&Background&QuesBons
Background:• Basedonyears1&3ofa5‐year,mixed‐method
studybasedonin‐depthinterviewsoforganizaBonalleadersof90organizaBonsinvolvedinYouthViolencePrevenBon(YVP)workinNashville,TN
• NUPACEistheNashvilleUrbanPartnershipAcademicCentersforExcellence,partofanaBonwidenetworkofresearchcentersonYVPfundedbytheCDC’sNaBonalCenterforInjuryPrevenBon&Control– Employsacommunity‐basedparBcipatory
[CBPR]&mulB‐disciplinaryapproachtoyouthviolenceprevenBon
– Conductsresearch&surveillanceonyouthviolence
– FosterscollaboraBonbetweenacademicinsBtuBonsandlocalcommunitypartnerstohelpdevelop,implement,andevaluatepromisingprevenBonefforts
– Organized,staffs&supportstheNashvilleCommunityCoaliBonforYouthSafetytomobilizeandempowerlocalorganizaBons,schools&otherpublicagencies,&communiBestoaddressyouthviolence
Aim:topredictoverBmetheapproachtakenbyallpublicandprivateorganizaBonsaddressingyouthviolence(bothcoaliBonmembers&nonmembers)inaparBcularcity,withparBcularacn.tothoseengagedinadvocacyforpolicychange.
QuesBons:
1. DescripBvely,whatYVPstrategiesarebeingusedtowhatproporBonalextent?
2. Havethosestrategieschangedover3years?3. WhatistheimpactofrelaBonsbetween
organizaBons(informaBonsharing,trainingandeducaBon,etc.)onthelikelihoodofcollaboraBngonadvocacyorpolicychange?
EducaBon–SchoolsandAdministraBon
ChurchesImmigrantOrganizaBons
Health/MentalHealthOrganizaBons
YouthOrganizaBons
HumanServiceOrganizaBons
GovernmentOrganizaBons
Community/NeighborhoodOrganizaBons
2007Sample:N=66LocalOrganizaBons:CoaliBonParBcipants=28,Non‐ParBcipants=38
B.AnnualOrganizaBonalInterviewsconsistedof3parts:
1. open‐endedquesBonsonthenatureoftheorganizaBon’sYVPworkincludinggoals,descripBonsofacBviBes,typesofprograms,targetsofchange;
2. organizaBonalcharacterisBcsincl.#ofstaff&volunteers,budget,specializedYVPtraining;&perceivedextenttowhichtheiracBviBeswerea)strengths‐based,b)prevenBve(vs.treatment‐oriented),c)empowering(vs.serviceoriented),&d)focusedonchangingcommunitycondiBons(ratherthanadapBngindividualstoexisBngcommunitycondiBons);
3. organizaBonalnetworkquesBonsinwhichrespondentswereshownalistofalllocalpublic,nonprofit&voluntaryorganizaBonsthatengageinYVP&askedabouttheirorganizaBon’srelaBonshipwitheachoneovertheprevious12months(eachw/addiBonalprobes):– WorkedwiththisorganizaBoninthepastonanyissue?– ConsiderthisorganizaBonaleaderorinnovatorinYouthViolencePrevenBon?– WorkedwiththisorganizaBoninthepastonyouthviolenceprevenBonissues?– IsthisrelaBonshipformal(contractual)orinformal(voluntary)?– TypeofRelaBonship/CollaboraBon:training/educaBon,community/coaliBonevent,
resourcesharing,informaBonsharing,program/servicedelivery,policy/advocacy
PreliminaryResults1. DescripBvely,whatYVPstrategiesarebeingusedtowhat
extent?2.Havethosestrategieschangedover3years?ApproachtoYouthViolencePrevenBon: Year1(58) Year3(68)
Youth‐focusedprevenBon/promoBon[totalorgsusing1+offollowing]: 44[76%] 59[87%]
PosiBveyouthdevelopment:resiliencyskills&prosocialbehaviors 29[50] 37[54]
Adult/peermentoring&providingposiBverolemodels 4[7] 33[49]
EducaBngyouth/familiesregangs/drugs/alcohol&violence 27[47] 31[46]
Counselingat‐riskyouthorthoseaffectedbyviolence 6[10] 27[40]
AdvocaBngonbehalfofyouth 1[2] 8[12]
Youthsupervision/AcBviBes[totalorgsusing1+offollowing]: 18[31%] 33[49%]
Providingasaferenvironment‐‐increasedadultsupervision 5[9] 9[13]
ProvidingposiBveacBviBes&alternaBvesforyouth 15[26] 30[44]
CollaboraBveorganizaBonalapproaches[total]: 16[28%] 27[40%]
Sponsoringprograms/acBviBes 2[3] 7[10]
Workingw/otherorg’sonYVPevents(e.g.picnic,rally,summit…) 15[26] 25[37]
Influencinggovernmentpolicy(e.g.advocaBngforequitableschools,policing)onorganizaBonallevel
6[10%] 22[32%]
Rela%onA
Rela%onB
QAPregressiondescribestherelaBveimpactofhavingcertainkindsofrelaBons(independentvariables)onthelikelihoodofhavingsomeotherkindofrelaBon(dependentvariable).
Forexample:ifwehadmeasuredthreerelaBonsbetweenagivensetofnodes,QAPregressionallowsustosay:
IftwonodesareconnectedonrelaBonA,theyare20%morelikelytobeconnectedonrelaBonC.
IftwonodesareconnectedonrelaBonB,theare30%lesslikelytobeconnectedonrelaBonC.
IftwonodesareconnectedonrelaBonsAandB,theyare10%lesslikelytobeconnectedonrelaBonC.
WhatistheimpactofrelaBonsbetweenorganizaBons(informaBonsharing,trainingandeducaBon,etc.)onthelikelihoodofhavingarelaBonintheadvocacy/policyarena?
r2=.112 Un-stdized Stdized Proportion Proportion
Independent Coefficient Coefficient Significance As Large As Small Std Err
Intercept 0.002964 0
CCE - YR 1 0.04542 0.077462 0.001 0.001 0.9995 0.040558
IS - YR 1 0.108331 0.214299 0.0005 0.0005 1 0.036862
PD - YR 1 0.012268 0.021219 0.1064 0.1064 0.8941 0.040178
RS - YR 1 0.062052 0.112384 0.0005 0.0005 1 0.04255
TE - YR 1 0.015401 0.026638 0.081 0.081 0.9195 0.038605 Government Organization? -0.01188 -0.02065 0.1354 0.8651 0.1354 0.037367 Qualitative Evidence of Advocacy? -0.0071 -0.00422 0.5057 0.4948 0.5057 0.041142
YearOne–AdvocacyandPolicyCollaboraBon
• ConnecBonviacommunityeventsincreasedlikelihoodofadvocacycollaboraBonby4.5%
• ConnecBonviainformaBonsharingincreasedlikelihoodofadvocacycollaboraBonby10.8%
• ConnecBonviaresourcesharingincreasedlikelihoodofadvocacycollaboraBonby6.2%
r2=.286 Un-stdized Stdized Proportion Proportion
Independent Coefficient Coefficient Significance As Large As Small Std Err
Intercept 0.001029 0
CCE - YR 3 0.184372 0.252205 0.0005 0.0005 1 0.065239
IS - YR 3 0.10973 0.173608 0.0005 0.0005 1 0.076843
PD - YR 3 0.025304 0.039883 0.0165 0.0165 0.984 0.070767
RS - YR 3 0.052477 0.070627 0.001 0.001 0.9995 0.071373
TE - YR 3 0.100838 0.133841 0.0005 0.0005 1 0.07333 Government Organization? 0.000542 0.000607 0.4693 0.4693 0.5312 0.065594 Qualitative Evidence of Advocacy? -0.02283 -0.03088 0.03 0.9705 0.03 0.063679
YearThree–AdvocacyandPolicyCollaboraBon
• ConnecBonviacommunityeventsincreasedlikelihoodofadvocacycollaboraBonby18.4%
• ConnecBonviainformaBonsharingincreasedlikelihoodofadvocacycollaboraBonby10.9%• ConnecBonviatraining/educaBonsharingincreasedlikelihoodofadvocacycollaboraBon
by10.0%
• Unexpectedly,advocacywork(ascodedinqualitaBveinterview)hadaslightnegaBveimpactonthelikelihoodofpolicyadvocacycollaboraBon.
AnycollaboraBoninyouthviolenceprevenBon:Year1
nonparBcipaBngorg.network coaliBonparBcipantnetwork
Policy/AdvocacyOrg.NetworkCollaboraBon(diff.quesBonthanopen‐ended)Year1(2007) Year2(2008) Year3(2009
ReciprocalTie
Discussion• CoaliBonsofschools,humanservices&otherpublic&privatenonprofit&voluntary
organizaBonshavebeenorganizedthroughouttheU.S.,ovenwithFederalsupport,toaddressavarietyofpublichealthissues,includingsubstanceabuseand,inthepresentstudy,youthviolenceprevenBon(YVP)
• ThevastmajorityofsuchcoaliBons&individualorganizaBonsengageindirectsocialservices,publiceducaBon&informaBonsharing,&school&community‐basedprevenBonprograms,thatfocusonindividualresponsibility&havelargelybeenprovenineffecBveatreducingratesofsubstanceabuse,violenceorothercrimesinthetargetedcommuniBes,letaloneinthelocalpopulaBonasawhole(Perkinsetal,2007).
Conclusions• MostorganizaBonsaddressingyouthviolencedosothroughindividuallyfocusedprevenBon/promoBon(suchasposiBveyouthdevelopmentprogramsthatprovidestructured,supervisedgroupacBviBes)despitelimiteddemonstratedeffecBveness[itiswherefundingis]
• Unexpectedly,volunteerorganizaBonsNOTsignificantlymorelikelytoengageinadvocacyforpolicychange
• OrganizaBonsparBcipaBngin1styearofCoaliBonmorelikelytoengageinadvocacy2yearslater[thoughnotthroughCoaliBon,whichisbehindmostofitsownmembershipwhenitcomestoadvocacy]
• ThosemorecentraltotheenBreprogramdeliverynetworkoflocalorganizaBonsaddressingyouthviolencewereLESSlikelytoengageinadvocacy;immigrant&otherorgsmoreperipheraltothenetworkaremoresensiBvetostructuralcauses&soshouldbeacBvelyrecruitedbythecoaliBon.
• Ci#zens UnitedSupremeCourtdecisionallowingunlimitedcorporate&lobbyspendingonpoliBcaladverBsingmayrequirecounter‐weightsinallowablepubliceducaBon/policyadvocacy.Nonprofit&volunteerorgs&evenpublicagencieshaveunderuBlizedpotenBalforthatpurpose.
References
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