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EnergyPolicyGroup
Poli0calpowerandthedevelopmentoftheGBrenewable
heatincen0ve
RichardLowesEnergyPolicyGroup
UniversityofExeterCornwallCampus
EnergyPolicyGroup
Introduc?on
• SeAngthescene,whyisheatimportant?
• Theore?calcontext• Methods• Resultsandconclusions• What’snext?
EnergyPolicyGroup
Whyisheatsoimportant?• Globally,aroundhalfofallenergydemand(IEA,2014)
• AsimilarlevelintheUK(DECC,2013)
• UKheavilyreliantongas– 2ndhighestpenetra?onofgashea?ngintheworld
– 85%ofhomesusegas
Gas71%
Oil7%
SolidFuel3%
Electricity15%
HeatSold2%
Bio-energyandwaste
2%
DECC,2013
EnergyPolicyGroup
Gas80%
Oil7%
SolidFuel2%
Electricity9%
HeatSold0%
Bio-energyandwaste2%
Gas67%
Oil8%
SolidFuel0%
Electricity21%
HeatSold3%
Bio-energyandwaste1%
Gas54%
Oil6%
SolidFuel9%
Electricity23%
HeatSold5%
Bio-energyandwaste3%
OtherUses53%
Domes?cHeatConsump?on27%
ServiceSectorHeatConsump?on
9%
Industrialheatconsump?on11%
Heat47%
BasedonDECC,2013
EnergyPolicyGroup
Atransforma?onofthehea?ngsectorisrequired
• 80%carbontargetimpliesfulldecarbonisa?onofhea?ngsector(CCC,2015,DECC,2013)
• UKcurrentlyanetgasimporterat50%levels,likelytoincrease(DECC,2015)
DECC,2013b
EnergyPolicyGroup
Socio-poli?calpowerisanimportantaspectofsystemtransforma?ons
• ‘Power’isrecognisedasbeingmissingfrommuchofthedebatearoundtransforma?ons(e.g.Shove&Walker,2010,Markardetal.,2016)
• Lukes(2005)explainsthat'thereisnoagreementabouthowtodefineit,howtoconceiveit,howtostudyitand,ifitcanbemeasured,howtomeasureit[power]'(p61).
• Bypower,Isimplyrefertotheabilityofactorstoaffectpolicyandregula?onintheheatsector.
• Employedanapproachcalled‘Fourdimensionofpower’(HaugaardandRyan,2012)
EnergyPolicyGroup
Researchfocus-TheUKRenewableHeatIncen?ve
• Aschemetobeginthetransforma?ontosustainableheat– 12%renewableheattargetfor2020
• Non-domes?copenedNov2011– 20yeartariffs– Technologyandsizespecific
• Domes?cApril2014– Technologyspecific– ‘Deemed’heatuse
EnergyPolicyGroup
Method• Usedthe‘EAR’instrument(Arts,1999)
• Fundamentallyinterviewswithlobbyists,policymakersanddocumentanalysis
• Triangula?on
EnergyPolicyGroup
KeypolicychangesintheRHI• Policychange1:Thepowerofthe
RenewableEnergyAssocia:ontospeeduptheintroduc:onoftheRHI
• Policychange2:FundingtheRHIthroughgeneraltaxaDon
• Policychange3:ThemaintenanceoftheRHIinthecoaliDonGovernment
• Policychange4:ThemandarinandtheneardeathoftheRHI(2010-2011)
• Policychange5:Theoverrewardingofbiomass
• Policychange6:Furthersupportforbiomass
• Policychange7:Extrasupportforbiomethane
EnergyPolicyGroup
Biomassisdomina?ngthenon-domes?cscheme
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
GWh
Smallbiomassboiler(<200kW)
Mediumbiomassboiler(200-1000kW)
Largebiomassboiler(>1000kW)
Solarthermal(<200kW)
Smallwaterorgroundsourceheatpumps(<100kW)
Largewaterorgroundsourceheatpumps(>100kW)
AirSourceHeatPumps
CHP
DeepGeothermal
Biogas
Biomethane DECC,2016
EnergyPolicyGroup
MethodologicalIssues• Intervieweesonbothsideswillhaveinterests,nothingcanbetakenatfacevalue
• Policysuccessdoesn’tindicateinfluence,luckandcircumstanceareimportantfactors
• Secondphaseofresearchwouldstrengthenmethodology– Triangula?onfollowedby:
• Secondaryinterviews• Furthermoredetaileddocumentanalysis
EnergyPolicyGroup
Conclusions
• UKheatpolicyispowerladen– Therehavebeennumerousakemptstoinfluencepolicywithimpactsonthetransforma?on
• Powerisnotjustassociatedwithlobbyistsbutalsocivilservants,poli?cians
• Theroleofknowledge/evidenceispar?cularlyimportantwhenconsideringpower
• Socio-poli?calpowermustbeconsideredbypolicymakers
EnergyPolicyGroup
What’snext?
• Writeupthesisincludingotheraspects• CompleteUKERCproject‘Heat,IncumbencyandTransforma?ons’– 24months– Focusontheheatsectorandincumbentcompanies
• BuildacademiccapacityaroundUK/globalheatgovernance
EnergyPolicyGroup
References• CommikeeonClimateChange,2015.TheFiJhCarbonBudget:Thenextsteptowardsalow-carboneconomy,
Availableat:hkps://documents.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Commikee-on-Climate-Change-Finh-Carbon-Budget-Report.pdf.
• DECC,2013.EsDmatesofheatuseintheUnitedKingdomin2012,London.Availableat:hkps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/akachment_data/file/244735/4_es?mates_of_heat_use_in_the_uk_2012.pdf.
• DECC,2013,b.TheFutureofHeaDng :MeeDngthechallenge,London.Availableat:hkps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/akachment_data/file/190149/16_04-DECC-The_Future_of_Hea?ng_Accessible-10.pdf.
• DECC,2015.DigestofUnitedKingdomEnergyStaDsDcs(DUKES)2015,London.Availableat:hkps://www.gov.uk/government/publica?ons/digest-of-united-kingdom-energy-sta?s?cs-dukes-2013-printed-version-excluding-cover-pages.
• DECC,2016.RHIMonthlyNon-DomesDcForecast29February2016,• Haugaard,M.,Ryan,K.(2012)SocialandPoli?calPower.InM.Haugaard&K.Ryan,eds.PoliDcalPower:the
DevelopmentoftheField.BarbarBudrich,Opladen,Berlin,Toronto,pp.21–53.• IEA,2014.Hea?ngwithoutglobalwarming-Marketdevelopmentsandpolicyconsidera?onsforrenewableheat.• Lukes,S.,2005.Power:ARadicalView,SecondEdiDon,PalgraveMacmillan,Hampshire.• Markard,J.,Suter,M.&Ingold,K.,2016.Socio-technicaltransi?onsandpolicychange–Advocacycoali?onsin
Swissenergypolicy.EnvironmentalInnovaDonandSocietalTransiDons,18,pp.215–237.• Shove,E.&Walker,G.,2010.Governingtransi?onsinthesustainabilityofeverydaylife.ResearchPolicy,39(4),pp.
471–476.Availableat:hkp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar?cle/pii/S0048733310000338[AccessedJanuary22,2014].