Pre AP biology 2017 final exam Review:

100 questions Multiple choice Completely comprehensive – that means it covers the whole year…August to May. Date and time of your final _________________________________

There are 12 units – that means about 8 or 9 questions from each unit. Here are the units:I. biomoleculesII. cellsIII. transportIV. energyV. cell reproductionVI. geneticsVII. DNA, RNA and protein synthesisVIII. EvolutionIX. ClassificationX. EcologyXI. Pathogens (including Hot Zone)XII. Prefixes

I. Biomolecules:

Organic or inorganic? How do you tell?________________________________Categorize organic or inorganic:

What are the 4 classes of compounds? ______________________________

How can you tell the difference between Carbohydrates and everything else? _____________________________Lipids and everything else? ____________________________________Proteins and everything else? __________________________________Nucleic acids and everything else? ______________________________

What kind of bond holds togetherCarbohydrates - ___________________Lipids - _____________________Nucleic acids - ________________Proteins - ____________________

Categorize the following as carbohydrate (C), Lipid (L), Protein (P), Nucleic Acid (NA)

Starch Hair DNA

Cellulose Plant cell walls Enzymes

Organic product of photosynthesis

Component of cell membrane

Hemoglobin

Unsaturated fat Saturated fatStructure

Solid at room temp

Examples

How many different amino acids are possible? __________________________What determines the order of the amino acids in your proteins? ____________________

II. Cells:

Prokaryote EukaryoteSizeAgeNucleusOrganellesExamplesPart Function Part FunctionNucleus Smooth ER

Cytoplasm Golgi Body

Ribosomes Vacuoles

Rough ER Lysosome

Plasma membrane

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts Cell wall

Plant cell and Animal cell comparison and contrast

III. Transport

Label the parts of a phospholipid: (polar, nonpolar, phosphate, lipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic)

Label the parts of a bilayer: (polar, nonpolar, phosphate, lipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic)

Use the drawing below to indicate the location of inside the cell, outside of the cell, polar and nonpolar

Using the image of a cell membrane below: Color the proteins red Color the polar part greenColor the non polar part yellow Add in a channel (transport) protein. Add in a carbohydrate marker on one of the proteins

When we say that a lipid bilayer is semipermeable, what do we mean?

Passive transport Active TransportRequires energyMoves molecules From low concentration to high

concentrationMoves molecules With (down) the concentration

gradientDefine osmosis:

Label the following drawings as hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic and draw an arrow to indicate the direction water will move. (The cell membrane is semipermeable but will not allow the particles to move thru…only water)

Here are some more examples:

Great website activity to review what happens to a human cell (blood cell), a plant cell (elodea) and protist (paramecium) in different solutions: http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/LS03/LS03.html

Indicate which of the following is endocytosis and which is exocytosis. Below each one give an example of a type of substance moved in that manner

Indicate which side is hypertonic, hypotonic and the direction water will move. Draw a prediction of what it will look like after sitting for a few hours:

before prediction

5% NaCl 2% NaCl

20% sucrose 50% sucrose

70% NaCl 40% NaCl

IV. Energy:

Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? How can you tell?

Give an example of endergonic and exergonic reactions:

What is activation energy?

What do the following letters represent in the diagram

A:B:C:E:

Which line (solid or dashed) represents a reaction with an enzyme?

Give some characteristics of an enzyme:

Give 3 examples of digestive enzymes and the reactions they catalyze:

What’s an easy way to tell if a chemical named is an enzyme?Name 4 things that can affect an enzyme functioning

Label the structure of ATP using the following terms: phosphate, bonds with high stored energy, sugar, and adenine

What does ATP become when it loses one phosphate? _______________ two phosphates?_______________All of our energy originates from the ______________________The first living things to take incoming energy and transform it to chemical energy (glucose) are called

_______________ or ____________________. The energy flows from those organisms to ____________________ or ______________________ that must eat to obtain energy

Give 3 kinds of organisms that are photosynthetic:

What is fermentation? When does it occur and what are the byproducts?Bacteria can only conduct the first part of cellular respiration. What is that called? How many ATP does it produce?

Cellular respiration PhotosynthesisWhat

Where

Who

What goes in (reactant)

What comes out (product)

Reaction (balanced)

V. Cell Reproduction:

What is a gene?What is a chromosome? What is chromatin?Where can you find these things?How many chromosomes do you have in your somatic cells?What is a somatic cellHow many chromosomes do you have in your gametes?What is a gamete?Why do gametes have a haploid number of chromosomes?

Cell cycle: Label the following diagrams with the following terms: G1, G2, S, cytokinesis, mitosis, interphase*Notice I am giving you more than one diagram so that you can get used various formats. Who knows what I will

put on the final (and Rick Perry is the only one that knows what they’re putting on the STAAR)

What happens in each of these phases?

G1

G2

SMitosisCytokinesisWhat kind of cell never leaves G1

What happens when the cell cycle loses control and begins to rapidly repeat itself?

How does cytokinesis differ between a plant cell and an animal cell?

Label each of the steps in mitosis:

A (before mitosis begins)

B

C

D

E

F (after cytokinesis)

Is there a difference between the two cells labeled F?

Is there a difference between the cell labeled A and the two labeled F?

What is structure #6?

What is structure #13?

What is structure #1

What is structure #8?

You have 22 pairs of chromosomes called __________________. The 23rd set are called ____________ chromosomes and are either X and X if you are a ___________________ or X and Y if you are a _____________. X chromosome is necessary and everyone has one they got from their _________________. Y chromosome only codes for male sex characteristics and boys get that chromosome from their __________. Girls get their other X from their dads.

What is meiosis?

Characteristic Mitosis MeiosisParent cell

Where

# of daughter cells

Chromosome # in daughter cells

Are they clones?

What is a karyotype?

Identify the following karyotypes as male or female and indicate if there are any chromosomal disorders

VI. Genetics:

Who was Gregor Mendel?What is an allele?What is purebred?What is homozygous?What is heterozygous?What is genotype?What is phenotype?

Work the following examples of genetic crosses using these traits:Trait Dominant RecessivePlant height Tall ShortSeed color brown WhiteFlower color Purple YellowLocation of flowers Axial Terminal

A brown seeded plant is crossed with a white seeded plant and all the offspring have brown seeds. What was the genotype of the parents?

What is the genotype of the offspring?

Two heterozygous axial plants are crossed. What is the genotype and phenotype of the offspring?A heterozygous tall and heterozygous purple flowered plant is crossed with a short yellow flowered plant. What is

the phenotypic ratios expected in the offspring?

An axial white flowered plant is crossed with an axial brown plant. The offspring are half axial white and half axial brown. What is the probably genotype of the axial white plant? What about the axial brown plant?

In the case of incomplete dominance, a black hen and a white rooster produce speckled offspring. What if two speckled chickens cross? What are the expected phenotypes of the offspring?

If a gene is sex linked recessive found on the X chromosome and a mother that is a carrier mates with a father that does not have the disorder, what is the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

A mother that is type O marries a man who is type AB. What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

If one of their type B children marries a person that is AB, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

If one of their type A children marries someone that is type O, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

VII. DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis

Who won the Nobel prize for finding the structure of DNA?Who was Chargaff?Who was R. Franklin?If a DNA molecule is 27% guanine, what percent makes up the other 3 bases?

What is antiparallel mean?

What two bases are purines? What two bases are pyrimidines?

Which ones are bigger?Draw a DNA molecule with the code ATC. Label phosphodiester bond, hydrogen bond, nucleotide, base pair, and

number the carbons 1 – 5.

What is replication?When does it take place?Where does it take place?Why does it take place?What does semiconservative mean?Draw a DNA strand replicating and label helicase, DNA polymerase and a replication fork.

Draw an RNA nucleotide:

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

What is the purpose of transcription?What is the purpose of translation?Fill out the following chart:

DNA (template) Complementary DNA

mRNA (From template)

tRNA Amino acid

TripletATC

TTTCUU

AUGtryptophan

What do we mean when we say that the genetic code is universal?

How do we use the universality of the genetic code in gene technology

Where does transcription take place?Where does translation take place?

What is a mutation?

Given a DNA code of TTA ATAMake a mutation that is silent:Make a mutation that is a point mutation?

Why is a frameshift mutation nearly always very bad…resulting in a non functional protein.

VIII. Evolution

What is the definition of evolution?Who was Charles Darwin?What book did he publish?What is artificial selection?What is natural selection?What is natural selection also called?What are the three conditions that must be met for natural selection to take place?

Proof of evolution Define ExampleFossil record: transitional fossils

Vestigial structures

Homologous structures

Amino acid sequences

Embryology

What is significant about the tiktaalik?What is significant about archaeopteryx

IX. Classification

What is taxonomy?Who was LinneausWhat is the purpose of giving everything a scientific name?

The dog flea belongs to the species canis and the genus Ctencephalides. Write its scientific name below:

What defines a species?

Write the levels of classification in order from smallest to largest

Domain Kingdom Number of cells

Type of cell

Nutrition Movement Example

Eubacteria1

Eukaryote

HeterotrophCan’t

moveDog

X. Ecology

Place the following in order from largest to smallest: individual, ecosystem, biome, population, community

What is the difference between population and community?What is the difference between community and ecosystem?

When does primary succession occur?What kind of plants are the first to appear in primary succession?When does secondary succession occur?Which takes longer, primary or secondary? Why?

Create a food chain using the following organisms: Bear, grass, mouse, bobcat

Label trophic levelsLabel producer and consumersLabel carnivore and herbivoreIf the grass as 80 joules of energy, how many joules are stored in the bear?

Now create a food web using bear, grass, decomposer, minnow, algae, trout, butterfly, flower, salmon, berries, mouse, bobcat, snake, raccoon, spider, bird

What is the purpose of predators?

What is competition?What is predator/prey relationshipsWhat are three kinds of symbiosis?Define symbiosisDefine commensalism and give an exampleDefine mutualism and give an exampleDefine parasitism and give an example

XI. Pathogen

Compare and contrast bacteria and viruses

There may be some Hot Zone questions on the final exam