What is a long chain of sugar molecules?

What is the principal carbohydrate storage product in animals?

What molecules are the building blocks of proteins?

Why is a saturated fat called a "saturated" fat?

Of what is a triglyceride composed?

Where does Glycolysis take place in the cell?

What is another name for Chemiosmosis?

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle take place in the cell?

What is another name for the Kreb’s Cycle?

The final output of the Citric Acid cycle includes what?

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrial Matrix

One glycerol with 3 fatty acids

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Each carbon in the fatty acid chain is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, and is said to be saturated with hydrogen. Unsaturated fatty acids have carbon-carbon

Amino acids

Glycogen (stored in the liver and muscles)

Polysaccharides are long chains of simple sugars bonded together including starch, glycogen and cellulose.

CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH2 are the final output substances of the Krebs cycle

Citric Acid Cycle

A scientist can most readily distinguish between an onion cell and a cheek cell because the onion cell has what structure that the cheek cell does not?

What organelle processes, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids?

What is the thick, semi-fluid material within the cell that contains the organelles and the various materials that are involved in metabolism?

The extensive network of membranes that is found throughout much of the cell is the ______.

What is the structure in the cell that contains the genetic material and controls the structure and function of the cell?

What is the relationship between volume and surface area? Why is cell division therefore important?

The G1 Checkpoint is known as the Restriction Checkpoint because it determines whether a cell should divide, delay division, or enter a nondividing resting state known as the ___ phase.

What cellular checkpoint signifies the beginning of the M Phase?

The purpose of cell regulation is to maintain __________.

In regard to cell biology, what is density-dependent inhibition?

Volume increase faster than surface area. Cells with a much greater volume than surface area become less efficient as it becomes more difficult for substances to pass through the cell membrane (too many substances, not enough membrane). Cell division keeps the ratio of volume to surface area at a manageable size.

G2 Checkpoint

The nucleus

G0

The endoplasmic reticulum is the network of membranes that is found inside the cell.

The cytosol is the thick, semi-fluid material within the cell that contains the organelles and the various materials that are involved in metabolism. The term "cytoplasm" includes both the semi-fluid material and the organelles.

Golgi apparatus processes, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

Cell wall

reaches a certain density, the amount of required growth factors and nutrients available to each cell becomes insufficient to allow continued cell growth.

Homeostasis

What is Incomplete Dominance?

What type of bonds form between nucleotides?

What is the shape of DNA?

What are the three units of a nucleotide?

What is Pleiotropy? What is Epistasis?

What is Codominance? What is Polygenic Inheritance?

What is an anticodon? What is an Okazaki fragment and what enzyme is related to Okazaki fragments?

Double Helix

5-C Sugar, Phosphate Group, Nitrogenous Base

Condition in which a trait is intermediate between two parents (ex: red flower + blue flower = purple flower).

Phosophodiester

The presence of one gene affects the expression of another gene. One gene interferes with or prevents the expression of another gene located at a different locus.

Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits. Consequently, a new mutation in the gene will have an effect on all traits simultaneously.

Traits that are controlled or influenced by several genes (ex: intelligence, height, weight, eye color, behavior)

Situation in which two different alleles for a genetic trait are both expressed. (ex: red cattle + white cattle = red and white spotted offspring)

An Okazaki fragment is a relatively short fragment of DNA created on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

Primase initiates Okazaki fragment primers.

A sequence of 3 letters found on TRNA that pairs with the codon of MRNA.

What is a “fluid feeder?”

What is meant by a “closed” cardiovascular system?

Which body system is responsible for moving fluids, gases, and wastes to and from cells?

Name the four chambers of the heart. Which chamber is the last to receive blood before it leaves the heart through the Aorta?

What is a primary use of vitamin E?

Do fat-soluble OR water-soluble vitamins build up in the body, eventually leading to toxic levels?

What are the two primary storage sites for glycogen?

What is an “essential” nutrient?

What, exactly, carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells?

Is the lymphatic system open or closed?

Circulatory system

Right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle.

Left ventricle.

Organisms that feed on the fluids of other animals or even plants.

Examples of fluid feeders include:Aphids, Ticks, Mosquitoes,

The blood never leaves the system of blood vessels.

Fat-soluble Protection of membrane phospholipids from oxidation

Nutrients that cannot be manufactured by the organism

Liver, muscle cells

Open Interstitial fluid

What is the functional unit of muscle contraction?

The hormone PRL, which stands for ______, is responsible for milk production in mammary glands.

The endocrine system is responsible for releasing signaling molecules known as ______, which are _____ (faster/slower) than nerve impulses in signaling reactions in the body, but produce responses that last ______ (longer/shorter) than nerve impulses.

Where does spermatogenesis take place?

What is the most important organ of the excretory system; where is it located?

What is resting potential?

Name the main components of the excretory system.

What is an alimentary canal?

The _____ _____ is the solid body formed in the ovaries after the egg has been released into the fallopian tube which continues to grow and divide for a while.

The release of what hormone matures the egg? What is an alternative name for this hormone in the male, where it stimulates the Leydig cells?

Hormones; slower; longer

Seminiferous tubules of the testes

Sarcomere

Prolactin

When the neuron is inactive and polarized. ( -70 mV)

Kidneys.

The kidneys are placed on either side of the spinal column near the lower back

Digestive tract The sweat glands, the liver, the lungs, and the kidneys are the main components of the excretory system.

LH (lutenizing hormone); ICSH (Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone)

Corpus Luteum

This layer of polysaccharide (sometimes proteins) protects the bacterial cell and is often associated with pathogenic bacteria because it serves as a barrier against phagocytosis by white blood cells.

What is evolution?

What are polygenic traits?

What is phylogeny?

Bacteriophages are involved in what mode of virus proliferation?

(Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation, etc)

What is another name for the genophore?

What is the product of translation?

Define anticodon.

Define ‘clade.’ What is “cladistics?”

The transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another is known as:

______ _______

Traits that arise from the action of several genes.

The evolutionary history of a species.

The capsule

Cumulative changes that occur in a population over time.

Bacterial chromosome Transduction

A 3-base sequence in a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with its complementary codon in an mRNA molecule.

Polypeptide chain (or a protein)

Gene flow A monophyletic group of organisms.

Cladistics – hierarchical classification of species based on evolutionary ancestry.

Why are viruses denied a kingdom of their own?

The most primitive vascular plants belong to Division (Phylum) __________.

The first land plants to have evolved were:

The water-conducting ______ tissue in plant stems is actually composed of dead cells.

True or False:

The Phylum Chordata, meaning “hollow dorsal nervous cord,” incorporates human beings.

The common name for animals in Phylum “Platyhelminthes” is what?

What is a Domain, and where does it rank in respect to Kingdoms?

What are the six kingdoms? What two kingdoms were combined in the Five-Kingdom System, and what was the name of that combined kingdom?

What is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants?

What does it mean for a plant to be “perennial?”

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts)

Xylem

They are not organisms.

Bryophyta

Flatworm True

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Eubacteria

Archaea and Eubacteria; Kingdom Monera (or Prokaryota)

The Phylogenetic classification that is comprised of multiple Kingdoms. Domains are ranked immediately higher than Kingdoms.

Perennial plants live for many growing seasons and continue to reproduce once mature.

The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants.

The difference between a "sensitive" period and a "critical" period with regard to normal development of animal behavior is that, while they both concern the times in an animal's life when certain types of learning are more easily accomplished, the critical

Standing outside the flight zone of cattle will cause them to start or stop moving?

What is meant by “innate behavior?”

What is cephalization? Cortisol is elevated in the bloodstream during times of ____. It is a reliable indicator of what in an animal?

Have a more definite beginning and end

“Instinct.” Behavior determined by the "hard-wiring" of the nervous system. It is usually inflexible, a given stimulus triggering a given response.

Stop moving

Stress

Cortisol is a reliable indicator of the degree of stress an animal is under

Cephalization is an evolutionary trend, whereby nervous tissue, over many generations, becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism. This process eventually produces a head region with sensory organs.