You are what you eat?You are what you eat?

4 Classes of Macromolecules4 Classes of Macromolecules

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

(Sugars)(Sugars)

FunctionFunction

Short Term Energy StorageShort Term Energy Storage

Carbohydrate loadingCarbohydrate loading

Identification of CellsIdentification of Cells

Are you a good cell or a bad cell?Are you a good cell or a bad cell?

What type of cell are you? What type of cell are you?

Made up of…Made up of…Carbon, Hydrogen, and OxygenCarbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

glucoseglucose sucrosesucrose

Building BlocksBuilding BlocksMonomer: a basic unit of an organic compoundMonomer: a basic unit of an organic compound

Simple sugars Simple sugars –ose–ose

Monosaccharide (Monomer): Monosaccharide (Monomer): glucoseglucose

CC66HH1212OO66

Disaccharide (Polymer): Disaccharide (Polymer): sucrosesucrose

CC1212HH2222OO1111

Polysaccharide (Polymer):Polysaccharide (Polymer): Many simple Many simplesugars joined together to form largersugars joined together to form largercarbohydrates, like carbohydrates, like starchstarch..

ExamplesExamplesExamples Examples – Glucose Glucose

(respiration and (respiration and photosynthesis)photosynthesis)

– CelluloseCelluloseplant cell wallplant cell wall

– LactoseLactose– SucroseSucrose– Glycogen:E storage in Glycogen:E storage in

animalanimal– Starch: E storage in Starch: E storage in

plantsplants

Food SourcesFood Sources– Rice Rice – BreadBread– PotatoesPotatoes– FruitsFruits

LipidsLipids(Fats)(Fats)

FunctionFunction

Long term Energy storageLong term Energy storage

Main component of cell membranesMain component of cell membranes

InsulationInsulation

PaddingPadding

Made up of…Made up of…Carbon, Hydrogen, and OxygenCarbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Building BlocksBuilding Blocks1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

ExamplesExamplesExamplesExamples– Body Fat: E Body Fat: E

storage in storage in animalsanimals

– Oils: Energy Oils: Energy storage in plantsstorage in plants

– WaxWax– Phospholipids in Phospholipids in

the cell the cell membranemembrane

Food sources:Food sources:– ButterButter– Olive oilOlive oil– MayonnaiseMayonnaise

IMPORTANT PROPERTYIMPORTANT PROPERTY

Lipids are Lipids are hydrophobichydrophobic– Hydrophobic:Hydrophobic: does not dissolve in does not dissolve in

water.water.

Applications for organisms:Applications for organisms:– WaterproofWaterproof– Cell formationCell formation

StructureStructureSaturated lipid: C - CSaturated lipid: C - C

Unsaturated lipid: C = CUnsaturated lipid: C = C

Structure (Continued)Structure (Continued)

Cell Membrane: made up of a Cell Membrane: made up of a phospholipid bilayer (two layers phospholipid bilayer (two layers of lipids)of lipids)

THE END FOR TODAYTHE END FOR TODAY

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

DNA and RNADNA and RNA

FunctionFunction

Stores genetic informationStores genetic information

DNA and RNA determine what DNA and RNA determine what protein is madeprotein is made

PROTEIN SYTHESISPROTEIN SYTHESIS

Made up ofMade up of

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorusand Phosphorus

Building BlocksBuilding Blocks

Monomers: NucleotidesMonomers: Nucleotides– Sugar (deoxyribose, ribose)Sugar (deoxyribose, ribose)– Phosphate Group Phosphate Group – Nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, Nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine,

guanine, cytosine, and uracil)guanine, cytosine, and uracil)

ExamplesExamples

DNADNA -all food -all food

RNARNA

Examples Food Sources

ProteinProtein

FunctionFunction

- Make up structures of organisms- Make up structures of organisms- Carry out chemical reactionsCarry out chemical reactions- Control the rate of chemical Control the rate of chemical

reactionsreactions- Transport molecules in and out of Transport molecules in and out of

cellscells- Fight diseaseFight disease

Made up of…Made up of…

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfurand Sulfur

Building BlocksBuilding Blocks

Monomers of Proteins are Monomers of Proteins are amino amino acidsacids

There are 20 different amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids.

ExamplesExamples

Examples:Examples:– Hair and NailsHair and Nails– HemoglobinHemoglobin– MusclesMuscles

– Enzymes: Protein that speeds Enzymes: Protein that speeds up the rate of chemical up the rate of chemical reactions. Also called a reactions. Also called a CatalystCatalyst

ENZYMES are SPECIFIC only bind to SPECIFIC substrates to work SPECIFIC reactions, because of the enzyme’s SPECIFIC shape.

Example: The enzyme DNA polymerase has a specific shape that allows it to bind to DNA and speed up the process of DNA replication

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactionsAll ENZYMES end in –ase

Examples:- lactase- amylase- galactidase

Specific enzyme action of the enzyme binding to the substrate is called the:

LOCK and KEY MODEL

THE ENDTHE END

For real this time….For real this time….