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Regents BiologyRegents Biology
Macromolecules: You are what you eat
Organic vs. Inorganic
• Organic Molecules: Contains Carbon AND associated with life.
Inorganic Molecules: Not associated with life… may, or may not contain carbon
Regents Biology
Carbon is cool - It can make up to 4 covalent bonds and fold in all kinds of ways!!
Regents Biology
CHNOPS… the main elements
that make up your body!!!!
(Carbon; Hydrogen; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Phosphorus; Sulfur)
What are Macromolecules?
• Nutrients provide the raw materials required for growth, repair and energy for living things. We obtain these nutrients as part of our diet. Some nutrients are required in large amounts to support cellular health, including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
4 Types of Macromolecules4 Types of Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: Sugars + StarchesSugars + Starches• Lipids: Lipids: Fats and OilsFats and Oils• Protein: Protein: Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue• Nucleic Acids: Nucleic Acids: Microscopic Genetic Material Microscopic Genetic Material
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Macromolecules
• Macro means:– Large
• Molecule: – Compound formed From 2 or more atom.
Many
One
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Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acids
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
aminoacid
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
Lipids = built from fatty acid & glycerolGlycerol Fatty
acid–
Regents BiologyRegents Biology
Identify each example according Identify each example according to type of macromolecule. . .to type of macromolecule. . .
ButterButter
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Chicken Chicken BreastBreast
BreadBread
Fish FiletFish Filet
Pizza GreasePizza Grease
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Corn SyrupCorn Syrup
DNA DNA
Digesting Macromolecules gives us energy
starch glucose
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATPATP
AnyQuestions?
• Stop & Read through questions in Carbohydrates
• Work on your own
– Pg 34–35 AND 44-48
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Carbohydrates
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sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Carbohydrates are built from sugars
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Function of Carbohydrates– quick energy– energy storage– Structure
starch
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Glucose Monomer
BIG carbohydrateschitin
– structure in arthropods & fungi» exoskeleton
Helpful bacteria• How can cows digest cellulose so well?
– BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Eeeew…Chewingcud?
Different Diets of HerbivoresCow
can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
Carbohydrates: MonosaccharidesCarbohydrates: Monosaccharides
• The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with the chemical formula of Cthe chemical formula of C66HH1212OO66
• These simple sugars are called MonosaccharidesThese simple sugars are called Monosaccharides• All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula, All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula,
but different shapes.but different shapes.• Examples:Examples:
– GlucoseGlucose– FructoseFructose– GalactoseGalactose
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Carbohydrates: Disaccharides Carbohydrates: Disaccharides
• Disaccharide = Double sugar. • They’re made by joining 2 monosaccharides
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharide = Many sugars Polysaccharide = Many sugars • This is a long chain of monosaccharidesThis is a long chain of monosaccharides• Examples:Examples:
– Starch: Grain FoodsStarch: Grain Foods– Cellulose: Plant fiberCellulose: Plant fiber
Regents Biology2003-2004
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Nucleic acids:
2006-2007
Information molecules
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DNADNA
Nucleic Acids• Function:
– genetic material• stores information• transfers information
proteinsproteins
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Nucleic acids
• Monomer (building block) = nucleotides
phosphate
sugar N base
Nitrogen basesI’m the A,T,C,G or Upart!
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Nucleotide chains• Nucleic acids
– nucleotides chained into a polymer
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
RNA
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Nucleic Acids Examples
– DNA– RNA
RNA
Regents Biology2003-2004
LipidsConcentrated energy molecules
That’s One Big Fatty Acid!
Lipids • Examples
– fats– oils– waxes– hormones
• sex hormones– testosterone (male)– estrogen (female)
2003-2004
Glycerol HEAD
Fatty Acid
TAIL
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Another way to Illustrate Lipids
2003-2004
HeadTail
Lipids
• Function:– energy storage
• very concentrated• twice the energy as carbohydrates!
– cell membrane– cushions organs– insulates body
• think whale blubber!
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Other Functions of Lipids in your Body• Sex Hormones (Look WAY different than the
other lipids… they are in rings).– Signals from one body system to another.
2003-2004
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Why are some fats solid and others liquid?
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•Quiz
Saturated vs. UnsaturatedAnimal (solid) vs. Plant (liquid)
saturated unsaturated
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Proteins!
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Amine
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Function of Proteins in Your Body
Immune SystemAntibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body.
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EnzymesEnzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA.
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Messengers
Messenger proteins, such as some types of hormones, transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.… Growth Hormone is a protein!2003-2004
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Structural ComponentThese proteins provide structure and support for cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move.
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Transport and Storage
These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.
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Regents Biology
Denaturating ProteinsDenaturating Proteins
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it is exposed to acids
Look Mom – I can denature
proteins!!!
Regents Biology2003-2004
Regents Biology
Videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMcxZNM
• 1:01:30 – Cracking the Code• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_IgSDVD4QEc
2003-2004
