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The 1995-2000 interprefectural migration of forThe 1995-2000 interprefectural migration of foreign residents of Japan:eign residents of Japan:

salient features and multivariate explanation salient features and multivariate explanation

Yoshitaka Ishikawa (Kyoto University, Japan)

and Kao-Lee Liaw (McMaster University, Canada)

The 4th International Conference on Population Geographies at Hong Kong, China, on 12 July, 2007

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Existing literature focused Existing literature focused on foreign residents in Japanon foreign residents in Japan

◆There has been a proliferation of research since the mid-1980s, when massive immigration started. ◆ Foreigner rate is low (1.6% ） , but absolute number is large (approximately 2 million).

◆It is now an important research subject of all social sciences including geography.

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Difficulty in studying migration Difficulty in studying migration of foreign residents in Japanof foreign residents in Japan

◆ No comprehensive source; general migration patterns have remained unknown.

◆ Published Reports of 2000 Census　 1) specific origins are unknown both for immigration and

internal migration　 2) detailed migrants’ attributes are unknown　⇒ special application to Japanese Statistics

Bureau to obtain micro data samples

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Three perspectives to explain Three perspectives to explain destination choicedestination choice

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Comparison of interprefectural migration bComparison of interprefectural migration between foreign residents and total populatetween foreign residents and total populat

ionion　 　 　 　 　 　 　

　 　 Foreign　Residents 　 Total　Population

Groupings　of　Prefectures　 　

Net-migration Rate 　

Net-migration Rate

　 　 (Persons) (　%　) 　 (Persons) (　%　)

The　Three　Largest　Metropolitan　Areas

-570 -0.10 164,912 0.28

Tokyo Area 354 0.14 235,743 0.74 Nagoya Area 1,848 2.13 21,893 0.21

Osaka Area -2,772 -1.15 -92,724 -0.53 Metropolitan　Fringes 600 1.21 32,280 0.41Manufacturing　Stronghold 1,894 4.45 -10,552 -0.16Tohoku　Region -372 -2.44 -41,423 -0.44Rest　of　Japan -1,552 -1.52 -145,217 -0.39

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Net-migration rate of Japanese Net-migration rate of Japanese interprefectural migration, 1995-2000interprefectural migration, 1995-2000

　

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Major foreign residents in Major foreign residents in JapanJapan(2000)(2000)

Census Alien registration

ethnicity 1,310,545 1,686,444 (1.03%) (1.33%)

Korean 528,904 635,269 Chinese 252,680 335,575 Brazil 188,190 254,394 Filipino 93,352 144,871 Others 247,419 316,335

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General features by major General features by major ethnicityethnicity

(Persons) (%) (Persons) (%) (Persons) (%) (Persons) (%)

The　Three　LargestMetropolitan　Areas -226 -0.07 790 0.90 -78 -0.22 -1,126 -2.82

Tokyo Area 1,378 1.40 812 1.39 -170 -0.63 -1,636 -11.14 Nagoya Area -12 -0.03 116 1.58 86 1.57 1,324 6.29 Osaka Area -1,592 -0.80 -138 -0.62 6 0.18 -814 -19.45

Metropolitan　Fringes 276 3.14 230 4.91 82 1.83 -106 -0.78

Manufacturing　Stronghold 130 1.44 -76 -1.67 -16 -0.44 1,510 8.39

Tohoku　Region -52 -0.72 -218 -6.90 54 2.98 -88 -8.49

Rest　of　Japan -128 -0.20 -726 -5.53 -42 -0.52 -158 -2.49

interprefecturalmigration　rate(%)

net-migration net-migration net-migration net-migration

6.6 14.9 9.5 25.4Groupings　of　Prefectures　

interprefecturalmigration　rate(%)

interprefecturalmigration　rate(%)

interprefecturalmigration　rate(%)

Korean　 Chinese Filipino Brazilian

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General features General features by educational attainmentby educational attainment

(Persons) (%) (Persons) (%) (Persons) (%) (Persons) (%)The　Three　LargestMetropolitan　Areas -698 -0.58 -960 -0.41 150 0.31 826 0.73

Tokyo Area -724 -1.96 -1,076 -1.18 158 0.68 1,776 2.70 Nagoya Area 536 2.14 1,040 2.81 250 3.71 72 0.58 Osaka Area -510 -0.87 -924 -0.87 -258 -1.33 -1,022 -2.96

Metropolitan　Fringes 280 2.22 130 0.64 -8 -0.23 186 2.54Manufacturing　Stronghold 504 4.44 924 5.00 134 4.02 196 3.54Tohoku　Region -24 -0.77 14 0.21 -78 -6.83 -208 -6.19Rest　of　Japan -62 -0.24 -108 -0.25 -198 -2.75 -1,000 -5.56

19.19net-migration net-migration net-migration net-migration

Universityinterprefecturalmigration　rate(%)

interprefecturalmigration　rate(%)

interprefecturalmigration　rate(%)

interprefecturalmigration　rate(%)Groupings　of　Prefectures　

Less　than　HS High　School College

7.31 8.77 13.11

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Nested logit modelNested logit model

　 Departure sub-model:

　　　 ⇒ dependent variable: choice probability of stay in, or departure from, the prefecture of usual residence in 1995

⇒sample size: 69,308 persons

　Destination choice sub-model :

⇒ dependent variable: choice probability of a particular destination among 46 prefectures

⇒ sample size: 42,301 persons

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Explanatory variablesExplanatory variables

　 Individual attributes <De, DC> : age, educational attainment, sex, ethnicity, family status

Labour market related <De, DC> : employment opportunity, income level

　 Co-ethnic attraction <De, DC>

Marital opportunity : <De, DC>

Prefectural size <De, DC> Competition with new immigrants <De, DC> Spatial separation <DC>: distance, contiguity Inclusive variable <De>

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Why is international marriage in Why is international marriage in Tohoku region important?Tohoku region important?

● The stem family system is dominant in such region as Tohoku. To maintain this system, marriage is essential for household head’s son as successor.

●Due to imbalanced sex ratio, the issue of marriage squeeze for male population is serious in eastern half of Japan.

⇒Tohoku has both the first and second conditions. Unless household head’s son find Japanese new bride, he tends to look for his bride with foreign nationality.

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New Immigration and Interprefectural MigrationNew Immigration and Interprefectural Migration

0 400km

都 道 府 県 別 に み た 外 国 人 の 国 外 か ら の 転 入 と 転 入 超 過

（ 人 ）

500 100 0- 500

net i nt er nal mi gr at i on

40000人100001000

f r om oveseas

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Application result Application result of departure submodelof departure submodel

　

Explanatory　Variable Coef. t-ratioConstant -3.4798 -61.2

Personal Attributes　College　Educ. 1.2311 4.0University　Educ. 2.6369 10.5　Male 0.0620 2.2　Aged　15-19 0.6846 10.1Aged　20-24 1.1576 20.9Aged　25-29 1.2404 24.5Aged　30-34 1.1491 22.9Aged　35-39 0.9135 17.7Aged　40-44 0.6441 11.3Aged　45-49 0.3815 6.0　Chinese 0.3221 6.2Brazilian 1.2124 10.7Filipino -0.2421 -3.8　Yome -0.2922 -2.0

Place Attributes and Interactions　Manufacturing　Employment　Growth　*Brazilian -0.0604 -6.7　Income　Level　*　College　Educ. -0.2649 -2.9Income　Level　*　University　Educ. -0.5534 -6.9　Ethnic　Similarity　*　Korean -0.0287 -9.2Ethnic　Similarity　*　Chinese -0.0130 -4.1Ethnic　Similarity　*　Brazilian -0.0610 -10.0Ethnic　Similarity　*　University　Educ. 0.0084 2.0　New　Immigration 0.0550 10.1　Bridal　Opportunity　*　Brazilian　Tsuma -0.0239 -2.5Stem　Family　Region　*　Yome -2.4630 -2.0　Ln(Employment　Size) -0.1853 -5.0　Inclusive　Variable 0.0374 1.2

Rho-square 0.1178

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Application result of destination choice suApplication result of destination choice submodelbmodel

　

Explanatory　Variable Coef. t-ratio　Manufacturing Employment Growth * Brazilian 0.1869 22.3Manufacturing Employment Growth * Filipino 0.0585 3.3Service Employment Growth * Korean 0.0295 3.4Service Employment Growth * Chinese 0.0805 7.2Service Employment Growth * Filipino 0.0451 2.0　Income Level * High School Educ. 0.1999 2.6Income Level * College or University Educ. 0.5431 7.6　Ethnic Similarity * Korean 0.0376 9.2Ethnic Similarity * Chinese 0.0227 5.3Ethnic Similarity * Brazilian 0.0727 14.8Ethnic Similarity * Filipino 0.0258 2.2Ethnic Similarity * College Educ. -0.0114 -2.0Ethnic Similarity * University Educ. -0.0160 -3.5　New Immigration * At Most High School Educ. -0.0387 -5.2　Stem Family Region * Yome 0.9704 2.0　Ln(Employment Size) 0.8382 24.1　Distance * At Most College Educ -0.7465 -31.9Distance * University Educ. -0.5486 -20.9Contiguity 0.5774 13.5Rho-square 0.2887

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ConclusionConclusion

Major destinations: Nagoya metropolitan area, manufacturing stronghold (not Tokyo metropolitan area)

Highly mobile persons: Brazilian, graduates from university

Application result of nested logit model <departure sub-model> ethnicity, age, educational attainment, c

ompetition with new immigrants, co-ethnic attraction <destination choice sub-model> spatial separation, prefectural si

ze, employment opportunity, co-ethnic attraction

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Implications of the Implications of the findingsfindings

Comparison of explanatory power of international marraige between new immigration and interprefectural migration: Role of international marriage in the former is larger than that in the latter.

Comparison of migration pattern between foreigner and Japanese: Net inflow to Tokyo metropolitan area for Japanese is much larger than that for foreigner.

⇒Interprefectural migration by foreign residents has contributed to a reduction of “monopolar concentration in Tokyo”.

”⇒ hollowization” of manufacturing employment opportunity may lead to an intensification of “monopolar concentration in Tokyo”.