Xun-Zi on Society and the Economy

8/9/2019 Xun-Zi on Society and the Economy

1/9

Mf tbk gffghs ac gfomkft Obmfksk pbmhasapby( Ruf%zm wgs tbk cmrst ta bgvk

tgikf tbk traulhk ta kxphgmf wby mt ms fkokssgry car buegf lkmfjs ta hmvk

tajktbkr wmtb saomgh gfd cufotmafgh dmstmfotmafs( gfd baw egtkrmgh

sbartgjk gfd saomgh oafchmots mf tbk warhd oauhd mf cgot lk avkroaek& Bkwgs ghsa tbk cmrst ta bgvk rkoajfmzkd tbk lkfkcmts ac mftkr%rkjmafgh trgdk(

ar jhalghmzgtmaf gs mt bgs oaek ta lk ifawf&

Ruf%zm af_aomkty gfd tbk Koafaey

Gf kxokrpt crae Tbk _mx ^gtrmgrobs ac Obmfksk Buegfmse

Gutbar0 ^ktkr E&I& Obgf

Ghh rmjbts rkskrvkd

5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

Faw( mt ms tmek ta gttkfd ta Ruf%zms tbkary glaut saomktygfd tbk koafaey& Gooardmfj ta bme( buegf lkmfjs grk larf tahmvk tajktbkr( ta skki tbk sgek tbmfjs mf dmcckrkft wgys( gfd ta

dksmrk tbk sgek tbmfjs wmtb dmcckrkft ufdkrstgfdmfj&"

Mlmd& Obgptkr 7>-Bawkvkr( wbkf

kvkryafk dksmrks gfd dmshmiks tbk sgek tbmfjs( tbkrk wmhh lkeark dksmrks tbgf tbmfjs grk glhk ta sgtmscy& _uob g stgtk ac

egtkrmgh sogromty wmhh fkokssgrmhy hkgd ta oaftkftmafs&" Mlmd&- [fdkr suob omrouestgfoks( tbaskwba grk strafj wmhh oakrok tbk wkgi( gfd tbask wba grk

mftkhhmjkft wmhh mftmemdgtk tbk mjfargft& _ulardmfgtks wmhhdmsalky tbkmr supkrmars( tbk yaufj wmhh mfsuht tbkmr khdkrs( gfd

vmrtuk wmhh fat lkoaek tbk lgsms ac javkrfekft& Oafskqukfthy(

tbask wba grk ahd gfd wkgi wmhh bgvk ta warry glaut tbkmrhmvkhmbaad( gfd tbask wba grk pbysmoghhy cmt wmhh bgvk ta succkrtbk emscartufk ac bgvmfj ta oaftkfd wmtb afk gfatbkr& "

Mlmd&-

Gfatbkr tbmfj ta fatk ms tbgt wbkf pkaphk wmtb dmcckrkftufdkrstgfdmfj grk ghhawkd ta da tbk sgek tbmfjs( ta pursuktbkmr pkrsafgh mftkrksts wmtbaut gdvkrsk oafskqukfoks( gfd ta

mfduhjk mf tbkmr dksmrks wmtbaut hmemt( kvkryafks emfd wauhd


2/9

lk gjmtgtkd gfd grauskd lkyafd passmlhk dmssugsmaf&"

Mlmd&- [fdkr suobomrouestgfoks(tbask wba grk mf tbk ifaw wauhd fat lk glhk ta

javkrf& Mc tbky grk fat glhk ta javkrf( gooaephmsbekfts wauhdrkegmf ufoafcmrekd& Mc gooaephmsbekfts grk fat oafcmrekd(

dmstmfotmaf lktwkkf hard gfd sul`kot wauhd rkegmfufrkoajfmzkd& Zbkf tbkrk ms fa hard ta oaftrah sul`kots gfd fasupkrmar ta rkjuhgtk sulardmfgtks( kvkryafk wmhh mfduhjk mf bms

dksmrks gfd lrmfj bgre ta tbk warhd& "

&&

Mlmd&-

Tbgt lrmfjs ta tbk cark tbms qukstmaf0 wby ms mt tbgt pkaphkdmd fat obaask ta hmvk gpgrt crae afk gfatbkr1 Zkhh( sgmd Ruf%zm(mt ms lkogusk egfy praduotmvk simhhs grk rkqumrkd ta furturk tbkfkkd ac `ust afk egf& Lut mt ms fat passmlhk car gfyafk talkoaek oaepktkft mf eark tbgf afk orgct( gs mt ms fat passmlhkcar afk mfdmvmdugh ta bahd eark tbgf afk accmok& "

Mlmd&-Bkfok( mc pkaphk hmvkcgr gpgrt crae afk gfatbkr gfd da fat skrvk kgob atbkrs

fkkds( tbkrk wmhh lk pavkrty&"Mlmd&-

Ms hmjbt ac tbk glavk( mt ms rgtbkr ohkgr tbgt mt ms mepassmlhkcar buegf lkmfjs fat ta hmvk tajktbkr& Lut hmvmfj tajktbkrwmtbaut saomgh dmstmfotmafs oauhd afhy hkgd ta oaftkftmafs&

Oaftkftmafs wmhh orkgtk dmsardkr( wbmob mf turf wmhh lrmfjglaut pavkrty& "

Mlmd&-Gs pavkrty ms g emscartufk gfd oaftkftmaf g oghgemty(

tbkrk ms fa lkttkr wgy ta gvkrt gfd krgdmogtk suob emscartufkgfd oghgemty tbgf ta bgvk ohkgr saomgh dmstmfotmafs& "Mlmd&-Zbgt tbms sbaws mstbgt fat bgvmfj saomgh dmstmfotmafs ms g jrkgt gcchmotmaf taegfimfd( gfd bgvmfj suob dmstmfotmafs ms cufdgekftgh ta tbkwkhcgrk ac tbk warhd& Tbms ms wby g ruhkr ac egf eust tgik tbk

tgsi ac egimfj saomgh dmstmfotmafs ohkgr ta lk oruomgh& "

Mlmd&-


3/9

Gs ta tbk lgsms upaf wbmob saomgh dmstmfotmafs grk ta lkegdk( mt wgs tbk vmkw ac Ruf%zm tbgt mt sbauhd lk lgskd afrmjbtkausfkss& Zbkf saomgh dmstmfotmafs grk egdk af tbk lgsms

ac rmjbtkausfkss( tbkrk wmhh lk bgreafy& G saomkty tbgt msbgreafmaus ms ufmtkd& Ta lk ufmtkd ms ta lk strafj( gfd lkmfj

strafj wmhh ghhaw buegf saomkty ta avkroaek tbk warhd actbmfjs& Tbms ms wby buegf lkmfjs grk glhk ta lumhd bausks gfddwkhh mf sgckty& Tbms ms ghsa wby tbky grk glhk ta dkgh wmtb tbk

caur skgsafs( egfgjk tbk eyrmgd tbmfjs( gfd lkfkcmt tbkwarhd& Mt sbauhd tbus lk skkf tbgt egimfj saomgh dmstmfotmafsohkgr ly wgy ac rmjbtkausfkss ms tbk afhy wgy ta ja&"

Mlmd& Obgptkr =-

Gs g egttkr ac cgot( mt wgs car tbms rkgsaf tbgt tbk gfomkftimfjs bgd ta rkjuhgtk "tbk pkaphk- ly mfstmtutmfj tbkmr systke acpraprmkty gfd rmjbtkausfkss& Mt ms ta dmcckrkftmgtk saomgh stgtuslktwkkf tbk falhk gfd tbk lgsk( tbk ahd gfd tbk yaufj( tbk

wmsk gfd tbk stupmd( gs wkhh gs tbk ogpglhk gfd tbk mfogpglhk&Mf sa damfj( tbky oguskd pkaphk ta pkrcare tbkmr tgsis gfd

rkokmvk tbkmr duks( tbk geauft gfd sulstgfok ac wbmob wkrkoaeekfsurgtk wmtb tbkmr rkspkotmvk saomgh stgtmafs& Tbms wgs

tbkmr wgy ac lrmfjmfj glaut saomgh bgreafy& "

Mlmd& Obgptkr

4- Car tbms rkgsaf( tbky ghsa oguskd saek ta lk prgmskd gfdatbkrs ta lk dkspmskd9 saek ta lk trkgtkd jkfkraushy gfd atbkrs

ekgjkrhy9 saek ta bgvk kgsk gfd kf`ayekft( gfd atbkrs ta tamh

gfd hglar& Tbky dmd fat da tbms `ust car purpask ac dmsphgymfjtbkmr cgfoy car khkjgfok& Mt ms rgtbkr ta egik ifawf tbkouhturk ac buegfkfkss( gfd ta cgomhmtgtk oaephmgfok wmtb tbgt

wbmob ms buegfk&"

Mlmd& Obgptkr 7>-

Oaeekft0 Zbgt Ruf%zm wgs sgymfj ms tbgt aooupgtmafgh gfd saomgh

dmstmfotmafs tbgt bgd kxmstkd smfok tbk dgys ac tbk gfomkft imfjs wkrk

gotughhy dksmjfkd gooardmfj ta tbk dmotgtks ac praprmkty sahkhy car tbk

purpask ac praeatmfj saomgh bgreafy& Gs bk curtbkr kxphgmfkd( wbgt


4/9

praprmkty stmpuhgtks ms tbgt tbk glmhmty ac g pkrsaf sbauhd oamfomdk wmtb

bms pasmtmaf( bms pasmtmaf wmtb bms keahuekft( gfd bms keahuekft wmtb

bms skrvmok "ta saomkty-& Zbmhk tbask mf javkrfekft grk ta lk rkjuhgtkd

ly wgy ac rmtughs gfd eusmo( ardmfgry cahis grk ta lk oaftrahhkd ly wgyac rkjuhgtmafs&"

Mlmd& -

Zbgt tbgt oghhs car( sgmd Ruf%zm( ms ta bgvk saek earghhysupkrmar mfdmvmdughs wba wauhd javkrf prapkrhy gfd rmjbtkaushy&Mc tbkrk wkrk fa imfjhy pkrsafs "ta upbahd praprmkty gfdrmjbtkausfkss-( tbk wbahk warhd wauhd lkoaek mrrgtmafgh( gfd

"tbk dmotgtk acpraprmkty gfd rmjbtkausfkss wauhd lk wmtbaut

carok& Tbkrk wmhh lk fa imfj gfd tkgobkr glavk( far cgtbkr gfdsaf gs wkhh gs buslgfd gfd wmck lkhaw& Tbms ms wbgt ms oghhkdtatgh obgas& "Mlmd& Obgptkr =-[fdkr tbms smtugtmaf( dmstmfotmaflktwkkf wartb gfd wartbhkssfkss( imhhmfj gfd prkskrvmfj(jmvmfj gfd tgimfj wauhd lkoaek oafcuskd9 sa wauhd tbk

rkspafsmlmhmty ac g imfj( g emfmstkr( g cgtbkr( g saf( gf khdkrlratbkr( g yaufjkr lratbkr( g cgrekr( g sahdkr( gf grtmsgf( gs

wkhh gs tbgt ac g ekrobgft& "Mlmd& Obgptkr 4-

Af tbk atbkr bgfd( wbkf bmjb pasmtmafs grk aooupmkd lybuegfk pkrsafs( cgrekrs wmhh kxkrt tbkeskhvks mf tbkmr cmkhds9

ekrobgfts wmhh lk ikkf ta lgrjgmf car tbkmr jaads9 vgrmausgrtmsgfs wmhh egik tbk lkst ac tbkmr taahs gfd simhhs9 gfdjavkrfekft accmomghs up ta tbk rgfis ac duiks gfd ckudgh hards

wmhh kxkoutk tbkmr dutmks wmtb buegfkfkss( jkfkrasmty( wmsdae(gfd glmhmty& Tbms ms wbgt ms oghhkd pkrckot pkgok&

"

Mlmd&-

Earkavkr( wbkf tbmfjs grk wkhh egfgjkd(tbk cmvk jrgmfswmhh oaek mf egfy lgsmfs pkr eau "glaut afk gfd g bghc gork-

mf tbk cmrst bgrvkst gs wkhh gs mf tbk skoafd wmtbmf afk ykgr&Ekhafs( pkgobks( gprmoats( gfd phues wmhh ghsa oaek mf lgsmfs9

gfd jrkgt qugftmtmks ac bkrls gfd vkjktglhks gs wkhh gs egfy


5/9

atbkr kdmlhks grk ghsa ta lk bgd&Lkyafd tbgt( tbk smx daekstmo

gfmeghs wmhh oaek mf ogrthagds( sobaahs ac turthks gfd cmsbkswmhh chaurmsb mf tbkmr rmjbt skgsafs( gfd chaois ac swgfs gfd

lmrds wmhh chy hmik ohauds mf tbk siy& Zmtb ghh tbksk eyrmgdtbmfjs wmtbmf Bkgvkf gfd kgrtb( tbkrk wmhh lk eark tbgfkfaujb ta ckkd tbk wbahk ac buegfmty& Gfd tbkrk wmhh ghsa lkphkfty ac bkep gfd smhi( gs wkhh gs simfs gfd ckgtbkrs( ta ohatbghh tbk pkaphk&"

&

Mlmd& Obgptkr 7>- [fdkr tbms smtugtmaf( kvkryafk wmhh lkjgmfcuhhy kephaykd gfd ghh wmhh bgvk eark tbgf tbky ogf usk&Tbk kfd rksuht ms tbgt ghh saomgh ohgssks wmhh lkoaek bgreafmaus&

Gfd ykt( sgmd Ruf%zm( tbk tkgobmfj ac Eab%zm wgs trymfj taegik pkaphk warry glaut tbk warhds mfsuccmomkfoy mf egtkrmghsupphmks& Bk dmd fat ifaw tbgt egtkrmgh sbartgjk ms fat gemscartufk oaeeaf ta tbk wbahk warhd& Mt pkrtgmfs afhy ta bmspkouhmgr gfd pkssmemstmo kstmegtmaf&"

Mlmd&- Gs g egttkr accgot( mt wgs duk ta Eab%zms oafdkefgtmaf ac eusmo tbgt tbkwarhd bgs lkoaek obgatmo& Mt wgs ghsa car bms gvaogtmaf accrujghmty tbgt tbk warhd bgs lkoaek paar&"Mlmd&-

Mt ms ghsa fat dmccmouht ta skk tbgt mc Eab%zm wkrk ta oaftrah gtkrrmtary gs hgrjk gs tbk warhd ar gs seghh gs g smfjhk stgtk(

pkaphks ohatbks grk laufd ta lkoaek oagrsk( gfd caaddktkstglhk& Tbkrk wmhh lk fa eusmo( gfd afhy warry gfd jrmkc

grk ta lk bgd& [fdkr suob omrouestgfoks( kvkryafk wmhh lkdkprmvkd& Zbkf pkaphk grk dkprmvkd( dksmrks wmhh fat lk

sgtmscmkd& Zbkf dksmrks grk fat sgtmscmkd( fa afk wmhh bgvk tbkmfokftmvk ta wari& "Mlmd& -

Zbkf tbgt bgppkfs( papuhgtmaf wmhh dkorkgsk( tbk fuelkr

ac accmomghs wmhh dmemfmsb( lmttkr tgsis tbgt grk tamhsaek wmhh


6/9

bgvk ta lk ufdkrtgikf ly ghh ghmik( gfd fa afk wauhd gssuek

pasmtmafs ac gutbarmty& Zmtbaut gutbarmty( rkwgrd gfdpufmsbekft wmhh bgvk fa kcckot& Zbkf rkwgrds gfd

pufmsbekfts grk wmtbaut kcckot( tbask wba grk wartby wauhdfat wmsb ta lk praeatkd( gfd tbask wba grk ufwartby wauhd

bahd af ta tbkmr pasts egimfj mt mepassmlhk ta gssmjf accmomghpasmtmafs ta tbk ogpglhk&"

% Mlmd&- [fdkr suob

omrouestgfoks( kvkrytbmfj wmhh hask tbkmr gppraprmgtkcufotmafs( obgfjk ac kvkfts wmhh fat lk rkspafdkd ta( tbk

skgsafs wmhh lk emsskd( gfd praduotmvmty ac tbk kgrtb gs wkhh gssaomgh bgreafy wmhh lk hast& Mf sbart( tbk kftmrk warhd wmhh lkragstkd uftmh mt ms soarobkd& "

Mlmd& -

Tbms ms wby tbk gfomkft imfjs gfd sgjks bgd ta da tbmfjs

dmcckrkfthy& &&& Car tbkmr gutbarmtgtmvk dmspkfsgtmaf ac rkwgrdsgfd pufmsbekfts( tbk wartby wkrk praeatkd( tbk dmsrkspkotcuh

wkrk dmsemsskd( gfd tbk ogpglhk wkrk jmvkf accmomgh pasmtmafs&Mf sa damfj( kvkrytbmfj wgs glhk ta cufotmaf prapkrhy gfd

obgfjks ac kvkfts wkrk dkght wmtb gppraprmgtkhy& "

&

Mlmd&-Gs g rksuht(jaads gfdoaeeadmtmks wkrk lraujbt cartb mf glufdgfok hmik wgtkr craegf mfkxbgustmlhk sprmfj Tbky wkrk bkgpkd up hmik bmhhs(

wbmob wauhd ogtob cmrk saektmeks wbkf tbkrk ms fa phgok ta

stark tbke& Baw mfdkkd oauhd gfyafk tbmfi tbgt tbk warhdoauhd kvkr ruf sbart ac egtkrmgh supphmks1"

Mlmd&-

Tbus( gooardmfj ta Ruf%zm( tbk wgy ta egik tbk warhdegtkrmghhy succmomkft ms ta egik saomgh rkspafsmlmhmtmks ohkgr& Ta

kxgemfk tbk samh gfd egri tbk gorkgjk gs wkhh gs ta phgftjrgmfs gfd gpphy egfurk grk tbk rkspafsmlmhmtmks ac cgrekrs(buslgfdekf( gfd atbkr ardmfgry cahis& Ta dkphay hglar

gooardmfj ta tbk skgsafs( ta mfmtmgtk tgsis gfd kfbgfok rksuhts(


7/9

ta supkrvmsk tbk pkaphk gfd kfsurk tbgt fa afk ms hgx mf tbkmr

dutmks grk tbk rkspafsmlmhmtmks ac hkgdkrs mf oaeegfd& "

"-YU

Mlmd&-

Mf tbmswgy( wbkf tbk cmvk jrgmfs grk phgftkd mf sprmfj( wkkdkd mfsueekr( bgrvkstkd mf gutuef gfd starkd mf wmftkr( pkaphkwauhd bgvk eark tbgf tbky ogf kgt& Zbkf egrsbks( pafds gfdstrkges grk jmvkf skgsafgh rksts( cmsbks gfd turthks grk laufd

ta praspkr( gfd pkaphk wmhh bgvk eark tbgf tbky ogf oafsuek&Zbkf bmhhs gfd carksts grk furturkd gfd kxphamtkd gooardmfj ta

tbk skgsafs( pkaphk wmhh bgvk eark egtkrmgh tbgf tbky ogf usk&"

Mlmd& Obgptkr =-

Zbgt tbms sbaws ms tbgt wbkf saomkty ms prapkrhyarjgfmzkd( kvkrytbmfj wmhh bgvk mts gppraprmgtk cufotmaf& Tbksmx daekstmo gfmeghs wmhh lk glhk ta egturk( gfd ghh hmvmfj

tbmfjs wmhh lk glhk ta tbrmvk& Ckkdmfj tbk smx daekstmo gfmeghswmhh furturk tbkmr jrawtb( shgujbtkrmfj tbke "car caad- wmhh

ghhaw jrgss gfd phgfts ta chaurmsb& Ly tbk sgek taikf( wbkfjavkrfekft pahmomks grk mephkekftkd gt tbk rmjbt tmek( pkaphk

wmhh lkoaek ufmtkd gfd tbask wba grk wartby gfd vmrtuaus wmhhacckr tbkmr ghhkjmgfok& "Mlmd &-

Tbk pamft Ruf%zm wgs trymfj ta jkt gt ms tbkrkcark tbms0Zbkf tbk ektbads ac Oafcuomgfs grk oafsomkftmaushy ogrrmkdaut( tbk rksuht wmhh lk tbk jrkgtkst ac praspkrmty mf tbk warhd(

gfd tbk tmfjhmfj ac lkhhs gs wkhh gs tbk lkgtmfj ac drues wmhh ghhsaufd mf bgreafy& "

Mlmd& Obgptkr 7>-Af tbk atbkr bgfd( mc tbk ektbad ac Eab%zm wkrk ta lkoaek papuhgr( tbk warhd wmhh oaftmfuk ta rkspkot

crujghmty mf tbk cgok ac kvkr%mforkgsmfj pavkrty& Tbkrk wmhh lkeuob qugrrkh gfd oaftkftmaf( gfd pkaphk wmhh bgvk ta tamhgwgy tbkmr hmvks mf bgrdsbmp wmtb kvkr%dkorkgsmfj

gooaephmsbekfts& Gfd wbkf eusmo ms ghsa oafdkefkd( tbkmr


8/9

dgys wmhh lkoaek warrmsaek( sarrawcuh( gfd mforkgsmfjhy

dmsbgreafmaus& "

Mlmd&-

Mf Ruf%zms vmkw tbkrkcark( tbk truk ac tbk egttkr ms tbgtghhwmtbmf tbk caur skgs oauhd gotughhy lk hmikf ta afk cgemhy&

Zbkf tbask wba grk fkgr da fat bmdk tbkmr glmhmty gfd tbaskwba grk cgr grk fat gcrgmd ac tamh( tbkrk ms fa phgok taa rkeatkcar pkaphk ta cmfd pkgok gfd kf`ay bgppmfkss&" Mlmd&

Obgptkr =-( Oafskqukfthy( tbask wba hmvk fkgr tbk egrsbkswmhh lk gdkqugtkhy supphmkd wmtb tmelkr( gfd tbask wba hmvk

fkgr tbk eauftgmfs wmhh bgvk succmomkft supphmks ac cmsb&Cgrekrs wmhh fat bgvk ta egik tbkmr cgremfj kqumpekfts( gfdgrtmsgfs wmhh fat bgvk ta tmhh tbk cmkhds sa gs ta jkt gf gdkqugtk

supphy ac lkgfs gfd jrgmfs& Hmikwmsk( imfjhy pkrsafs wmhh lkglhk ta usk tbk simfs ac ckraomaus lkgsts suob gs tmjkrs gfdhkapgrds&"

Mlmd&-

Earkavkr( kvkf tbaujbcgst barsks gfd lgrimfj dajs grkmfdmjkfaus ta tbk Fartb _kg( tbk okftrgh stgtks ogf ykt goqumrk(lrkkd( gfd put tbke ta wari& Kvkf tbaujb ckgtbkrs gfd

phueks( tgsis gfd bmdks( gs wkhh gs oappkr gfd omffglgr grkmfdmjkfaus ta tbk _autb _kg( tbk okftrgh stgtks ogf ykt altgmf

gfd praokss tbke& Kvkf tbaujb purphk dyk( smhi( sght gfd cmsbgrk mfdmjkfaus ta tbk Kgst _kg( tbk okftrgh stgtks ogf yktgoqumrk tbke car caad gfd ohatbmfj& Kvkf tbaujb simfs gfd

bmdks( gfd ygi tgmhs grk mfdmjkfaus ta tbk Zkst _kg( tbk okftrghstgtks ogf ykt altgmf gfd put tbke ta usk& "

"-YU

Mlmd&-Mt ms mf tbms wgy tbgt wbgtkvkr msoavkrkd ly Bkgvkf gfd suppartkd ly Kgrtb grk lraujbt ta

tbkmr cuhh patkftmgh gfd utmhmty& Tbky gdarf tbk wartby gfdvmrtuaus glavk( gs wkhh gs acckrmfj oaecart gfd kf`ayekft carardmfgry cahis lkhaw&"

Mlmd&-


9/9

Oaeekft0 Zbgt Ruf%zm wgs sgymfj( gs rkgdkrs ogf skk( ms tbgt tbk

gvgmhglmhmty ac egtkrmgh jaads ms gotughhy dkpkfdkft af twa cgotars& Afk ms

tbgt tbkrk bgs jat ta lk vmrtuaus gfd ogpglhk accmomghs gs wkhh gs

prackssmafgh cgrekrs( grtmsgfs( gfd ekrobgfts& Gfatbkr ms tbgt egtkrmghglufdgfok ogf ghsa lk lraujbt glaut ly wgy ac mftkr%rkjmafgh trgdk

gorass dmcckrkft pgrts ac tbk warhd( ar jhalghmzgtmaf gs wk faw oghhkd&

Zbgt tbgt sbaws( ar sa bk skkekd ta lk sgymfj( ms tbgt Eab%zm dmd fat

rkghhy ufdkrstgfd baw tbk koafaey gotughhy waris&

5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

^ktkr E&I& Obgf ms tbk gutbar acTbk Eystkry ac Emfd"pulhmsbkd >?-(

gfd_auh( Jad( gfd Earghmty"pulhmsbkd >4-& \kokfthy( bk bgs ghsa

oaepktkd gfatbkr wari tmthkdTbk _mx ^gtrmgrobs ac Obmfksk Buegfmse

"oapyrmjbtkd gfd gvgmhglhk mf klaais lut fat ykt mf prmft-&

Car dktgmhs rkjgrdmfj tbk glavk( phkgsk vmsmt

bttp0!!smtks&jaajhk&oae!smtk!peiobgf!baek

bttp0!!smtks&jaajhk&oae!smtk! pgtrmgrobsacobmfkskpbmhasapby!baek

bttp0!!www&huhu&oae!spathmjbt!pktkreiobgf

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555
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Xun-Zi on Society and the Economy