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World War II
History and Legacy
Global History IISpiconardi
The Belligerents Axis Powers
Germany Italy Japan
Allies Great Britain France USA USSR
Causes German Aggression
Rebuilding of military Extreme nationalism Invasion of Poland in
September 1, 1939 Britain and France
declare war on Germany Italian invasion of
Ethiopia Japanese Expansion
Manchuria 1931 “Rape of Nanjing”
Policy of Appeasement Europe did not want
another world war Politicians feared being
voted out of office in they supported war
Had domestic problems (depression) to deal with
Weak League of Nations
Rise of Totalitarianism
The Phony War Other than Germany’s invasion of Poland
there is no fighting between Germany & its allies and Great Britain and France
War really begins in April of 1940 as Nazi forces invade Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium
Occupation of France German invades France on
May 16, 1940 Within two weeks Nazi
forces are marching in the streets of Paris
Charles de Gaulle flees to England and sets up exile government
Hitler establishes a puppet government in southern France called the “Vichy Government” under Henri Pétain
How did Germany defeat France so easily? Blitzkrieg (“Lightening
War”) Massive bombings via
planes, trucks, tanks all at high speed
Hitler only invades half-way, which allows for evacuation of troops and resistance to Vichy government in southern France
Dunkirk Evacuation England needs to
evacuate 338,000 soldiers
Sends 860 boats to rescue British troops in German occupied France
Miraculously the British evacuate all troops without a single loss of life despite being attacked, but all supplies left behind
Moral boost to British
Bombings of London and Berlin
Hitler contemplated invading England
Decides to bomb London instead
Britain had most advanced radar system, which limits losses
Angry over bombing of London, Churchill orders bombing of Berlin, which is big blow to Hitler
Turning Point: U.S. Enters War U.S. enters war after bombing of Pearl
Harbor on December 7, 1941 U.S. declares war on Japan
Italy and Germany declare war on U.S. Tripartite Pact – Germany, Italy, & Japan agreed to
declare war on U.S., if one of them was attacked by U.S.
Britain had wanted U.S. to enter war Britain desperately needed U.S. aid
Turning Point: Crypto-Analysis Britain able to break Germany’s Enigma
Code Britain also breaks Japan’s Purple Code U.S. uses Navajo Indian language as their
code Unbreakable because there is no written
Navajo language
Turning Point: Stalingrad (1942)
Hitler goes back on Non-Aggression Pact and invades the Soviet Union in 1941
“Get rid of Russia and you get rid of Jewery.”
Invasion of Russia harder than expected
No roads hurts supply routes
Scorched Earth Policy Russians blow up everything
in retreat Harsh Russian Winter
Germans ill-prepared
Battle of Stalingrad Germans outnumber Soviets
3:1 Urban Warfare Stalin orders no retreat Germany supplies must travel
100 miles Soviet supplies come across
the river Germans surrender Stalingrad Germany has 3 days of
national morning
Battle of El-Alamein Gen. Erwin Rommel
The Desert Fox Germany’s top general Led troops in Northern
Africa Front
Hitler accuses Rommel of partaking in plot to kill him in 1944
Two options Suicide with hero’s
funeral Treason Trial
Battle of El-Alamein (1942) See-Saw battle in Africa British eventually win
with U.S. aid Rommel wanted to
surrender earlier, but Hitler made him stay until “last man standing”
Invasion of Italy Allies invade Italy in
1943 Hitler forced to send
troops into Italy Takes troops away from
other areas in Europe Mussolini surrounded
Hitler sends helicopters in and rescues Mussolini
End of Mussolini and Fascism in Italy Mussolini hides in
German convoy with girlfriend
He is discovered and arrested
Taken to be shot, but girlfriend “jumps” in front of bullet
Bodies hung in a Milanese market
D-Day: Liberation of France U.S. leads invasion of
Normandy beaches in France (June 6, 1944)
Allies break through German defenses
Advance to Paris From Paris the Allies
invade Germany
Yalta Conference Stalin, Churchill, & Roosevelt meet Plan for a post-World War II World
Germany would be divided into zones (temporarily) Stalin would oversee creation of new government in
Eastern Europe Agreed to create United Nations
The War Ends: Europe Germany Surrenders
Soviets reach Berlin first
End of Hitler Hitler is surrounded by
Allied Forces Hitler hears small gun
fire Marries mistress Writes out will, which
bashes Jews Wife takes cyanide pill Hitler shoots himself
V-E Day May 8, 1945
The War Ends: The Pacific Warfare in the Pacific
theater was brutal and slow Hot, humid, rough
terrain, island hopping Mainly USA vs. Japan
with some British help USSR declares war on
Japan day after atomic bomb is dropped
The Atomic Bomb Hiroshima bombed
8/6/1945 70,000 killed
Nagasaki bombed 8/9/1945
40,000 killed
V-J Day: September 2, 1945
Impact of World War II Human Losses
75 million dead 38 million Europeans 22 million Soviets
Economic Losses England, Germany, and
Japan hardest hit Marshall Plan
US gives aid to rebuild Europe
Nuremberg Trials 22 Nazi leaders put on
trial for “war crimes against humanity”
Many fled to South America
Occupied Nations Western nations occupied
West Germany and Japan to promote democracy
USSR occupied East Germany and eastern Europe to promote Communism
Impact of World War II Beginnings of Cold War
Europe divided into West Democracies East Communist
Arms Race Questioning of
Humanity Writers and Movies
explore evils of humanity
Brutality that had not been witnessedbefore
The United Nations New international body
that provides: Place to discuss world
problems Develop solutions to
world problems General Assembly
All nations members and get one vote
Security Council 15 members (5
permanent: US, Russia, France, Great Britain, China)