The Collapse of Imperial China: Sun The Collapse of Imperial China: Sun Yixian (Yatsen), Mao Zedong, & Yixian (Yatsen), Mao Zedong, &

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) [Yes, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) [Yes, I know what your thinking, “What’s I know what your thinking, “What’s

up with all those names?”up with all those names?”

Global II: SpiconardiGlobal II: Spiconardi

What was happening in China What was happening in China when we last visited there?when we last visited there?

Formation of the Chinese RepublicFormation of the Chinese Republic

The Qing Dynasty had been in power since 1644The Qing Dynasty had been in power since 1644The people of China, under nationalist leader The people of China, under nationalist leader Sun Yixian, demanded:Sun Yixian, demanded:– ““Nationalism” Nationalism” The end of foreign domination & The end of foreign domination &

influenceinfluence– ““Democracy” Democracy” Formation of a representative Formation of a representative

governmentgovernment– ““People’s Livelihood” People’s Livelihood” A modernized & industrialized A modernized & industrialized

economy to provide security for the people of Chinaeconomy to provide security for the people of China

Formation of the Chinese RepublicFormation of the Chinese Republic

Sun Yixian (Yatsen)Sun Yixian (Yatsen)– Leader of the KuomintangLeader of the Kuomintang

Kuomintang China’s Nationalist Party China’s Nationalist PartyOverthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes China’s first president, but…China’s first president, but…““The Chinese people…do not have national spirit. The Chinese people…do not have national spirit. Therefore, even though we have four hundred Therefore, even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in China…they million people gathered together in China…they are just a heap of loose sand.”are just a heap of loose sand.”

– Sun could not unite ChinaSun could not unite China– Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns

democratic reformsdemocratic reforms– China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by

warlordswarlords

World War I & The Treaty of World War I & The Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

In 1917, China declares war on GermanyIn 1917, China declares war on Germany– China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end

of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of Chinareturned to the people of China

– Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territoryterritory

May Fourth MovementMay Fourth Movement

On May 4, 1919 over On May 4, 1919 over 3,000 angry Chinese 3,000 angry Chinese students gathered in students gathered in Beijing to protest the Beijing to protest the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles– Demonstrations Demonstrations

spread to other cities spread to other cities throughout Chinathroughout China

– Sun Yixian believes he Sun Yixian believes he can regain power, can regain power, but…but…

The Communist Party in ChinaThe Communist Party in China

Many intellectual Chinese turned against Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy (as you might Western Democracy (as you might imagine they would considering how the imagine they would considering how the democracies treated Chinademocracies treated China

Communist Party Communist Party – Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao

ZedongZedong– Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917

Mao ZedongMao Zedong

Student of MarxismStudent of Marxism– However, he believed the However, he believed the

communist revolutions would not communist revolutions would not begin with urban factory workers, begin with urban factory workers, but with RURAL PEASANTSbut with RURAL PEASANTS

– ““The force of the peasantry is like The force of the peasantry is like that of the raging winds and that of the raging winds and driving rain. It is rapidly driving rain. It is rapidly increasing in violence. No force increasing in violence. No force can stand in its way. The can stand in its way. The peasantry will tear apart all nets peasantry will tear apart all nets which bind it…They will bury which bind it…They will bury beneath them all forces of beneath them all forces of imperialism, militarism, corrupt imperialism, militarism, corrupt officialdom, village bosses and officialdom, village bosses and evil gentry.”evil gentry.”

Jiang Jieshi & the NationalistsJiang Jieshi & the Nationalists

After Sun Yixian’s After Sun Yixian’s death in 1925, Jiang death in 1925, Jiang Jieshi becomes the Jieshi becomes the head of the head of the KuomintangKuomintangJiangJiang– Feared communismFeared communism– Supported by bankers Supported by bankers

and businessmenand businessmen– Over saw a corrupt Over saw a corrupt

governmentgovernment

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against communistscommunists– Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the

Communist Party and union members on the city Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghaistreets of Shanghai

Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist PartyNearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party

In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of ChinaJieshi as president of China– The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of

Communist Party in ChinaCommunist Party in China

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasantspeasants– Established themselves in the countryside of Established themselves in the countryside of

south-central Chinasouth-central China– Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help

from Soviet Unionfrom Soviet Union

Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfaredue to guerilla warfare

Chinese Civil War Chinese Civil War

The Long MarchThe Long March– Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists

and surrounds themand surrounds them– 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000

mile-journey (The Long March)mile-journey (The Long March)Tens of thousands die due toTens of thousands die due to

– StarvationStarvation– Battle woundsBattle wounds– Exposure to the coldExposure to the cold

– Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China. caves of northwestern China.

Luding Bridge

Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles

Mao on the Long March

Communist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March

Cave dwellings in ShaanxiRed Army troops crossing the snowy mountains

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Time Out!!!Time Out!!!– The Civil War between the The Civil War between the

Nationalists and Red armies Nationalists and Red armies is suspendedis suspended

JAPAN INVADES JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA IN 1931MANCHURIA IN 1931By 1937 Japan invades all of By 1937 Japan invades all of ChinaChinaNationalists and Communists Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese unite to repel Japanese invasion invasion

TO BE CONTINUED TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II…AFTER WORLD WAR II…

Japanese troops entering Shenyang