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WorldWarII(1931-1945)Lesson4AWaronTwoFronts
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LearningObjectives
•
AnalyzethereasonsforandimpactoftheAllies’“EuropeFirst”strategy.•
ExplainwhythebattlesofStalingradandMidwayweremajorturningpoints
inthe
war.• DiscusshowtheAlliesput
increasingpressureontheAxisinNorthAfricaandEurope.
WorldWarII(1931-1945)Lesson4AWaronTwoFronts
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KeyTerms
• DwightEisenhower• GeorgeS.Patton,Jr.• OmarBradley,•
unconditionalsurrender• saturationbombing• strategicbombing•
TuskegeeAirmen• ChesterNimitz• BattleofMidway
WorldWarII(1931-1945)Lesson4AWaronTwoFronts
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AlliedStrategy
TheattackonPearlHarborbroughtAmericaintoWorldWarIIontheAlliedside.ByJune1942,theAllieswerebatteredbutstillfighting.BritishpilotshadfoughtoffaNaziinvasionoftheirisland,whileattheBattleofCoralSea,theU.S.NavyhadfrustratedJapaneseplanstoextendtheirdominationinthePacific.Thoughyearsoffightinglayahead,theAlliesspiedsignsofhope.
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AlliedStrategy
GermantroopsmarchthroughBerlin,Germany,tomarkthesurrenderofFrancein1940.InterpretWhatdoes
thisphotosuggestaboutthepoweroftheAxisarmiesduringtheearlyyearsofthewar?
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AlliedStrategy
AnalyzeChartsHowwerethegoalsofthecountriesfightinginWorldWarIIsimilaranddifferent?
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TheEuropeanFront
ThefirstblowAmericastruckagainsttheAxiswasbyfulfillingRoosevelt'spromisetobethe'arsenalofdemocracy.'Americanfactoriesturnedoutmillionsoftonsofguns,tanks,andothersupplies—enough
tokeeptheSovietsandBritishbattlingGermanyforyears.Theproblemwasdeliveringtheweapons,food,andmedicalsuppliesthatfueledtheAlliedwarmachine.
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TheEuropeanFront
• WarintheAtlantic• SovietsandNazisBattleforStalingrad•
WarinNorthAfrica• AlliesTakeOverNorthAfrica
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TheEuropeanFront
AmericansailorswatchasAlliedbombersattackaGermanU-boat,1944.Afewminutesafterthisphotowastaken,theU-boatwassunk.
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TheEuropeanFront
AnalyzeMapsUsetheinformationonthemaptosummarizethecourseofWorldWarIIinEuropebeforetheBattleofStalingrad.Support
youranswerwithevidence fromthemap.
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AxisPowersontheDefensive
Germanywasnowonthedefensive,andtheAlliesplannedtokeepitthatway.InJanuary1943,RooseveltandChurchillmetinCasablanca,Morocco,toplantheirnextmove.Theconferenceresultedintwoimportantdecisions.First,theAlliesdecidedtoincreasebombingofGermanyandinvadeItaly.Second,RooseveltannouncedthattheAllieswouldacceptonlyunconditionalsurrender,orgivingupcompletelywithout
anyconcessions.Hitler,Mussolini,andTojocouldnothopetostayinpowerthroughapeaceagreement.
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AxisPowersontheDefensive
• ItalySurrenders• AlliedBombersAttackGermany
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AxisPowersontheDefensive
AmericansoldierswadeashoreduringtheAlliedinvasionofItaly,1943.
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AxisPowersontheDefensive
TheB-24Liberator,shownhereinacross-section,wasthekingofAmericanbombersduringthewar,fasterthanprevious
planesandabletoflyonlongermissions whilecarryingmorebombs.
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TurningPointsinthePacific
WhiletheAlliespursuedtheir'EuropeFirst'strategy,theydidnot
ignorethePacific.ThroughMay1942,Japaneseforcescontinuedtoadvancewithseeminglyunstoppablemomentum.TheyhadattackedAmerican,British,andDutchcolonies,winningcontrolofthePhilippines,Malaya,DutchEastIndies,HongKong,WakeIsland,Guam,andBurma.Then,theUnitedStatesstruckback.TheAmericansuccessattheBattleofCoralSeainMay1942servedasawarningthatthewarinthePacificwasabouttochange.
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TurningPointsinthePacific
• AmericansTriumphatMidway• AmericansTaketheOffensive
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TurningPointsinthePacific
AnalyzeMapsWhywasthelocationofMidwayIslandsosignificant?MakePredictionsWhatimpactwouldaJapanese
victoryatMidwayhaveonthewarinthePacific?
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TurningPointsinthePacific
TheAmericanaircraftcarrierUSSEnterprise,atleft,underJapaneseattackduringtheBattleofMidway.Explosions
frombombs andgunfirearevisible asdarksmokeinthesky.
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Quiz:AlliedStrategy
TherelationshipbetweentheAllieswascomplicatedby
A.AmericanneutralityinthefirstyearsofthewarinEurope.B.SovietmistrustofWesternintentions.C.AmericanconcernsoverJapaneseaggressioninthePacific.D.BritishconcernsoveritsbordersecurityintheAtlantic.
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Quiz:TheEuropeanFront
WhydidtheAlliesdecidetowageacampaigninNorthAfricaratherthantheEuropeanmainland?
A.ItwouldrequirefewerresourcesandpavethewayforanAlliedinvasionofItaly.B.ItwouldallowtheAlliestogaincontrolofthepreciousoilfieldsintheMiddleEast.C.ItwouldforcetheAxistoretreatfromStalingradandgivetheSovietsachancetoregroup.D.ItwouldpreventtheAxisfromreceivingreinforcementsfromJapan’sIndianOceanfleet.
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Quiz:AxisPowersontheDefensive
U.S.andBritishforcesstruckamajorblowagainsttheNazis’capacitytomakewarby
A.helpingdrivethemoutoftheSovietUnion.B.forcingItalytosurrenderandchangesides.C.cuttingoffitsaccesstotherichCaucasusoilfields.D.strategicallybombingGermany’smajorindustrialcenters.
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Quiz:TurningPointsinthePacific
4.TheBattleofMidwayisconsideredoneofthemajorturningpointsofthewarbecause
A.iteffectivelydestroyedJapan’sabilityto
launchairstrikes.B.iteliminatedJapan’smainrefuelingstationforitsairforce.C.itboughtU.S.forcesmoretimetofocusonthewarinEurope.D.ithaltedtheJapaneseadvanceandputthemonthedefensive.
