The Cold WarThe Cold War

War Time DiplomacyWar Time Diplomacy

• Yalta Conference – (Feb Yalta Conference – (Feb 1945) Plan for post war 1945) Plan for post war world world

• April, 1945 – FDR is dead, April, 1945 – FDR is dead, Truman is left in the darkTruman is left in the dark

• Potsdam Declaration (July Potsdam Declaration (July 1945)1945)

Economic effects of WWIIEconomic effects of WWII

• War time production pulls War time production pulls the US out of depressionthe US out of depression

• EmploymentEmployment– Employment Act of 1946 Employment Act of 1946 – GI Bill of RightsGI Bill of Rights– Taft-Hartley Act - 1947 – Taft-Hartley Act - 1947 –

Outlawed “unfair labor Outlawed “unfair labor practices”practices”

Election of 1948Election of 1948• Harry Truman – democratHarry Truman – democrat

– Ran an aggressive campaign Ran an aggressive campaign – Whistle Stops – short Whistle Stops – short

speeches in train stop towns speeches in train stop towns - 2 cross-country trips- 2 cross-country trips

• Thomas Dewey – Thomas Dewey – republicanrepublican– Aristocrat, not aggressive, Aristocrat, not aggressive,

well-educated, good well-educated, good speaker…believed he had speaker…believed he had the Presidency in the bagthe Presidency in the bag

• Strom Thurmond – Strom Thurmond – DixiecratDixiecrat– Keep the south Keep the south

segregated….states rightssegregated….states rights

ContainmentContainment

• Theory by George Kennan - diplomatTheory by George Kennan - diplomat– US policy around the globe: let US policy around the globe: let

communism exist where it currently communism exist where it currently resides, but do not allow the expansion resides, but do not allow the expansion of communismof communism

Containment Policies Under Containment Policies Under TrumanTruman

• Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine - 1947 - 1947 • Marshall PlanMarshall Plan – 1947 – 1947 • NATONATO – 1949 - North – 1949 - North

Atlantic Treaty Atlantic Treaty Organization Organization – Warsaw pact - 1955Warsaw pact - 1955

• Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift – 1947 – 1947• Korean WarKorean War – 1950-1953 – 1950-1953

– McArthur is relieved from McArthur is relieved from command - 1951command - 1951

Red Scare IIRed Scare II• Executive Order Executive Order

9835 –9835 –

• House House Committee on Committee on Un-American Un-American Activities Activities (HUAC) – 1947(HUAC) – 1947– Hollywood TenHollywood Ten

• McCarran McCarran Committee Committee

Alger Hiss - 1950Alger Hiss - 1950

• Alger Hiss Alger Hiss – High appointments in State Department, High appointments in State Department,

friend of FDRfriend of FDR– Accused of being a communist Accused of being a communist – Hiss denies, but evidence shows validity Hiss denies, but evidence shows validity

to accusationsto accusations– Any documents he may have stolen were Any documents he may have stolen were

meaninglessmeaningless– People feared infiltration into governmentPeople feared infiltration into government

RosenbergsRosenbergs

• Klaus Fuchs – physicist Klaus Fuchs – physicist that worked on Manhattan that worked on Manhattan Project – sold nuclear Project – sold nuclear technology to Sovietstechnology to Soviets– Captured by British Captured by British

• Julius and Ethyl Rosenberg Julius and Ethyl Rosenberg – Americans implicated in – Americans implicated in this spy ring - 1951this spy ring - 1951– They were sent to the chair They were sent to the chair

• Soviets detonate first A-Soviets detonate first A-bomb in 1949bomb in 1949

Joe McCarthy – Senator, Joe McCarthy – Senator, WisconsinWisconsin• Chairman of the Chairman of the

Government Appropriations Government Appropriations CommitteeCommittee

• Loved the spotlightLoved the spotlight• Claimed to have names of Claimed to have names of

communists in the State communists in the State Department – no evidenceDepartment – no evidence

• Army –McCarthy HearingsArmy –McCarthy Hearings• People began to view him People began to view him

as a bully and simpleton as a bully and simpleton

Eisenhower PresidencyEisenhower Presidency

• Ike gets us out of Korea – war had Ike gets us out of Korea – war had stagnated - signed a truce in 1953stagnated - signed a truce in 1953

• Interstate Highway Act – 1956 Interstate Highway Act – 1956 • John Foster Dulles – Sec of State – John Foster Dulles – Sec of State –

– ““rollback” rollback” – Eisenhower disagreed Eisenhower disagreed

• U2 spy plane shot down – May 1960 - U2 spy plane shot down – May 1960 - Gary PowersGary Powers

Central Intelligence AgencyCentral Intelligence Agency

• During WWII there was army intel, navy intel, During WWII there was army intel, navy intel, strategic intel, the FBI. This was consolidated strategic intel, the FBI. This was consolidated after the war into the CIA after the war into the CIA

• Ike used them aggressively to topple Ike used them aggressively to topple governments that were a threat to US securitygovernments that were a threat to US security

• Iran – 1953Iran – 1953• Guatemala – 1954Guatemala – 1954

– Jacabo Arbenz y Guzman – thought to be a commieJacabo Arbenz y Guzman – thought to be a commie– CIA led overthrowCIA led overthrow– Pro-American dictator takes over – General Castillo Pro-American dictator takes over – General Castillo

ArmasArmas

Space RaceSpace Race

• Space RaceSpace Race – who will get to the moon first? What – who will get to the moon first? What advantage does this provide in the Cold War?advantage does this provide in the Cold War?

– Sputnik – 1957 Sputnik – 1957 – NASA – 1958 - National Aeronautics and Space ActNASA – 1958 - National Aeronautics and Space Act– NDEA – 1958 - National Defense Education Act NDEA – 1958 - National Defense Education Act

– Soviets send first man into space Yuri Gagarin - Soviets send first man into space Yuri Gagarin - 19611961

– US puts men on the moon in 1969 – Neil US puts men on the moon in 1969 – Neil ArmstrongArmstrong

Civilian Defense Against Civilian Defense Against Nuclear AttacksNuclear Attacks• Duck and Cover Duck and Cover

– Crawl beneath a desk, assume fetal Crawl beneath a desk, assume fetal position, cover headposition, cover head

– Most believed it wouldn’t do much Most believed it wouldn’t do much goodgood

• Fallout Shelters (bomb shelters) – Fallout Shelters (bomb shelters) – Designated areas where people could take Designated areas where people could take shelter from radioactive falloutshelter from radioactive fallout

Vietnam in the 50sVietnam in the 50s

• French colonyFrench colony• Ho Chi Minh wanted to nationalize VietnamHo Chi Minh wanted to nationalize Vietnam• French puppet ruler named Bao Dai French puppet ruler named Bao Dai • Dien Bien Phu Dien Bien Phu

– French loseFrench lose– America was funding the French efforts America was funding the French efforts

• Feared Domino Effect in SE AsiaFeared Domino Effect in SE Asia

• 1954 – Geneva Peace Conference1954 – Geneva Peace Conference• America maintains an economic and America maintains an economic and

advisory role in Vietnam advisory role in Vietnam

JFK - The Cold WarriorJFK - The Cold Warrior

• Get America Moving Again Get America Moving Again • Peace Corps – 1961 Peace Corps – 1961 • Bay of Pigs Invasion – April 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion – April 1961

– Castro took power in overthrow Castro took power in overthrow of pro-US government 1959of pro-US government 1959• Fulgencio BatistaFulgencio Batista

– Began seizing US interests on Began seizing US interests on islandisland

• Berlin Wall – Aug, 1961 – Nov 1989Berlin Wall – Aug, 1961 – Nov 1989

East and West Berlin - 1961East and West Berlin - 1961

Cuban Missile Crisis – Oct Cuban Missile Crisis – Oct 19621962• U2 plane photographs missile sitesU2 plane photographs missile sites• Kennedy establishes naval Kennedy establishes naval

“quarantine”“quarantine”– Soviets call this a prelude to warSoviets call this a prelude to war

• Plans in motion for invasion of Cuba – Plans in motion for invasion of Cuba – DEFCON 2 (highest alert in US History)DEFCON 2 (highest alert in US History)

• Soviet ships approach, but slow downSoviet ships approach, but slow down• Soviets send two offers, which confuse Soviets send two offers, which confuse

the Americansthe Americans– One to promise to never invade Cuba, One to promise to never invade Cuba,

the other added the removal of missiles the other added the removal of missiles from Turkeyfrom Turkey

• Soviets shoot down US spy plane, but Soviets shoot down US spy plane, but JFK resists military actionJFK resists military action

• JFK and Khrushchev work out a deal to JFK and Khrushchev work out a deal to remove missile from Cubaremove missile from Cuba

Wake of Cuban Missile CrisisWake of Cuban Missile Crisis

•Limited Test Ban TreatyLimited Test Ban Treaty – July 1963 – July 1963 – outlawed nuclear testing in atmosphere, – outlawed nuclear testing in atmosphere, outer space, or underwaterouter space, or underwater

• New communication linesNew communication lines– Had slow telegraph + encryptionHad slow telegraph + encryption– Added hotlineAdded hotline

Vietnam & LBJVietnam & LBJ

• Vietnam escalates in 1964Vietnam escalates in 1964– Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Operation Rolling Thunder Operation Rolling Thunder – Sent 165,000 troops to Sent 165,000 troops to

Vietnam in 1965Vietnam in 1965– 431,000 by mid ’66431,000 by mid ’66– Where’s the enemy?Where’s the enemy?– Tet Offensive – 1968Tet Offensive – 1968– Mai Lai Massacre Mai Lai Massacre

Richard Nixon - VietnamRichard Nixon - Vietnam

• Nixon ramps up Vietnam before cooling it Nixon ramps up Vietnam before cooling it down down – ““peace with honor”peace with honor”– Invasion of CambodiaInvasion of Cambodia

• Protests back home (Kent State)Protests back home (Kent State)

– Vietnamization Vietnamization – Cease fire in Jan 1973 (Paris Peace Agreement) Cease fire in Jan 1973 (Paris Peace Agreement) – 58,000 dead58,000 dead

• War Powers Act – 1973War Powers Act – 1973

Richard Nixon - DetenteRichard Nixon - Detente

• Détente - A “lessening of tensions”Détente - A “lessening of tensions”• Beginning with the Nonproliferation Beginning with the Nonproliferation

Treaty and SALT I and ending when Treaty and SALT I and ending when Russia invades AfghanistanRussia invades Afghanistan– Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)

– May 1972 – May 1972 – Nixon is the first president to visit both Nixon is the first president to visit both

Russia and ChinaRussia and China– End of VietnamEnd of Vietnam

Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter

• Camp David Accords Camp David Accords

• SALT IISALT II

• US Boycotts Moscow OlympiadUS Boycotts Moscow Olympiad

• Iranian Hostage Crisis – 1979 Iranian Hostage Crisis – 1979

Ronald Reagan & the Cold Ronald Reagan & the Cold WarWar• Sharp increase in defense Sharp increase in defense

budgetbudget– New Missiles (MX missiles)New Missiles (MX missiles)– B1 Bombers (long range)B1 Bombers (long range)– SDI (Strategic Defense SDI (Strategic Defense

Initiative)Initiative)• Fear: US might prevail in a Fear: US might prevail in a

nuclear showdownnuclear showdown

• Changed rhetoric from Changed rhetoric from détente to “The Evil détente to “The Evil Empire”Empire”– Peace through strengthPeace through strength

Iran-ContraIran-Contra

• Sandinistas - SocialistsSandinistas - Socialists– US believed they were shipping arms to El US believed they were shipping arms to El

Salvador to help with the overthrow of a right-wing Salvador to help with the overthrow of a right-wing government theregovernment there

• In 1981 – CIA began to arm the ContrasIn 1981 – CIA began to arm the Contras• In 1984 - Boland AmendmentIn 1984 - Boland Amendment• From 1984-86, the administration funded the From 1984-86, the administration funded the

Contras with outside aid and weapons sales Contras with outside aid and weapons sales – Iran and Iraq at warIran and Iraq at war– Weapons sales to Iran in exchange for Iran’s help Weapons sales to Iran in exchange for Iran’s help

in freeing seven American hostages in Lebanonin freeing seven American hostages in Lebanon

Gorbachev & ReaganGorbachev & Reagan

• In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev selected as general secretary. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev selected as general secretary. – Glasnost Glasnost – Perestroika Perestroika – Wants to work to improve relationsWants to work to improve relations

• Strong diplomacy – Strong diplomacy – “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

• Gradual collapse of the “Iron Curtain”Gradual collapse of the “Iron Curtain”– Berlin Wall comes down in 1989Berlin Wall comes down in 1989

• No President reduced nukes like Ronald ReaganNo President reduced nukes like Ronald Reagan– Intermediate Nuclear Force Agreement Intermediate Nuclear Force Agreement – START ISTART I

• Soviet states began to call for sovereignty – Ukraine, Latvia, Soviet states began to call for sovereignty – Ukraine, Latvia, Belarus, etcBelarus, etc

Impact of the Cold WarImpact of the Cold War

• American film – American film – critical, satirical, prophetic, critical, satirical, prophetic, but always articulating the “fear”but always articulating the “fear”– Stanley Kubric’s Stanley Kubric’s Dr. StrangeloveDr. Strangelove: How I Learned to Stop : How I Learned to Stop

Worrying and Love the BombWorrying and Love the Bomb– The Day AfterThe Day After– TerminatorTerminator– War GamesWar Games

• MusicMusic– Land of Confusion – GenesisLand of Confusion – Genesis– Russians - StingRussians - Sting