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Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:Triple Alliance:
2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II [Rus]
Nicholas II [Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Allied Powers:Allied Powers:
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel II [It]
Victor Emmanuel II [It]
Central Powers:Central Powers:
Enver Pasha[Turkey]
Enver Pasha[Turkey]
Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Hungarians
Austro-Hungarians
A German Soldier Says
Farewell to His Mother
A German Soldier Says
Farewell to His Mother
SpiesSpies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide
Zelle
e German Spy!
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide
Zelle
e German Spy!
Advantages:
Allies- held superior numbers, financial resources, and command of the sea.
Central Powers- possessed internal communication lines and attacked first.
Germany:Schlieffen Plan- attack France by way of Belgium, conquer France quickly, then focus on Russia.
France:Courage and spirit could not defeat machine guns and heavy artillery.
Schlieffen Plan fails, as the French are a much more difficult opponent.
Britain:The British enter the war after the invasion of Belgium, a neutral country.
Introduce the armored tank into battles.
Trench Warfare.
A new type of war, fought by digging trenches, positioning artillery, barbed wire, land mines over an area.
Millions lost their lives fighting this way.
Battle of Somme- 1 million die.
Russia:
Battle of Tannenberg- Russian army captured/ destroyed by Germany.
60,000 casualties, 90,000 POWs.
New Allies:Bulgaria and Turkey join the Central Powers.
Italy joined the Allies, but dropped out. Romania joined the Allies.
A New Strategy:Winston Churchill proposed to go around the Western front and attack the Dardanelles and knock Turkey and Bulgaria out of the war.
Failed
War at Sea
Unrestricted submarine warfare by German U-boats.
Sank the Lusitania, killing 1200 and 128 Americans.
U.S. enters the War
Why?
German Unrestricted Submarine warfare
Zimmerman Note- telegram from German official to Mexico, promising German aid to win back Texas and SW U.S.
The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died
50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of
Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total2,133,19
0387,800