Name: __________________________World History The Rise and Fall of States and Empires in the Americas Standard 4.0 3.5 3.0 Not a 3.0

yetAnalyze cause and effect relationships in a historical context

60 – 55 points

54.5- 50 points 49- 40 points

Less than 40 points

Take complete notes of the packet and Graphic Org _______/10 pointsParagraphs for SAQ ______/40 points Multiple Choice questions ______/6 points 3.5/4.0 Option _____/4 points

Unit Objective :

Assessment:

After having the context answer the question- Name one possible claim for each of the questions How did American Civilizations raise?

How did American Civilizations fall?

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Theme 1: ENVIRONMENT

How have humans changed the environment around them and how has the environment changed human life?

Theme 2: Cultures

How did culture like belief systems, religions, literature, music, philosophical beliefs begin and change as culture met and interacted with each other?

Theme 3: STATE BUILDING

How have different governments and states begin, spread their borders and fallen over time?

Theme 4: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

How did the distribution of resources, use of labor and trade effect civilizations in the world?

Theme 5: SOCIAL STRUCTURES

How did social structures like class, gender, race, family develop, change and grow over time in different civilizations?

American Civilization #1 - TeotihuacanVocabulary

1. ObsidianDefinition Which theme of history and why

2. City-StateDefinition Which theme of history and why

3. ChinampasDefinition Which theme of history and why

Look at the following time and do the following:1. Circle the time period of the Classical era2. Write down which civilizations were in the Classical Era below

Read and take notes from the following reading-

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Teotihuacan- http://www.ancient.eu/Teotihuacan/

by Mark Cartwright published on 17 February 2015

Teotihuacan, located in the Basin of Central Mexico, was the largest, most influential, and certainly most revered city in the history of the New World, and it flourished in Mesoamerica's Golden Age, the Classic Period of the first millennium CE. Dominated by two gigantic pyramids and a huge sacred avenue, the city, its architecture, art, and religion would influence all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures, and it remains today the most visited ancient site in Mexico.HISTORICAL OVERVIEWIn relation to other Mesoamerican cultures Teotihuacan was contemporary with the early Classic Maya (250 - 900 CE) but earlier than the Toltec civilization (900-1150 CE). Located in the valley of the same name, the city first formed between 150 BCE and 200 CE and benefitted from a plentiful supply of spring water which was channelled through irrigation. The largest structures at the site were completed before the 3rd century CE, and the city reached its peak in the 4th century CE with a population as high as 200,000. Teotihuacan is actually the Aztec name for the city, meaning "Place of the Gods"; unfortunately, the original name is yet to be deciphered from surviving name glyphs at the site.

The city's prosperity was in part based on the control of the valuable obsidian deposits at nearby Pachuca, which were used to manufacture vast quantities of spear and dart heads and which were also a basis of trade. Other goods flowing in and out of the city would have included cotton, salt, cacao to make chocolate, exotic feathers, and shells. Irrigation and the natural attributes of local soil and climate resulted in the cultivation of crops such as corn, beans, squash, tomato, amaranth, avocado, prickly pear cactus, and chili peppers. These crops were typically cultivated via the chinampa system of raised, flooded fields which would later be used so effectively by the Aztecs. Turkey and dogs were for food, and wild game included deer, rabbits, and peccaries, whilst wild plants, insects, frogs, and fish also supplemented a diverse diet. In addition, the city displays evidence of textile manufacturing and crafts production. Teotihuacan also had its own writing system which was similar to, but more rudimentary than, the Maya system and generally limited in use to dates and names, at least in terms of surviving examples.

At its peak between 375 and 500 CE, the city controlled a large area of the central highlands of Mexico and probably exacted tribute from conquered territories via the threat of military attack. Teotihuacan's fearsome warriors, as depicted on murals, carry atlatl dart-throwers and rectangular shields, and they wear impressive costumes of feather headdresses, shell goggles, and mirrors on their backs. Evidence of cultural contact in the form of Teotihuacan pottery and luxury goods is found in elite burials across Mexico and even as far south as the contemporary Maya centres of Tikal and Copan.

Mysteriously, around 600 CE, the major buildings of Teotihuacan were deliberately destroyed by fire, and artworks and religious sculptures were smashed in what must have been a complete changing of the ruling elite. The destroyers may have been from the rising city of Xochicalco or from within in an uprising motivated by a scarcity in resources.

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ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT & FEATURESThe city, covering over 20 square kilometres, has a precise grid layout oriented 15.5 degrees east of true north. The city is dominated by the wide Avenue of the Dead (or Miccaotli as the Aztecs called it) which is 40 metres wide and 3.2 km long. The avenue begins in agricultural fields and passes the Great Compound or market place, Citadel, the Pyramid of the Sun, many other lesser temples and ceremonial precincts, and, culminating at the Pyramid of the Moon, points towards the sacred mountain Cerro Gordo…

PYRAMIDS OF THE SUN & MOONThe five-level Pyramid of the Sun was actually built over a much earlier sacred tunnel-cave and natural spring. The structure, constructed c. 100 CE, has six platforms and measures 215 metres along the sides and towers 60 metres high, which made it one of the biggest structures ever built in the ancient Americas. The present exterior, which would have once had a facing of smooth lime plaster, covers a slightly smaller earlier pyramid built over a massive mud-brick and rubble interior. The top once had a small temple structure, reached by a flight of stone stairs climbing the entire pyramid and which split and rejoined higher up. Inside the pyramid is a 100 metre-long tunnel which leads from beneath the outside staircase to a four-winged chamber, unfortunately, looted in antiquity but probably once a burial chamber or shrine.

The Pyramid of the Moon is very similar to, albeit slightly smaller than, it’s neighbour the Pyramid of the Sun. The present exterior covers six progressively smaller pyramids. Constructed c. 150 CE there is no inner chamber as in the Sun pyramid, but the foundations did contain many dedicatory offerings such as obsidian and greenstone felines and eagles and a single person. Offerings were also buried at each subsequent construction stage. And three males were buried just beneath the summit; the accompanying precious jade objects suggest they were important Maya nobles. There are also the remains of sacrificed animals including pumas, rattlesnakes, and birds of prey.

Take notes and Watch the following video linked to Mr. Wood’s website - Pyramids of Death: Teotihuacan, Mexico- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDue8OBuR_U&t=852s

Watch from 2:00 – 4:50, 5:30 – 6:05, 9:00 – 11:35, 12:40 – 13:55 Remember that Teotihuacan was built many years before the Aztecs had their empire! Teotihuacan was a city built in the Classical Era, The Aztecs had their empire in the Post-Classical and Early Modern Empire!

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The Pyramid of the Sun (top) is the largest structure in the ancient city of Teotihuacan, Mexico, and one of the largest buildings of its kind on the Western Hemisphere. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/archaeology/teotihuacan/Overview Look at the entire visual image- write 1-2 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big

picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Why was this made? Why did this matter in its time period?

Title Write the title or make one up that goes with the imagine

I can connect Connect what you see here with:

1. What you learned from the packet (notes, lecture video) with at least 1-2 details

2. Another region or era of history we studied

3.

Context Look at the context of the Era from lecture of the beginning of the packet

What is the era, include name and years?

What did people do in this era?

How does this picture fit into the context?

American Civilization #2- The Maya5

Vocabulary1. Slash and Burn

Definition Which theme of history and why

2. CodicesDefinition Which theme of history and why

GO TO THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE LINKED TO MR. WOOD’S WEBSITE - Ancient Maya 101 | National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6eBJjdca14Step one- Watch the video and take notes – this is on top of the website

Step two- take notes on the reading from the same website above

MAYAThe Maya Empire, centered in the tropical lowlands of what is now Guatemala, reached the peak of its power and influence around the sixth century A.D. The Maya excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing, calendar-making and mathematics, and left behind an astonishing amount of impressive architecture and symbolic artwork. Most of the great stone cities of the Maya were abandoned by A.D. 900, however, and since the 19th century scholars have debated what might have caused this dramatic decline.

LOCATING THE MAYAThe Maya civilization was one of the most dominant indigenous societies of Mesoamerica (a term used to describe Mexico and Central America before the 16th century Spanish conquest). Unlike other scattered indigenous populations of Mesoamerica, the Maya were centered in one geographical block covering all of the Yucatan Peninsula and modern-day Guatemala; Belize and parts of the Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas; and the western part of Honduras and El Salvador. This concentration showed that the Maya remained relatively secure from invasion by other Mesoamerican peoples.

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Among the earliest Maya a single language existed, but by the Preclassic Period a great linguistic diversity developed among the various Maya peoples. In modern-day Mexico and Central America, around 5 million people speak some 70 Maya languages; most of them are bilingual in Spanish.…the Maya of the southern lowland region reached their peak during the Classic Period of Maya civilization (A.D. 250 to 900), and built the great stone cities and monuments that have fascinated explorers and scholars of the region.

CITIES OF STONE: THE CLASSIC MAYA, A.D. 250-900The Classic Period, which began around A.D. 250, was the golden age of the Maya Empire. Classic Maya civilization grew to some 40 cities, including Tikal, Uaxactún, Copán, Bonampak, Dos Pilas, Calakmul, Palenque and Río Bec; each city held a population of between 5,000 and 50,000 people. At its peak, the Maya population may have reached 2,000,000.Excavations of Maya sites have unearthed plazas, palaces, temples and pyramids, as well as courts for playing the ball games that were ritually and politically significant to Maya culture. Maya cities were surrounded and supported by a large population of farmers. Though the Maya practiced a primitive type of “slash-and-burn” agriculture, they also displayed evidence of more advanced farming methods, such as irrigation and terracing.The Maya were deeply religious, and worshiped various gods related to nature, including the gods of the sun, the moon, rain and corn. At the top of Maya society were the kings, or “kuhul ajaw” (holy lords), who claimed to be related to gods and followed a hereditary succession. They were thought to serve as mediators between the gods and people on earth, and performed the elaborate religious ceremonies and rituals so important to the Maya culture.

The Classic Maya built many of their temples and palaces in a stepped pyramid shape, decorating them with elaborate reliefs and inscriptions. These structures have earned the Maya their reputation as the great artists of Mesoamerica. Guided by their religious ritual, the Maya also made significant advances in mathematics and astronomy, including the use of the zero and the development of a complex calendar system based on 365 days. Though early researchers concluded that the Maya were a peaceful society of priests and scribes, later evidence–including a thorough examination of the artwork and inscriptions on their temple walls–showed the less peaceful side of Maya culture, including the war between rival Mayan city-states and the importance of torture and human sacrifice to their religious ritual.

Serious exploration of Classic Maya sites began in the 1830s. By the early to mid-20th century, a small portion of their system of hieroglyph writing had been deciphered, and more about their history and culture became known. Most of what historians know about the Maya comes from what remains of their architecture and art, including stone carvings and inscriptions on their buildings and monuments. The Maya also made paper from tree bark and wrote in books made from this paper, known as codices; four of these codices are known to have survived.

LIFE IN THE RAINFORESTOne of the many intriguing things about the Maya was their ability to build a great civilization in a tropical rainforest climate. Traditionally, ancient peoples had flourished in drier climates, where the centralized management of water

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resources (through irrigation and other techniques) formed the basis of society. (This was the case for the Teotihuacan of highland Mexico, contemporaries of the Classic Maya.) In the southern Maya lowlands, however, there were few navigable rivers for trade and transport, as well as no obvious need for an irrigation system….

MYSTERIOUS DECLINE OF THE MAYAFrom the late eighth through the end of the ninth century, something unknown happened to shake the Maya civilization to its foundations. One by one, the Classic cities in the southern lowlands were abandoned, and by A.D. 900, Maya civilization in that region had collapsed. The reason for this mysterious decline is unknown, though scholars have developed several competing theories.

Some believe that by the ninth century the Maya had exhausted the environment around them to the point that it could no longer sustain a very large population. Other Maya scholars argue that constant warfare among competing city-states led the complicated military, family (by marriage) and trade alliances between them to break down, along with the traditional system of dynastic power. As the stature of the holy lords diminished, their complex traditions of rituals and ceremonies dissolved into chaos. Finally, some catastrophic environmental change–like an extremely long, intense period of drought–may have wiped out the Classic Maya civilization. Drought would have hit cities like Tikal–where rainwater was necessary for drinking as well as for crop irrigation–especially hard.

All three of these factors–overpopulation and overuse of the land, endemic warfare and drought–may have played a part in the downfall of the Maya in the southern lowlands. In the highlands of the Yucatan, a few Maya cities–such as Chichén Itzá, Uxmal and Mayapán–continued to flourish in the Post-Classic Period (A.D. 900-1500).

American Civilization #3- The Moche1. Quipu

Definition Which theme of history and why

2. Huacas Definition Which theme of history and why

3. El NinoDefinition Which theme of history and why

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The Moche Culture - Beginner's Guide to History and Archaeology -http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/qt/moche.htm

by K. Kris HirstUpdated February 12, 2017

The Moche culture (ca. AD 100-750) was a South American society, with cities, temples, canals and farmsteads located along the arid coast in a narrow strip between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes mountains of Peru. The Moche or Mochica are perhaps best known for their ceramic art: their pots include life-sized portrait heads of individuals and three-dimensional representations of animals and people.

Moche art is also reflected in polychrome and/or three-dimensional murals made of plastered clay on their public buildings, some of which are open to visitors. These murals depict a wide range of figures and themes, including warriors and their prisoners, priests and supernatural beings. Studied in detail, the murals and decorated ceramics reveal much about the ritual behaviors of the Moche, such as the Warrior Narrative.

MOCHE POLITICS AND ECONOMY

The Moche were a stratified society with a powerful elite and an elaborate, well-codified ritual process.

The political economy was based on the presence of large civic-ceremonial centers that produced a wide range of goods which were marketed to rural agrarian villages. The villages, in turn, supported the city centers by producing a wide range of cultivated crops. Prestige goods created in the urban centers were distributed to rural leaders to support their power and control over those parts of society.

The ability to control water, particularly in the face of droughts and extreme rainfall and flooding resulting from the El Niño Southern Oscillation drove much of the Moche economics and political strategies. The Moche built an extensive network of canals to increase agricultural productivity in their regions. Corn, beans, squash, avocado, guavas, chili peppers, and beans were grown by the Moche people; they domesticated llamas, guinea pigs and ducks. They also fished and hunted plants and animals in the region, and traded lapis lazuli and spondylus shell objects from long distances.

The Moche were expert weavers, and metallurgists used lost wax casting and cold hammering techniques to work gold, silver, and copper.

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MOCHE ARCHITECTURE

In addition to the canals and aqueducts, architectural elements of Moche society included large monumental pyramid-shaped architecture called huacas which were apparently partly temples, palaces, administrative centers, and ritual meeting places. The huacas were large platform mounds, built of thousands of adobe bricks, and some of them towered hundreds of feet above the valley floor.

On top of the tallest platforms were large patios, rooms and corridors, and a high bench for the seat of the ruler.

Most of the Moche centers had two huacas, one larger than the other. Between the two huacas could be found the Moche cities, including cemeteries, residential compounds, storage facilities and craft workshops. Some planning of the centers is evident, since the layout of the Moche centers are very similar, and organized along streets.

Ordinary people at Moche sites lived in rectangular adobe-brick compounds, where several families resided. Within the compounds were rooms used for living and sleeping, craft workshops, and storage facilities. Houses at Moche sites are generally made of well-standardized adobe brick. Some case of shaped stone foundations are known in hill slope locations: these shaped stone structures may be of higher status individuals, although more work needs to be completed.

While the Moche did not leave a written record (they may have used the quipu recording technique that we have yet to decipher), the Moche ritual contexts and their daily lives are known because of excavations and detailed study of their ceramic, sculptural and mural art.

On the Trail of Moche Gold- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpOtlEQfcbU

Watch from 3:30 – 6:30Where was the Moche culture?

What can be learned about the Moche culture through their art?

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Take notes on the Lecture below – The Fall of the Moche

American Civilizations #4- Cahokia in North America Vocabulary

1. MesaDefinition Which theme of history and why

2. MoundsDefinition Which theme of history and why

Cahokia - City of the Sun - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAXBA2Pt9wE Watch from 1:05 – 8:15

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Cahokia: North America's First CityBy Owen Jarus, Live Science Contributor | January 11, 2018 07:40pm ET

Cahokia was a city that, at its peak from A.D. 1050-1200, was larger than many European cities, including London. The city was spread out over six square miles (16 square kilometers) and encompassed at least 120 mounds and a population between 10,000 and 20,000 people. 

Located across the Mississippi River from modern-day St. Louis, it was the largest pre-Columbian city north of Mexico. The inhabitants of Cahokia did not use a writing system, and researchers today rely heavily on archaeology to interpret it. The name "Cahokia" is from an aboriginal people who lived in the area during the 17th century. 

Cultural finds from the city include evidence of a popular game called "Chunkey" and a caffeine loaded drink. Artistic finds include stone tablets carved with images (such as a birdman) as well as evidence of sophisticated copper working, including jewelry and headdresses.

Recent research shows that many of the people who lived at Cahokia were immigrants who came from across the Midwest, possibly traveling from as far away as the Great Lakes and Gulf Coast, a study of their teeth shows. To the south of Cahokia a settlement that archaeologists call Washausen became abandoned around the time Cahokia was at its peak around A.D. 1100, a study published recently in the Journal of Archaeological Science Reports found. It's possible that some of the residents at Washausen, and other sites located near it, moved to Cahokia. 

The city's growth may have been aided by warmer temperatures. At the time Cahokia flourished, temperatures across the Earth were unusually warm, resulting in increased rainfall in the American Midwest, wrote archaeologists Timothy Pauketat and Susan Alt in a paper published in the book "Medieval Mississippians: The Cahokian World" (School for Advanced Research Press, 2015). "An increase in average yearly precipitation accompanied the warmer weather, permitting maize farming to thrive," Pauketat and Alt wrote. 

The city fell into decline after 1200, around the time that a flood occurred, becoming abandoned by 1400. Much of the city lies buried under 19th- and 20th-century developments, including a highway and the growth of the city of St. Louis. Over the past few decades, efforts have been made to preserve what remains, with Cahokia's core now part of a state historic site.

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Human sacrifice

Mound 72 is a 10-foot-high (3 m) structure located less than a half-mile south of Monks Mound. It dates between 1050 and 1150 and holds the remains of 272 people, many of them sacrificed — the largest number of sacrificial victims ever found north of Mexico.

The mound's archaeology is complicated but several instances of human sacrifice can be made out. In one case, 39 men and women were executed "on the spot," wrote Pauketat in the book "Cahokia: Ancient America's Great City on the Mississippi" (Penguin, 2010). "It seemed likely the victims had been lined up on the edge of the pit ... and clubbed one by one so that their bodies fell sequentially into it."In another episode of sacrifice, 52 malnourished women between the ages of 18 and 23 appear to have been sacrificed at the same time, along with a woman in her 30s. It's not known why these women were sacrificed. A study of the teeth of the women indicates that many of them are from the local area, suggesting that they were not captured during a war.

The burial mound also has the remains of a man and woman who were found buried with 20,000 shell beads, likely the remains of a garment(s). They may have been a couple that had a great amount of power at Cahokia. Near their remains archaeologists found the burials of 12 other people including several male-female couples as well as the remains of a child.  

Cosmology

The absence of written records makes it difficult for researchers to understand all the religious and spiritual beliefs that the residents of Cahokia had. However, "new evidence suggests that the central Cahokia precinct was designed to align with calendrical and cosmological referents — sun, moon, earth, water and the netherworld," wrote a team of archaeologists in an article published in 2017 in the journal Antiquity. 

Chunkey

Cahokia supported a rich variety of art and cultural activities. Among them are stones used for a once wildly popular game called "Chunkey."

Archaeologists cannot be certain what the exact rules were at the time Cahokia thrived. Accounts of the game in the 18th and 19th century tell of a stone disc, called a "chunkey stone," that would be rolled on a playing field with people throwing giant sticks, larger than themselves, at it, trying to land them as close to the stone as possible. Points would be given depending on how close they came. Gambling on the outcome of this game was common, according to writers who lived in the 18th and 19thcenturies. 

Pauketat envisions Chunkey being played as a team sport at Cahokia in the plaza beside Monks Mound. In an Archaeology Magazine article, he writes that "the chief standing at the summit of the black, packed-earth

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pyramid raises his arms. In the grand plaza below, a deafening shout erupts from 1,000 gathered souls. Then the crowd divides in two, and both groups run across the plaza, shrieking wildly. Hundreds of spears fly through the air toward a small rolling stone disk ..." Spectators would cheer them on, witnessing a great sport that captivated the North American city.

-- Use the SCAP steps to analyze the stimulus that Mr. Wood will hand out

S- SpeakerWhat’s the speaker’s POV?

C- ContextDoes this fit in an “age” or an “era”?

A- Audience- Who is the speaker writing for? Does the audience “side” with the speaker?

P- Purpose Can you summarize in one sentence, the main idea, argument, or persuasion in the doc?

For each question, you will earn 1 point for your evidence that has to come from the stimulus and/or your packet (at least 2-3 details and 1 point for having the correct answer.

7. Your answer Your reason- using evidence for

the stimulus or from our chapter packet

Your groups answer Your groups reason

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8. Your answer Your reason- using evidence for

the stimulus or from our chapterYour groups answer Your groups reason

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Question for the Website- Classical Era American Civilizations are full of mysteries and historians know less about them then they do about places like Rome and China. Why do you think it is that we do not know more about these American Civilizations?

-Give 3-4 details explaining way - Topic sentence with your stance - __/1 points- 3-4 details defending your stance - ____/3 points

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