Quantis Marcial Vargas Xavier Bengoa Sebastien Humbert Violaine Magaud Vincent Rossi

Agroscope Jens Lansche Patrik Mouron Thomas Nemecek Eliane Riedener

World Food LCA Database

Narrowing the gap between industrial needs and available agrofood LCA data

Conference AvniR 2016, November 9th, 2016 Lille, France

Marcial Vargas marcial.vargas-gonzalez@quantis-intl.com

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Food product LCA

Due to higher impacts of food ingredients compared to other value chain impacts, it is imperative to have high quality and complete data about agrofood products

However, today we don’t have complete, consistent and reliable datasets for many food ingredients

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What is the World Food LCA Database?

Examples of products included in WFLDB

Nitrogen fertilizers

Vegetables: asparagus, carrot, potato, tomato

Animal products: fresh meat (beef, chicken, pork) eggs, animal by-products

Dairy: milk, butter, buttermilk, cream, cheese, milk concentrate, milk powder, whey

Beverages: bottled water

Oils: coconut oil, palm oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, etc.

Prepared food: bread, chocolate, coffee, margarine, pasta, tomato paste

Arable crops: corn, linseed, maize, mint, oat, peanut, rice, soybean, sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, tea, vanilla, wheat

Fruits and nuts: almond, apricot, apple, banana, cocoa, coconut, coffee, mandarin, olive, orange, palm fruit, pear, peach, strawberry

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Methodological Guidelines

Nemecek T., Bengoa X., Lansche J., Mouron P., Riedener E., Rossi V. & Humbert S. (2015) Methodological Guidelines for the Life Cycle Inventory of Agricultural Products. Version 3.0, July 2015. World Food LCA Database (WFLDB). Quantis and Agroscope, Lausanne and Zurich, Switzerland.

Freely available online

www.quantis-intl.com/wfldb

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General principles

Aligned with international standards: • ISO 14044

• ILCD

• PEF

• Ecoinvent

• FAO-LEAP Guide

• IDF Guide

Transparency and comprehensiveness • Complete LCI

• Detailed documentation

• Disaggregated data (unit processes)

Why going for disaggregation?

LCI datasets disaggregation enables identifying the impact of different stages and inputs (e.g. deforestation vs. production of fertilizers)

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Brazil(Arabica)

Colombia(Arabica)

Honduras(Arabica)

Indonesia(Robusta)

ImpactonClimateChange(kgCO2-eq)perkgofGreenCoffeeBeans

Others

Depulping

Orchard

Pesticides

Fertilisers

Irrigation

Landusechange(deforestation)

Directemissionsatthefield

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The destruction of Indonesia's forests Deforestation and land use change remain some of the major environmental issues that are not properly evaluated in most LCAs. Existing datasets are therefore heterogeneous and could lead to major differences in results

Source: http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/ng-interactive/2014/nov/10/palm-oil-rainforest-cupboard-interactive?CMP=new_1194

Deforestation

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Source: http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/ng-interactive/2014/nov/10/palm-oil-rainforest-cupboard-interactive?CMP=new_1194

Deforestation

The destruction of Indonesia's forests Deforestation and land use change remain some of the major environmental issues that are not properly evaluated in most LCAs. Existing datasets are therefore heterogeneous and could lead to major differences in results

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Land use change

Adapted from “Direct Land Use Change Assessment Tool”, version 2014-1-21-january-2014 (Blonk 2014)

Carbon pool

Land transformation

From primary forest

From secondary forest

From perennial crop

From annual crop

From grassland

Above-ground biomass (AGB)

8% harvested and stored

92% emitted (20% burned, 72% by decay)

100% emitted by decay Net carbon capture may occur in

certain cases (and is taken into account)

Below-ground biomass (BGB)

100% emitted by decay

Dead organic matter (DOM)

100% emitted by decay Ignored

Soil organic carbon (SOC)

SOC change according to IPCC 2006, including peat drainage emissions. Net carbon capture may occur in certain cases (and is taken into account)

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Land use change

Allocation according to different value systems

Crop-specific approach

Land use change is allocated to all crops and activities that grew in the last 20 years in a given country, and only to them, according to their respective area increase.

Shared-responsability approach

Land use change during the last 20 years is evenly distributed among all crops and activities present in the country, based on current area occupied.

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Land use change: Crop-specific

Fictive example: Brazil

Forests 100 ha deforested

in the past 20 years

Crop A = 80 ha + 90 ha = 170 ha Crop B = 50 ha + 45 ha = 95 ha Crop C = 80 ha - 20 ha = 60 ha

Expansion in the past 20 years of selected crop in selected country

Crop A 67 ha Crop B 33 ha Crop C 0 ha

Crop A 0.39 ha/ha Crop B 0.35 ha/ha Crop C 0 ha/ha

Crop A 67% Crop B 33% Crop C 0%

90 / (90+45) = 0.67 67 / 170 = 0.39

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Land use change: Shared-responsibility

Forests

Crop A 52% Crop B 29% Crop C 19%

Crop A 52 ha Crop B 29 ha Crop C 19 ha

Crop A 0.31 ha/ha Crop B 0.31 ha/ha Crop C 0.31 ha/ha

Crop A = 80 ha + 90 ha = 170 ha Crop B = 50 ha + 45 ha = 95 ha Crop C = 80 ha - 20 ha = 60 ha

Total area now

100 ha / 325 ha = 0.31 ha/ha

100 ha deforested in the past 20 years

Fictive example: Brazil

170/(170+95+60) = 0.52 52 / 170 = 0.31

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Land use change

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GreencoffeeBrazil

GreencoffeeHonduras

GreencoffeeIndonesia

GreencoffeeVietnam

LUCexcluded LUCcrop-specific LUCsharedresponsibility

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Land use change

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GreencoffeeBrazil

GreencoffeeHonduras

GreencoffeeIndonesia

GreencoffeeVietnam

LUCexcluded LUCcrop-specific LUCsharedresponsibility

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Land use change

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GreencoffeeBrazil

GreencoffeeHonduras

GreencoffeeIndonesia

GreencoffeeVietnam

LUCexcluded LUCcrop-specific LUCsharedresponsibility

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Further needs in agrofood LCI

About land use

– Cannot be neglected and data is available

– Homogenization on existing models and datasets is needed

– A standard on land use change and deforestation in LCA is missing

Other issues

– Homogenization on existing models and datasets

– Regionalized inventory and fate models for N,P,K and pesticides

– Uptake and emission of heavy metals by plants

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WFLDB Phase 2

Harmonisation and

cooperation

New LCI datasets

Continuous improvement of methodological

guidelines

With the industry With new standards

With other data providers

More products More countries

More production systems

Involvement of sectorial experts

worldwide

Thank you for your attention Would you like to know more ?

Contact me ! Marcial Vargas– marcial.vargas-gonzalez@quantis-intl.com

WFLDB: a Global Database

Countries for which LCI datasets were developed for WFLDB phase 1 are indicated in blue

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Concrete example: chicken

Known inputs from technosphere Comment

Broiler chicks, at farm (W)/GLO U ***** chicks for fattening are purchased

Feed for poultry, at storehouse (W)/BR U ***** kg feed needed for 1 kg of weight gain

Broiler house, deep-litter system, at farm (W)/GLO U

Feed-concentrate silo, steel, at farm (W)/GLO U

Electricity, low voltage, at grid/BR U

Natural gas, burned in boiler atmospheric low-NOx non-modulating <100kW/RER U

Wood chips, softwood, from industry, u=40%, at plant/RER U

Tap water, at user/RER U

Transport, lorry >32t, EURO3/RER U Transport feed to farm

Transport, lorry >32t, EURO3/RER U Transport wood chips

4 sub-datasets

Transports

Energy, water, … consumptions

Chicken, live weight, at farm / BR U

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Concrete example: chicken

Emissions to air Sub-category

Ammonia low. pop.

Dinitrogen monoxide low. pop.

Methane, biogenic low. pop.

Nitrogen oxides low. pop.

Emissions to water Sub-category

Water river

Known outputs to technoshpere

Treatment, sewage, to wastewater treatment, class 4/CH U

Recognized model

System boundaries – Crop production

System boundaries – Animal production

System boundaries – Food processing