WORLD COTTON RESEARCH CONFERENCE-5 Renaissance Convent ion Cent re, Mumbai 7-11 November 2011 Theme: Technologies for Prosperity www.excelpublish.comWORLD COTTON RESEARCH CONFERENCE-5 Renaissance Convent ion Cent re, Mumbai 7-11 November 2011 Theme: Technologies for Prosperity (Oral Presentations of WCRC-5) Editors Dr. K.R. Kranthi Dr. M.V. Venugopalan Dr. R.H. Balasubramanya Dr. Sandhya Kranthi Dr. Sumanbala Singh Dr. Blaise Organized by International Cotton Advisory Committee, Washington, DC, USA Indian Society for Cotton Improvement, Mumbai, India Indian Council of Agriclutural Research, New Delhi, India EXCEL INDIA PUBLISHERS New Delhi Book of Papers First Impression: 2011 Indian Society for Cotton Improvement, Mumbai World Cotton Research Conference on Technologies for Prosperity ISBN: 978-93-81361-51-1 Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopy,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permission in writing from the copyright owners. DISCLAIMER Theauthorsaresolelyresponsibleforthecontentsofthepaperscompiledinthisvolume.Thepublishersoreditorsdonottakeanyresponsibilityforthesameinanymanner.Errors,ifany,arepurelyunintentionalandreadersarerequestedtocommunicatesucherrorstotheeditorsor publishers to avoid discrepancies in future. Published by EXCEL INDIA PUBLISHERS 61/28, Dalpat Singh Building, Pratik Market, Munirka, New Delhi-110067 Tel: +91-11-2671 1755/ 2755/ 3755/ 5755 z Fax: +91-11-2671 6755 E-mail: publishing@excelpublish.comWebsite: www.excelpublish.com Typeset by Excel Publishing Services, New Delhi-110067 E-mail: prepress@excelpublish.com Printed by Excel Printing Universe, New Delhi-110067 E-mail: printing@excelpublish.comPreface Every advance in civilization has been denounced as unnatural while it was recent Betrand Russell Indeed,ithasnowbecomemorecommonthaneverbefore,todebate,denouncebutadoptchanges.And, when it happens, adoption of new technologies happens in a manner like never before. The recent biotech advances in cotton epitomized the saga of technologies that became game-changers to emerge victorious, unscathed, but wading through adversities.Cotton is natures gift to mankind. The gentle fibers pass through tough mechanical rigor to become soft fabric that clothes and makes civilizations. For more than seven thousand years, cotton has been the bestpossiblenaturesfabricandtheworldreveresitnow.Cottoninmanycountriesmeanslivelihood, employmentandfoodsecurity.Withacurrentshareof36.0%infabrics,cottoncontinuestoremainas the most skin friendly of all apparel available to mankind. The global cotton production in 2010 was 25.1 M tons from 34.0 M hectares. With population at 6.8 billion in 2010, the average per-capita utilization of fibers is estimated to be 10.4 kg. The global production of fibers increased from 52.0 M tons in 2000 to 72.5 M tons in 2010 at an average growth rate of 3.3% and is expected to reach 138 M tons by 2030 with an estimated 48.0 M tons of cotton production. The world population is estimated to increase at an annual growth rate of 1.4% to reach 8.2 billion by 2030. It is being speculated that the declining supply of raw materialsandoilreservesinthefuturewillconstrainman-madefiberproductionandthedemandfor cottonwillincrease.Eventodaythedemandforcottonwouldincreaseiftheentireproductionand processing system is made more cost effective by improving yield per unit input. The cotton demand may increase,ifthepetroleumreservesbecomealimitingfactorfortheproductionofman-madefibers. Yieldshavetoincreasewithoutanyfurtherareaspread.Scienceandtechnologiesalonewillshowthe way.Aswemoveon,tocatertotheneedsofburgeoningpopulation,itbecomesourcollective responsibilitytotreadapaththatisinconsonancewithnature.Forseveraldecades,cottoncultivation andpost-harvestprocessinghadbecomeinputintensiveandchemicaldependent.Togetherwewill succeed as a global family only when we shall be able to discover methods of agriculture and industrial processesthatwillbeleastdisruptivetotheenvironmentandprofitableforallconcernedinproduction and processing.W.R. Whitney, chemist and founder of General Electric Company, saidIn the advance of civilization, it is new knowledge that paves the way, and the pavement is eternal ThepaperspresentedattheconferencerepresentNewKnowledgeandreflectthetrendtowards progress in science and technologies for a better future. We earnestly hope that the book of papers will be treasured by the cotton fraternity.Editors Contents Prefacev COTTON IMPROVEMENT AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 1.Genetic Diversity Analysis in Cotton Germplasm Prafulla Naphade, Pandurang Kulkarni, Rahul Ramekar, Ashok Jaybhaye Chandrashekhar Chaporkar, Bharat Char and Venugopal Mikkilineni3 2.Creating Novel Diversity and using Comprehensive Methods forTheir Further Use in Hybrid ResearchAn Exercise in Gossypium hirsutum L. Rajesh S. Patil, Bharathkumar, Kasu Pawar, Sudheendra Ashtaputre,Ishwarappa Katageri, Basavaraj Khadi, Bhuvaneshwaragouda Patil,Shreekanth Patil and Shekhar L.8 3.New Cotton Germplasm as an Intermediate Cycle Called SP 8 Development by the National Institute of Agricultural TechnologyINTA A. Tcach Mauricio, A.F. Poisson, Ivan Bonacic, Silvia Ibalo, Alex Montenegro Daniel Ojeda and Mariano Cracogna13 4.Introgression of High Fibre Strength Trait to Upland Cotton using Marker-Assisted Selection Nallathambi Kannan, P. Selvakumar, R. Krishnamoorthy, D. Raja, M. Bhuvaneshwari, V. Subramanian and M. Ramasami17 5.Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Yield and Fibre Quality Traits in Inter-Specific Crossesof Cotton (Gossypium spp.) Gunasekaran Mahalingam, Krishnasamy Thiyaguand Nagasamy Nadarajan28 6.Introgression of Desirable Characters for Growing Cotton in Pakistan Abid Mahmood, Jehanzeb Farooq and Noor-Ul-Islam35 7.Temporal Changes in Metabolically Important Enzymesand Solutes act as Trigger for Epidermal Cell Conversionto Fibre Initials in Cotton Gopalakrishnan N., A.H. Prakash and Y.L. Balachandran43 8.Study of Interspecific Hybrids (Gossypium hirsutum x G. barbadense)for Heterosis and Combining Ability K.P.M. Dhamayanthi51 9.Predicting F Performance from Their Parental Charectaristics in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) R.K. Gumber, Pankaj Rathore and J.S. Gill56 10.Thermosensitive Genetic Male Sterility Systemin Cotton (G. arboreum L.) S.M. Palve, V. Santhy, S.R. Bhat, S. Laxman, Rajesh Patil, B.M. Khadi,Sonali Virkhede and Priyanka Bihariya62 11.Heterosis for Yield and Yield Attributing Traitsin Arboreum Cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) S.B. Lalage, N.D. Deshmukh, I.S. Halakude and J.C. Rajput69 viii Contents 12.Multi-Level Determination for Heat Tolerance of Cotton Cultivars Nicola S. Cottee, Michael P. Bange, Daniel K.Y. Tan, J. Tom Cothren72 13.Genetic Variability in Single Plant Selections for Improving Drought Tolerance in Upland Cotton Suman B. Singh, A.H. Prakash and Amol A. Karpe80 14.Genetic Parameters of Physiological Traits for Salinity Tolerance in Diverse Genotypes of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium arbadense L.) Hosseini Gholamhossein and Behdarvand Pejman85 15.Marker-Assisted Selection for Improving Drought Resistance in Cotton Yehoshua Saranga, Avishag Levi and Andrew H. Paterson89 16.Tak FA8: New Jassid Tolerant Cotton Variety P. Seburuang,W. Sirichumpan,P. Nakapan,S. Thaitad,S. LapbunjobA. Traisiri,N.T. Khumla,S. Areerak,S.A. Juttupornpong,N. Panlai,A. Kasivivat,P. Sangsoda,R. Chuekittisak, B. Kumseub,P. Pulcha and K. Khockakang9217.High Boll Weight and High Ginning Outturn The Major Tools for Breaking Yield Barriers in Gossypium arboreum Punit Mohan, S. Manickam, S.K. Verma, D. Pathak,A.S. Singh and Tarun Kumar Das95 18.Development of Naturally Coloured Gossypium hirsutum Cotton Genotypes Suitable for Textile Industry through Genetic Improvement Manjula S. Maralappanavar, Vikas V. Kulkarni, Somshekhar, C. Madhura, S.S. Patil, K. Narayanan, K.J. Sanapapamma and Jyoti V. Vastrad100 19.Divergent Selection for Yield and Earlinessin Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) P. Michalakopoulos, C. Goulas, A. Katsiotis and S. Rangasamy 104 20.Development of Recombinant Inbred Lines for Fibre Quality Traits in Gossypium hirsutum L Jagmail Singh, Babita Chaudhary, Preeti Srivastva,Sapna Tiwari and Mukesh Kumar Sharma111 21.Elite Cotton Varieties in the Zimbawean Private Sector Research Programme Mandiveyi Jeremiah Kudzayi115 22.Development of Biotic Stress Resistance Transgenic Diploid Cotton Utilizing Agrobacterium and Shoot Apical Meristem Cells Sukhadeo Nandeshwar, Pranjib Chakraborty, Kanchan Singh,Mithila Meshram and Bipinchandra Kalbande120 23.Cloning and Characterization of Cellulose Synthase Genes from Arabidopsis thaliana Balasubramani G., Amudha J., Sahare S. and Kranthi K.R.129 24.Cotton Transgenic with DRE-binding Transcription Factor Gene (DREBA) and Zinc Finger Gene (ZF) Confers Enhanced Tolerance to Drought Amudha J., G. Balasubramani, A.H. Prakash, Shweta C., K.C. Bansal and K.R. Kranthi136 Contents ix 25.Study of Heterosis in Inter Varietal Crosses of Asiatic Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L) N.N. Patel, D.U. Patel, D.H. Patel, K.G. Patel, S.K. Chandran and V. Kumar149 26.Assessment of Genetic Diversity for Improved Fibre Quality Traits in G. barbadense Accessions to Widen Cotton Gene Pool Amala Balu P., D. Kavithamani and S. Rajarathinam153 COTTON PROTECTION 27.Survival of Helicoverpa armigera on Bt Cotton Hybrids in IndiaCan We Buy the Interpretations A. Prabhuraj, Y.B. Srinivasa and K. Muralimohan161 28.Field Performance of F,-F and non-Bt of BG-II(MRC-707 Bt) and JKCH-97 Bt Against Bollworms of Cotton G.T. Gujar, G.K. Bunker, B.P. Singh and V. Kalia165 29.Intrinsic Rate of Increase and Life Parameters of Cotton Leaf Eating Caterpillar Spodoptera lituraon Bollgard II Hybrids Golla M.V. Prasada Rao, T. Sujatha, G.A.D. Grace,N.V.V.S.D. Prasad and V. Chenga Reddy174 30.Field Efficacy of Widestrike Bt Cotton, Expressing CryAc and CryF Proteins, Against Lepidopteran Pests in India Moudgal R.K., Chetan Chawda, Gajendra Baktavachalam Sundara Rajan and Gary D. Thompson184 31.Influence of Weather Parameters on Population of Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis and its Natural Enemies on Bt Cotton B.V. Patil, S.G. Hanchinal, M. Bheemanna and A.C. Hosamani 193 32.Insecticide Induced Resurgence of Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in Cotton Rishi Kumar, Dinesh Swami, Vijender Pal and K.R. Kranthi 198 33.Species Diversity, Pestiferous Nature, Bionomics and Management of Mirid Bugs and Flower Bud Maggots: the New Key Pests of Bt CottonsS. Udikeri, S. Kranthi, K.R. Kranthi, N. Vandal, A. Hallad S.B. Patil and B.M. Khadi203 34.Influence of Spatial Cropping Patterns of Cotton Cultivation on Population Dynamics of Mirid Bug, Creontiades biseratense (Distant) B. Dhara Jothi, T. Sonai Rajan, V.S. Nagrare, M. Amutha, Rishi Kumar and T. Surulivelu210 35.Determination of Economic Injury Level for Defoliator Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on Bt Cotton M. Bheemanna, S. Hanchinal, A.K. Hosamani and R. Chowdary216 36.Development of Metapopulation Approach for Landscape-level Lygus hesperusManagement in Texas M.N. Parajulee, R.B. Shrestha, W.O. Mcspadden and S.C. Carroll220 x Contents 37.Survival of Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in Bt and Non Bt Cotton In Normal and Late Sowing with A Special Emphasize to Avoid Population Pressure S. Mohan and S. Nandini229 38.Dynamics of Biotypes b and q of Bemisia tabaciin Cotton Fields and Their Relevance to Insecticide Resistance A.R. Horowitz, H. Breslauer, M. Rippa, S. Kontsedalov, M. Ghanim,P. Weintraub and I. Ishaaya232 39.Gambit of IPM for Insect Resistant Transgenic Cotton N.V.V.S. Durga Prasad, G.M.V. Prasad Rao and V. Chenga Reddy239 40.Cotton Pest Management Programmes using Threshold-Based Interventions Developed by CIRAD and its Partners in SubSaharan African Countries Silvie P.J., Adegnika M.A., Akantetou K.P., Ayeva B., Bonni G., BrevaultT., Gautier C., Hma O., Houndete T.A., Ochou G., Prudent P. Renou A. and Togola M.244 41.Can Natural Refuges Delay Insect Resistance to Bt Cotton Brvault Thierry,, Nibouche Samuel, Achaleke Joseph and Carrire Yves 255 42.Can Tomato be a Potential Host Plant for Pink Bollworm N. Ariela, S. Harpaz Liora, R. Mario, S. Roee and H.A. Rami258 43.Impact of IRM Strategies on Bt Cotton in Andhra Pradesh T.V.K. Singh, N.V.V.S.D. Prasad, S. Sharma and S. Dayakar261 44.Efforts to Mitigate Stickiness Problem in Sudan A. Abdelatif and E. Babiker265 45.Present Status of Mealy Bug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) on Cotton and Other Plants in Sindh (Pakistan) Khuhro S.N., A.M. Kalroo and R. Mahmood268 46.Changing Scenario of Cotton Diseases in India The Challenge Ahead D. Monga, K.R. Kranthi, N. Gopalakrishnan and C.D. Mayee272 47.Emerging and Key Insect Pests on Bt Cotton Their Identification, Taxonomy, Genetic Diversity and Management S. Kranthi, K.R. Kranthi, Rishi Kumar, Dharajothi, S.S. Udikeri,G.M.V. Prasad Rao, P.R. Zanwar, V.N. Nagrare, C.B. Naik, V. Singh V.V. Ramamurthy and D. Monga281 48.Efficacy of Triazoles in Management of Major Fungal Foliar Diseases of Cotton A.S. Ashtaputre, N.S. Chattannavar, S. Patil, RajeshN.K. Pawar and G.N. Hosagoudar 287 49.Damage Caused in Cotton by Different Levels of Ramulosis in BrazilAlderi Emdio De Arajo, Alexandre Cunha De Barcellos Ferreira

and Camilo De Lelis Morello290 50.Insecticidal Toxin Genes from Bacterial Symbiont of Thermotolerant Isolate of Heterorhabditis indica, Entomopathogenic Nematode Nandini Gokte-Narkhedkar, Kanchan Bhanare, Prachi Nawkarkar,Prashanth Chiliveri and K.R. Kranthi293 Contents xi 51.Identification and Characterization of a Novel Source of Resistance to Root-Knot Nematode in Cotton Mota C. Fabiane, Giband Marc, Carneiro, D.G. Marina, Silva, H. Esdras, Furlanetto Cleber, Nicole Michel, Barroso, A.V. Paulo and M.D.G. Regina298 52.Predominance of Resistance Breaking Cotton Leaf Curl Burewala Virus (ClCuBuv) in Northwestern India Prem A. Rajagopalan, Amruta Naik, Prashanth Katturi, Meera Kurulekar Ravi S. Kankanallu and Radhamani Anandalakshmi304 COTTON PRODUCTION, PHYSIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS 53.Cotton Genotypes Performance under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions in two Regions of Northern Argentina Marcelo Paytas and Jose Tarrago309 54.The Adaptation of Irrigated Cotton to the Tropical Dry Season S.J. Yeates312 55.Which Carbon Footprint Tool for the Cotton Supply Chain F. Visser, P. Dargush and C. Smith323 56.Studies on the Seed Cotton Yield, Growth and Yield Contributing Characters of New Bt Cotton Hybrids under Varied Agronomic Manipulations Kulvir Singh, Harmandeep Singh, R.K. Gumber and Pankaj Rathore338 57.Evaluation of Cotton Genotypes for High Density Planting Systems on Rainfed Vertisols of Central India M.V. Venugopalan, A.H. Prakash, K.R. Kranthi, Rachana Deshmukh,M.S. Yadav and N.R. Tandulkar341 58.Pruning and Detopping Studies in Bt-Cotton S.S. Hallikeri347 59.Input use Efficiency, Productivity, Profitability and Sustainability of Bt Cotton Based Multi Tier System with Nutrient Levels K. Sankaranarayanan, P. Nalayini, C.S. Praharaj and N. Gopalakrishnan350 60.Effects of Prolonged and Integrated Useof Organics and Inorganics on the Performance of Cotton S.N. Upperi and V.B. Kuligoud359 61.Response of Cotton to Bio Boron and its Use Efficiency in Vertic Ustropept Soil of Tamil Nadu, India P. Janaki and S. Meena364 62.A Thermal Optimum Approach to Irrigation Scheduling in Australian Drip Irrigated Cotton W.C. Conaty, J.E. Neilsen, J.R. Mahan, B.G. Sutton and D.K.Y. Tan369 63.Efficient Water Management Technology for Sustainable Cotton Production in Central India V. Kumar, R.G. Patil and J.G. Patel376 64.Biodegradable Polyethylene MulchingA New Approach for Moisture Conservation, Weed Control and Enhanced Productivity of Winter Irrigated Cotton-Maize System P. Nalayini, K. Sankaranarayanan, K. Velmourougane and M. Suveetha386 xii Contents 65.Comparative Study of Different Weeding Methods on Cotton Crop under Drip Irrigation System Dil Baugh Muhammad, M.N. Afzal, I. Raza and P.L. Dupont392 66.Comparative Efficiency and Economic Viabilityof Herbicides for Controlling Weeds in Bt Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) J.G. Patel, V.C. Raj, V.P. Usadadiya, R.R. Parmar, C.M. Sutaria,R.L. Leva and V. Kumar396 67.Agronomic Management and Benefitsof Glyphosate Tolerant Transgenic Cotton Hybrids C. Chinnusamy, C. Nithya, P. Muthukrishnan and S. Jeyaraman399 68.Evaluation of Pyrithiobac Alone and in Combination with Grassy Herbicides on Weed Control in Cotton A.S. Rao406 69.Defining Optimal Application Rate and Timingof Mepiquat Chloride for Cotton Grownin Conditions that Promote Excessive Vegetative Growth G.D. Collins, R. Wells, R. Riar and K.L. Edmisten410 70.Effect of Cool Conditions on Cotton Seedlings D.K.Y. Tan, S. Ormiston, M.P. Bange and J.S. Amthor416 71.Increased Nutrient Uptake and Salinity Tolerance in AhCMO Tansgenic Cotton Huijun Zhang, Jianlong Dai and Hezhong Dong420 72.Improvement of Partial Root-Zone Soil Environment Increases Salinity Tolerance of Cotton Hezhong Dong, L.I. Weijiang and L.I. Zhenhuai432 73.Do Female-Led Farms Perform Less Wellin Cotton Production? Insight from Hebei Province (China) Michel Fok and Guiyan Wang435 74.Debunking the Myths J. Reed, E. Barnes and P. O'Leary 442 75.Analysis of Growth and Instability of Cotton Production in India Anuradha Narala and A.R. Reddy449 76.Total Factor Productivity of Cotton in Gujarat (India) A.R. Reddy, S.M. Yelekar, R.B. Petkar and N. Anuradha454 77.Transfer of Technology Initiatives for Profitable and Sustainable Cotton Farming in India An Empirical Analysis S. Usha Rani and S.M. Wasnik 461 POST HARVEST PROCESSING 78.Enzyme/ Zinc Chloride Pretreatment of Short-Staple Cotton Fibres for Energy Reductionduring Nano-Fibrillation by Refining Process N. Vigneshwaran, Vilas Karande, G.B. Hadge,S.T. Mhaske and A.K. Bharimalla471 79.Optimal Cotton Covered Jute, Nylonand Metal Core Spun Yarns for Functional Textiles Production and Characterization S.K. Chattopadhyay, A. Yadav, V.V. Kadam, Bindu V., D.L. Upadhye,V.D. Gotmare and A.K. Jeengar477 Contents xiii 80.The Cotton Length Analysis using the Lengthcontrol Iwona Frydrych, Anna Pabich and Jerzy Andrysiak487 81.An Innovative Bio-chemical Approach for Low Energy and Less Polluting Scouring of Cotton Textiles P.V. Varadarajan, R.H. Balsubramanya, Nayana D. Nachane,Sheela Raj and R.R. Mahangade493 82.The Within Bale Repeatability of Standardized InstrumentS for Testing Cotton Fiber Produced in Africa E. Lukonge, M. Aboe, Gourlot, J.P. Goz and E. Hubl500 83.A Vision for Technical Textiles in this Decade A. Subramaniam508 84.Cotton Stalk: An Additional Raw Material to Board Industry R.M. Gurjar, P.G. Patil, A.J. Shaikh and R.H. Balasubramanya510 85.Differential Speed Setting Facility for Roller and Beater in Gins for Higher Ginning Rates S.B. Jadhav and K.R.K. Iyer524 86.Influence of Quality Attributes of Individual Bales on Yarn Quality R.P. Nachane531 87.Development of an Automatic Roller Grooving Machine for Making Helical Grooves on Rollers Used in Roller Ginning Machines T.S. Manoj Kumar, V.G. Arude and S.K. Shukla537 88.The Effect of Quarantine Treatments on the Physical Properties of Cotton Fibresand Their Subsequent Textile Processing Performance M.H.J. Van, Der Sluijs, F. Berthold and V. Bulone543 89.The Impact of Cotton Fibre Maturity on Dye Uptake & Low Stress Mechanical Properties of the Fabric S. Venkatakrishnan and R.P. Nachane553 90.Exploration of Residual Hazardous Compounds on Cotton FibersSyed Zameer Ul Hassan and Jiri Militky561 91.Studies on Composition of Oil and Fatty Acidin Bt and Non Bt Cotton (G. hirsutum) Harijan Nagappa and Khadi B.M.568 92.The Properties of the Naturally-Pigmented Cotton Cultivatedin Nakornsawan Field Crop Research Center Thailand Piyanut Jingjit and Parinya Seebunruang572 AUTHOR INDEX577 Cotton Improvement and BiotechnologyGenetic Diversity Analysis in Cotton Germplasm Prafulla Naphade1, Pandurang Kulkarni1, Rahul Ramekar2, Ashok Jaybhaye2 Chandrashekhar Chaporkar1, Bharat Char2 and Venugopal Mikkilineni2 1Research & Development (Cotton Breeding) 2Research & Development (Molecular Breeding and Applied Genomics),Maharashtra Hybrids Seeds Co. Ltd., Jalna, India AbstractCrop germplasm diversity contributes significantly to the development of improved crop cultivars aimed at increasing crop productivity. In this study, we have selected 192 proprietary inbred lines of Gossypium hirsutum that showvariablephenotypefortraitssuchasleafhairdensity,leaftexture,bollsize,plantarchitecture(type),fibre qualityparameters,maturitygroup,andresponsetobioticandabioticstresses.Thisgermplasmpoolwasscreened with 54 polymorphic Microsatellite markers. It was found that 47 loci out of the 54 loci show polymorphism between any two lines. The similarity index values ranged between 41% to 98%. Three major dendrogram clusters and twelve minor dendrogram clusters were observed. These results suggested that there is a high degree of genetic diversity in the cotton germplasm which was screened.INTRODUCTION Allelicdiversitynaturallypresentinthegermplasmpoolandcharacterizationoftheallelicdiversity determinesthegeneticdiversitypresentinthegermplasmpool.Thisformsthebasisforcontinuous evolution.Geneticdiversityandtheknowledgeonrelationshipbetweengenotypesareofgreat importanceforcropbreeding.Itcreatesaresourcepoolofallelesandenablespoolingofnovelalleles andhelpsincreatingnewalleliccombinationswhichresultincreationofnovelgenotypes.Froma practicalcropbreedingperspective,understandingthegeneticvariabilitywillserveasaguideto choosingtheparentsfromalargerpoolofgermplasm.Crossingindividualsthataregeneticallydistant canresultindevelopingsuperiorhybridswithhigherheteroticpotentialandhencehigheryields. Molecularlevelstudyofthegeneticdiversitywillalsohelpinsituationswherequantitativetraitsare desirable and in field conditions it is difficult to evaluate the lines due to the effect of the environment on the phenotype (Weir, 1990). Cotton productivity and the future of cotton breeding efforts, as in many other agronomic crops, also dependongeneticdiversityofcottongenepools.Worldwidecottonbreedersandproducershave expressed concern over the narrow genetic basis of cultivated cotton germplasm that has caused a decline inyieldandquality.Globallycottonbreedingprogrammeareworkingwithanarrowgermplasmpool thusresultingingeneticbottleneckthroughhistoricdomesticationeventsandselection(Iqbal et al., 1997). Assessment of the genetic diversity of cotton cultivars is essential to breeding strategies, such as the characterizationofindividuals,accessions,andforthechoiceofparentalgenotypesinbreeding programs. For any meaningful plant-breeding programme, accurate determination of genetic diversity is anessentialstepforaneffectiveutilizationofgermplasmresources.Anaccurateestimationofgenetic diversitycanbeinvaluableintheselectionofdiverseparentalcombinationstogenerateprogenieswith maximum genetic variability and heterosis. In addition, introgression of desirable traits from diverse/wild germplasm into the elite cultivars to broaden the genetic base is possible (Ulloa et al., 2007). Estimation ofgeneticdiversitybasedonthemorphologicalandbiochemicalmarkershasitslimitationsdueto environmental variations. Molecular marker techniques on the other hand have evolved as powerful tools forgeneticdiversityanalysisandinestablishingrelationshipsbetweencultivars.Moleculargenetic techniquesusingDNAmarkershavebeenincreasinglyusedtocharacterizeandidentifynovel germplasm for use in the crop breeding process (Zhang et al., 2003). A systematic assessment of genetic resourceswillalsohelptoidentifythespecificcrossestobemadeandhencedecreasethenumberof 1 4 World Cotton Research Conference on Technologies for Prosperity crossestobedesignedinabreedingprogram.Thiswillenablebetterutilizationandmanagementof germplasmresourcesandalsohelpenlargethegermplasmbasehenceremovingthebottlenecksin breeding(Karp,2002).Classificationofgermplasmbasedonthegeographicregionswouldalsobe valuable in understanding the structure of the cotton germplasm gene pools. ThedevelopmentofabundantcottonSSRmarkershasstimulatedmoreeffortinmolecular characterization of cotton germplasm around the world (Blenda et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2008). DNA-basedmarkers,microsatelliteorsimplesequencerepeats(SSR)areco-dominantmarkerstoassess genomeleveldiversity.SSRmarkershavebeenusedastoolsingenotypeidentificationandvariety protection,seedpurityevaluation,germplasmcharacterization,diversitystudies,geneandquantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, pedigree analysis and marker assisted breeding. SSR markers have played an importantroleinthedramaticprogressofcottongeneticsandgenomics.Beingbothco-dominantand multi-allelic,microsatellitesarehighlyreproducibleandinformativegeneticmarkers(Morganteetal., 2002;Turkogluetal.,2010).AnotheradvantageofSSRmarkersisthattheyarehighlytransferable across species especially within a genus (Saha et al., 2004). The objectives of this study are 1) to evaluate thegeneticdiversityamongselectedcottoncultivars,and2)toprovideessentialinformationforfuture marker-assisted breeding and to facilitate a more efficient use of germplasm in cotton breeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS OnehundredandninetytwoGossypiumhirsutumgermplasmaccessionswereincludedforgenetic diversitystudy.ThisgermplasmistheproprietarycorecottoncollectionsdevelopedatMaharashtra Hybrid Seeds Co. Ltd., Jalna, India.Flow chart illustrating the methodology LeafcrushingwasdoneonapaintshakerandDNAextractionwasdonebySilicamethod (unpublished protocol). To develop a core set of polymorphic markers, we screened 278 markers across 13elitegermplasmlinesandidentified54polymorphicmarkerswhichwereeventuallyconvertedinto coresetofSSRmarkers.Thiscoresetof54polymorphicmarkerswereusedtoscreenthe192 germplasm lines. PolymTaq DNAchloride, 0and 0.5 un(Perkin-EDNA at 972 C (SteFragment RAmplifiedthe ABI37Data AnalyAnalyzed amplificatNTSYS-pusing UnwRESULTS AThe dendrtwolines Theclusteandaddtgeneticdiuseful for usingSSRMahycocdistinct gegenetic vafurther exmerase chainA buffer (10x0.1% gelatinnits of Taq plmer/Applied95 C for 5 mep 3) for 45s Run d PCR produ730 genetic aysis datawasction=9,forpcsoftwarewweighted PaiAND DISCUSSIrogram has iwasobserveeneticdiffertotheimporiversityamor parental selRmarkersgecottongermenetic backgariability forxploitation ofG reactions wx contains 10n), 0.2mM dNpolymerase. dBiosystemminutes, folloAfter 35 cycuct was diluteanalyzer andonvertedto rall192acwasusedfoir-Group MetON identified 3 medat41%wrencesbetwertanceofhyongcottoncection of diveneratednotmplasm,but ground for dir majority of f their geneticFig. 1: ChromatGenetic Diversitwere performe00 mM Tris NTPs, 5 picoTemperaturems).Theamowed by 35 ccles, the finaed to 1:15 rad allele callinabinaryfoccessions.Torclusteranthod Arithmmajor and 12whilethehigeenselected ybridization cultivars.Thverse plants ftonlyessentalsoprovideiversifying cof the traits cac potential. togram File Generty Analysis in Ced in 15-l v- pH 9.0, 50o moles of fle cycling wamplificationpcycles of 94 al extension tatio with distg was done bormat,whereTheNumericnalysis.Simimetic Average2 minor clustghestsimilarigenotypes,aaswellasbefindingsofor cotton brialinformatiedauseful otton breedinan be used inated by ABI3730 9otton Germplasvolumes con00 mM Potasluorescent las conducted profileconsiC (Step 1) ftemperature otilled water. by GeneMape,bandprescalTaxonomlaritymatrixe (UPGMA).ters (Fig.2). itybetween astheyeachback-crossinongeneticreeeding. The ionforundeguideforsng program. n a future cot96 Well Capillary Esmntaining 40ngssium chloridabeled forwaon a GeneAistedofan for 30s, 55 Cof 72 C wasFragment anpper softwareent=1,banmyMultivarxanddendro.The lowest anytwolinehformasepngasaneffeelationshipacharacterizaerstandinggeselectingspeThe promisitton breedingElectrophoresis g of templatede, 15 mM mard and reverAmp PCR SyinitialdenatC (Step 2) fos held for 6 mnalysis was de (Figure 1). ndabsent=riateAnalysogramwere similarity beeswas98% arateclusterectivetoolianddistinctivation of cottoeneticdiversecificgermping cultivarsg to design h 5 e DNA, 1x magnesium rse primers ystem 9700 turationof or 45s, and minutes. done using 0andno sisSystem generated etween any (Table1). rorgroup, increating venessare on cultivars ityofelite plasmwith s with high hybrids for 6 1 11.00 20.81 30.82 40.75 50.88 60.83 70.51 80.89 90.74 100.74 110.90 120.82 130.82 140.80 150.82 160.84 170.86 180.82 190.78 CONCLUSIOThisstudythatthere potential. charactersgenotypescorrelatedassociatio23 1.000.841.00 0.800.8010.880.8300.800.8300.760.7700.820.8400.870.8000.880.8400.790.7900.850.9100.890.8500.880.8100.850.9200.860.8200.860.9000.760.7900.850.780ON yshowsthatisconsideraThegenetics using withiscanbeusedwithphenon studies whWorld CotTABL456

.00 .751.00.740.871.0.640.700.72.790.860.8.790.840.8.860.830.7.800.860.7.820.840.82.850.840.8.880.840.8.800.840.84.730.910.84.800.900.8.700.830.7.740.850.7tconsiderabablescopefocdiversitydain cluster dondforhybridotypicdiverhich will enabtton Research CE 1: SAMPLE SIMILARIT78 0 21.0060.541.0050.680.8330.710.8490.530.9020.710.8310.620.8610.680.8240.730.8540.660.8170.710.8370.630.8570.580.80blevariabilityfordevelopmataalsohelpnor or with mddevelopmenrsityanalysible us to idenConference on TFig. 2 TY MATRIX GENERATED 910 1.00 0.86 1.000.74 0.82 10.82 0.83 00.80 0.79 00.83 0.89 00.78 0.80 00.85 0.76 00.80 0.76 00.78 0.75 00.82 0.84 0yexistsinthmentofsuperpsinimprovmaximum sintwithdiveismayleadntify the marTechnologies fo BY NTYSY SPC SOF11121 1.00 0.79 1.000.77 0.85 1.00.84 0.82 0.80.78 0.84 0.80.75 0.88 0.80.80 0.88 0.90.80 0.80 0.70.79 0.87 0.7heproprietarriorcottonliementofselmilarity. Onrsegenepoodtothedevrker-trait assor Prosperity FTWARE 31415 0085 1.00 87 0.82 1.0088 0.78 0.8590 0.82 0.9076 0.75 0.7677 0.84 0.78rycottongerinesandhyblectedlinesfn the other haol.Also,genvelopmentoociations at t1617 0 51.0000.921.00 60.730.80 80.820.83 rmplasmwhbridswithhiforspecific and geneticalneticdiversitfhaplotype the germplas 1819 1.00 0.74 1.00hichshows igheryield agronomic lly distinct tyanalysis mapsfor sm level. Genetic Diversity Analysis in Cotton Germplasm 7 Fig. 3: Chromatogram File Generated by ABI3730 96 Well Capillary Electrophoresis REFERENCES [1]Blenda,A.,SchefflerJ.,SchefflerB.,PalmerM.,LacapeJ.M.,YuJ.Z.,JesuduraiC.,JungS.,Muthukumar,S., Yellambalase, P., Ficklin, S., Staton, M., Eshelman, R., Ulloa, M., Saha, S., Burr, B, Liu, S., Zhang, T., Fang, D., Pepper, A.,Kumpatla,S.,Jacobs,J.,Tomkins,J.,Cantrell,R.,andMain,D.(2006).CMD:aCottonMicrosatelliteDatabase resource for Gossypium genomics. BMC Genomics 7:132 [2]Iqbal, M.J., Aziz, N., Saeed, N.A., Zafar, Y., Malik, K.A. (1997). Genetic diversity evaluation of some cotton varieties by RAPD analysis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94: 139-144. [3]Karp, A. (2002). The new genetic era: will it help us in managing genetic diversity? In: Managing [4]Plant Genetic diversity. (Eds.): J.M.M. Engels, V.R. Rao, A.H.D. Brown and M.T. Jackson. [5]International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, 43-56. [6]Krishnasamy Thiyagu, Narayanan Manikanda Boopathi, Nagasamy Nadarajan, Ayyanar Gopikrishnan, Pandi Selvakumar, Santoshkumar Magadum and Rajasekar Ravikesavan. (2011) Sampling and exploitation of genetic variation exist in locally adapted accessions using phenotypic and molecular markers for genetic improvement of cotton. Genecon. 10: 129-153. [7]Morgante, M, Hanafey, M. and Powell, W. (2002). Microsatellites are preferentially associated with nonrepetitive DNA in plant genomes. Nat. Genet. 30: 194-200 [8]Saha,S.,Wu,J.,Jenkins,J.N.,McCarty,J.C.Jr,etal.(2004).EffectofchromosomesubstitutionsfromGossypium barbadense L.3-79 into G. hirsutum L. TM-1 on agronomic and fiber traits. J. Cotton Sci. 8: 162-169. [9]Turkoglu,Z.,Bilgener,S.,Ercisli,S.,Bakir,M.,etal.,(2010).Simplesequencerepeat-basedassessmentofgenetic relationships among Prunus rootstocks. Genet. Mol. Res. 9: 2156-2165. [10] Ulloa,M.,Brubaker,C.andChee,P.(2007).Cotton.In:GenomeMapping&MolecularBreeding(KoleC,ed.).Vol.6. Technical Crops Springer, New York. [11] Weir, B. S. (1990). Genetic data analysis: methods for discrete population genetic data. Sinauer Associates, Inc. publishers. Sunderland, Massachusetts. 377. [12] Zhang,Y.,Wang,X.F.,Li,Z.K.,ZhangG.Y.andMaZ.Y,(2011).Assessinggeneticdiversityofcottoncultivarsusing genomic and newly developed expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellite markers. Gen. Mol. Res. 10 (3): 1462-1470. Coefficient0.01 0.07 0.14 0.20 0.26100MW 1 122 111 119 190 11 100 127 103 105 136 145 32 99 163 156 102 161 74 98 5 88 113 133 134 148 132 191 131 6 135 8 44 125 165 117 143 164 53 166 40 48 182 169 115 108 150 118 140 141 104 121 178 97 157 186 106 107 129 158Creating Novel Diversity and using Comprehensive Methods for Their Further Use in Hybrid ResearchAn Exercise in Gossypium hirsutum L. Rajesh S. Patil, Bharathkumar, Kasu Pawar, Sudheendra Ashtaputre,Ishwarappa Katageri, Basavaraj Khadi, Bhuvaneshwaragouda Patil,Shreekanth Patil and Shekhar L. UAS, Dharwad, India AbstractCottonbreedingisacontinuousendeavouraimingtoproducebettergenotypesandhybrids.Thepresent exerciseinvolvedchoosingtheF1 hybrids,fromnationaltrials,asparentsandthenemployingmethodstoassessthe diversityproducedintheF5 segregantsleadingtoidentificationofelitelineswhichcanbeusedinfurtherhybrid research. The two parts of study spanning a period of five years began in 2007-08 and was initiated with an objective toisolatesuperiorGossypiumhirsutumgenotypesrelatedtoyieldandfibrepropertiesfromdoublecrosseswhoseF1 parents were chosen for their diversity and superior traits. Segregants from a three-way cross and also the respective singlecrossparentsofdoublecrosseswereincludedinthestudy.Inall therewere115linesdrawnfromfivedouble cross,onethree-waycrossandsixsinglecrosshybridsinF5whichwereevaluatedinanaugmenteddesignduring kharif of 2010-11. Five genotypes viz., Line-632, Line-131, Line-642, Line-1151 and Line-1101 had better yields ranging from 8.90 to 21.77 per cent over best check Sahana with mean yields higher than 20.27q/ha. Line-632 had the highest seed cotton yield of 21.70 q/ha which was 21.77 per cent better than Sahana (17.82 q/ha). It also had superior fibre length.In second part of the study, the diversity generated was assessed through K-means clustering. Seven clusters were formedaccommodatingthe115lines.ThesecondstepwastoemployasimplemethodcalledPath-of-productivity analysistoidentifythedifferentpathsthetop12linestooktowardsproducinghigheryields.Asexpected,theydid havedifferencesintheirpathstohigheryieldattributabletotheirdifferentialgeneticmakeup.Inaddition,these12 genotypes fell in five different clusters identified in the previous step. Considering both tests, 10 genotypes were finally identifiedtobeincludedinadialleltopavewayforhybridresearch.Lines-632,131,642,1151,11101,1081,531, 391, 8141, and 12111 were the chosen genotypes.INTRODUCTION Genetic diversity is at the heart of all plant breeding activities. Crossing over and recombination among thechromosomesofaheterozygoteleadstotheformationofgeneticallydissimilargametes.Such gametesoftwoheterozygotescanbebroughttogetherwhenweuseF1 hybridsasparentsofadouble cross. Creating and harnessing novel genetic diversity through such conventional means is one method of obtaining superior segregants. In the present study, the F1 hybrids which served as parents of the double crosseswerechosenfromthedifferentcottongrowingzonesofIndiainthehopethatgeographical diversity would contribute to the diverseness of the hybridization material. Greater the genetic diversity betterwouldbethereleaseofvariabilityinthesegregants.Inthelatergenerations(sayF4/F5),where thesedesirablesegregantsarefairlystabilized,theycanbeevaluatedagainstchecks.Productive segregantsareisolatedineachgenerationviaindividualplantselection.Afterextensiveyield performancetrials,thenewgenotypescanbereleasedasnewvarieties.Freomherestartsthenext activity. The genetic variability created can be harnessed for heterosis breeding. The new genotypes can besubjectedtodiversityanalysisanddiversegroupscanbeidentifiedfromwhichgenotypescanbe pickedforhybridization.AmethodcalledPath-of-Productivityhasbeendescribedandnow,canbe used in conjunction with diversity analysis to identify genotypes that can serve as parents of new hybrids. Theparentscanbebroughttogetherinadiallelcrosstoidentifysuperiorhybrids.Thesehybridswill again help in embarking upon a fresh cycle of recombination and creation of diversity. 2 Creating Novel Diversity and using Comprehensive Methods for Their Further Use in Hybrid 9 MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixintra-hirsutumhybridsofcottonwereidentifiedfromtheAllIndiaCoordinatedCropImprovement Project trials during 2005-06 and were used as parents in producing double crosses and a three-way cross in2006-07.From2007-08onwards,individualplantselectionsweremadebasedonproductivityand fibrepropertiesineachgenerationtill2009-10.Onehundredandfifteenplantsbelongingtodifferent crosses were identified in 2009-10 for evaluation during 2010-11. These hundred and fifteen genotypes in F4/F5wereobtainedthroughindividualplantselection(IPS)fromfivedoublecrosses,onethreeway cross and six single cross (parents) hybrids. The details are given in Tables 1 and 2. These 115 genotypes wereevaluatedinaugmenteddesignwithfivecheckvarietiesduringkharif2010-11atAgricultural ResearchStation,Dharwadtoidentifyproductivegenotypes.Analysisofvariance(ANOVA)for augmenteddesignII(Federer,1977)forallcharacterswascarriedoutseparately.Parametersbasedon themeanperformanceofthevarietiesandalsoparametersofgeneticvariabilityforthedifferenttraits were obtained. GCV and PCV values were calculated as per Burton (1951) and heritability (broad sense) wasobtainedasperJohnsonetal.,(1955).SelectionefficiencyreflectedingeneticadvanceandGAM wasassessedasperJohnsonetal.,(1955).Inthepresentstudy,asimplemethodcalledPath-of-productivity (Rajesh Patil et al., 2007), used earlier in arboreum cotton with some degree of success, has beenoutlinedwhichhelpsinfindingoutdifferencesinthetraitcontributionstothefinalyieldofa genotype. If two such genotypes with different paths to productivity are hybridized one can expect hybrid vigourastherecouldbeunderlyinggeneticdifferencesresponsiblefortheirdifferingpath-of-productivity. As an adjunct to this, conventional genetic diversity analysis can be done to decide upon the genotypes to be chosen as parents in a hybridization program. Diversity generated was assessed through K-meansclusteringusingSystatsoftware.Themostproductive12lineswereconsideredforpath-of-productivityanalysis.The10lines,selectedafterthepath-of-productivityanalysis,wereallocatedto their respective clusters to see if they fell in diverse clusters. Together, the methods can identify parents amenable to a hybridization program. TABLE 1: HYBRIDS FROM AICCIP TRIALS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE FEATURES ACROSS THE THREE COTTON GROWING ZONES OF INDIA DURING 2005-06THAT SERVED AS PARENTS OF THE DOUBLE CROSSES HybridNorth Zone (6 Locations)Central Zone (7 Locations)South Zone (6 Locations) Seed Cotton Yield (kg/ha) Fibre Length (mm) Fibre Strength (g/tex) S:L Ratio Seed Cotton yield (kg/ha) Fibre Length (mm) Fibre Strength (g/tex) S:L Ratio Seed Cotton yield (kg/ha) Fibre length (mm) Fibre strength (g/tex) S:L ratio GSHH-2201128426.4020.400.77206026.9021.400.80212730.2023.000.76 VBCH-2312166930.3021.900.72180830.8024.100.78198829.7024.400.82 CHATRAPATHI114833.1025.700.78197733.3025.400.76188232.8022.900.70 BCHH-1232143031.3022.200.71204629.8022.700.76223532.0022.500.70 JKCH-2022122829.6022.100.75210331.1022.800.73270932.1022.800.71 RATNA126529.7020.600.69197032.7024.000.73205629.5024.500.83 Note: S:L ratio is the fibre strength to length ratio, a combined parameter to judge fibre property TABLE 2: LIST OF COTTON GENOTYPES DERIVED FROM DOUBLE AND SINGLE CROSS HYBRIDS INCLUDED FOR EVALUATION AT ARS DHARWAD DURING KHARIF 2010-11 Entry No F4 progeny of Cross ProgeniesEntry NoF5 Progeny of CrossProgenies Double Cross HybridsSingle Cross Hybrids DC-1.GSHH-2201 RATNA10DC-7GSHH-22016 DC-2.VBCH-2312 RATNA3DC-8VBCH-231213 DC-3.CHATRAPATHI RATNA17DC-9CHATRAPATHI9 DC-4.BCHH-1232 RATNA4DC-10BCHH-12328 DC-5.JKCH-2022 RATNA11DC-11JKCH-202214 Three-way Cross HybridsDC-12RATNA12 DC-6.RCR 4 x RATNA 7 Note: Altogether, a total of 115 progenies/genotypes were evaluated. 10 World Cotton Research Conference on Technologies for Prosperity RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thegenotypeswereevaluatedinaugmenteddesignforproductivitytraitsandalsoforfibreproperties. The ANOVA revealed that the variability generated in the experimental material across all the traits was larger. The various genetic parameters have been given in Table 3. The top five genotypes viz., DC-632, DC-131,DC-642,DC-1151andDC-1101weresuperiortothezonalandlocalcheck,Sahana,inboth yield as well as fibre properties. The performance of selected superior genotypes against the two released checkvarietiesacrossseedcottonyieldandfibretraitshasbeengiveninTable6.GenotypesDC-632 (2170kg/ha),DC-131(2064kg/ha)andDC-642(1993kg/ha)weresuperiortochecksSahana(1782 kg/ha)andRAH-100(1457kg/ha).Superiorityinfibrelength(23.93%overSahanainDC-391)and fibrestrength(20.08%overRAH-100inDC-11101)hasbeenrecorded.GenotypeDC-632apartfrom havingayieldsuperiorityof17.89percentoverbestcheckwasalsosuperiorforthefibreproperties. Another genotype DC-771 had a fibre length of 31.30 mm and strength of 25.50 g/tex. TABLE 3: VARIABILITY PARAMETERS FOR DIFFERENT MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AMONG SINGLE AND DOUBLE CROSS DERIVED LINES AT ARS DHARWAD DURING KHARIF2010-11 Variability Parameters Plant Height (cm) Number of Monopodia Number of Sympodia Sympodial Length at 50% Plant Height Number of Nodes per Plant Inter Boll Distance (cm) Stem Diameter (cm) Number of Bolls Per plant Boll Weight (g) Number of Seeds Per Boll Seed Index (g) Lint Index (g) GOT (%) Halo Length (mm) Seed Cotton Yield (g/plant) Mean97.202.1022.1049.4024.007.301.204.404.4027.708.704.7035.3029.1019.30 Maximum140.504.0037.0070.0039.0010.001.9013.107.3035.8010.006.1039.6037.8039.10 Minimum70.000.9015.4033.0017.403.800.701.101.7020.406.503.4030.2021.104.30 Vg105.870.064.8117.255.850.220.010.490.011.410.480.232.797.5523.18 Vp160.680.3811.6546.8512.200.950.082.860.627.770.720.404.868.6559.80 PCV13.0429.2815.4413.8614.5513.3724.0138.4617.9510.079.7413.526.2510.1140.07 GCV10.5911.869.928.4110.086.379.1315.842.384.287.9510.234.739.4424.94 hbs(%) 65.8916.4041.3036.8247.9522.6914.4616.981.7618.1166.5757.1857.4687.2238.76 GA (%)17.200.212.905.193.450.460.090.590.031.041.160.752.615.296.17 GAM (%)17.709.8913.1410.5114.386.257.1513.450.653.7613.3615.937.3918.1631.99 TABLE 4: PATH-OF-PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS IN THE 12 MOST PRODUCTIVE GENOTYPES OF THE 115 NEW GENOTYPES PRODUCED AND EVALUATED Mean Values of 12 Most Productive Genotypes for 16 Traits Genotypes12345678910111213141516 DC-63239.07105.103.0022.8024.4050.0028.808.80 1.50 6.306.20 3.601.5032.6034.8448.26 DC-13137.1582.901.5016.8017.8047.2024.607.20 1.44 13.102.84 14.902.2034.8034.1734.70 DC-64235.88106.601.0018.9021.3054.0027.807.80 1.30 7.324.90 4.301.7032.9034.9160.95 DC-115135.4799.502.2021.0023.0051.0027.007.20 1.00 6.205.72 7.404.2033.8043.6922.26 DC-110134.95101.302.4019.2020.2050.2024.808.00 1.56 6.705.22 14.502.3034.5037.5451.30 DC-1110131.65103.502.1023.4025.4051.0030.006.60 1.10 5.705.55 7.605.2034.8037.7116.26 DC-108131.4792.302.4019.4021.4047.0028.007.80 1.10 5.705.52 1.901.1035.2037.1234.90 DC-53131.0086.402.2016.1018.3046.0030.007.60 1.10 9.203.37 17.604.0031.7038.2443.00 DC-39130.9582.401.8022.0023.0049.2031.007.30 1.78 6.804.55 18.704.0034.8034.7954.00 DC-814130.9395.103.3019.6022.0049.0029.607.70 1.10 6.504.76 3.701.3034.1038.10114.62 DC-113130.3992.801.8020.0022.0048.0029.008.10 1.00 8.203.71 15.104.1034.7038.7023.78 DC-1211129.80108.002.1023.6025.8048.0029.006.70 0.80 5.705.23 9.305.2038.0036.7844.90 Group Mean33.2396.332.1520.2322.0549.2228.307.57 1.23 7.294.80 9.883.0734.3337.2245.74 Overall Mean19.2197.152.2222.1023.9649.4528.167.29 1.22 4.394.36 9.322.8134.8337.1052.07 The per se performance and per cent deviation values of the top 12 genotypes from the overall mean for all traits have been given in Table-4&5. Twelve genotypes were considered for path-of-productivity analysis as the mean seed cotton yield of these 12 genotypes was higher than the two checks. The group mean of the 12 genotypes was higher than the overall mean for 60 per cent of the traits. Important traits likeseedcottonyield,numberofbolls,bollweightandphotosynthesishadaboveaverageexpression. Negativebutdesirableexpressionwasseeninplantheight,numberofmonopodiaandlengthof sympodiumat50percentplantheight.Thepercentdeviationsacrossthecontributingtraits,showed differencesamongthegenotypes.Thesedifferencescansafelybeassumedtobearisingoutofgenetic Creating Novel Diversity and using Comprehensive Methods for Their Further Use in Hybrid 11 differencesamongthelines.Allthe12genotypeswerehighyieldingbuthaddifferentpathsto productivity owing to differential gene architecture. The differences among the path to productivity of the 12 genotypes, when 2 lines are compared against each other at a time, shows that lines DC-1101 and DC-1131showedlessthan50percentdifferencewithotherlines.Boththeselinescanbeconveniently dropped from any hybridization programme. The other 10 lines viz., DC-391, DC-531, DC-642, DC-131, DC-1151,DC-1081,DC-11101,DC-632,DC-12111andDC-8141canbeusedtosetupadiallel crossingsetwhichwillhelpultimatelytoidentifysuperiorhybrids.ThelineDC-632canbecrossedto any of these three lines viz., DC-131, DC-1081 or DC-531 as all the three pairs of parents showed more than60percenttraitdifferencebetweentheparentsofthecross.Usingthepath-of-productivitycan thus lead to proper choice of parents for a planned production of hybrids. TABLE 5: MEAN DEVIATIONS OF TOP GENOTYPE VALUES FROM OVERALL MEAN ACROSS ALL TRAITS Genotypes12345678910111213141516 DC-632103.388.1835.143.171.841.112.2720.71 22.9543.5142.24-61.37-46.62-6.40-6.09 -7.32 DC-13193.39-14.67-32.43-23.98-25.71-4.55 -12.64 -1.23 18.03198.41 -34.96 59.87-21.71-0.09-7.90 -33.36DC-64286.789.73-54.95-14.48-11.109.20-1.287.006.5666.8012.39-53.86-39.50-5.54-5.90 17.06 DC-115184.642.42-0.90-4.98-4.013.13-4.12-1.23 -18.03 41.2331.21-20.6049.47-2.9617.76 -57.26DC-110181.944.278.11-13.12-15.691.52-11.93 9.7427.8752.6219.6455.58-18.15-0.951.19-1.48 DC-1110164.766.54-5.415.886.013.136.53-9.47 -9.8429.8427.35-18.4585.05-0.091.64-68.78DC-108163.82-4.998.11-12.22-10.68-4.95 -0.577.00-9.8429.8426.63-79.61-60.851.060.05-32.98DC-53161.37-11.07-0.90-27.15-23.62-6.98 6.534.25-9.84109.57 -22.72 88.8442.35-8.993.07-17.42DC-39161.11-15.18-18.92-0.45-4.01-0.51 10.090.1445.9054.904.39100.6442.35-0.09-6.23 3.71 DC-814161.01-2.1148.65-11.31-8.18-0.91 5.115.62-9.8448.069.14-60.30-53.74-2.102.70120.12DC-113158.20-4.48-18.92-9.50-8.18-2.93 2.9811.11 -18.03 86.79-15.00 62.0245.91-0.374.31-54.33DC-1211155.1311.17-5.416.797.68-2.93 2.98-8.09 -34.43 29.8419.91-0.2185.059.10-0.86 -13.77Group Mean72.96-0.85-3.15-8.45-7.97-0.47 0.503.800.9665.9510.026.049.13-1.450.31-12.15Note: Group mean is of 12 genotypes and overall mean is of 115 genotypes Tomakethissimpletestfordiversityassessmentmorecomprehensive,theconventionalcluster analysisthroughK-meanswasalsoperformed.TheclusterdetailsarepresentedinTable-7.Theten genotypespickeduponthebasisofpath-of-productivityanalysisfellin5differentclustersshowing their diverse genetic make-up. This analysis also proves the genetic diversity existing among the ten lines which can be used in a hybridization set-up based on the path-of-productivity analysis. The parents of each of the three pairs of crosses suggested above also belonged to different clusters making them ideal parents for a heterotic cross. INDEX FOR THE 16 DIFFERENT TRAITS 1Seed Cotton Yield (g/plant) 5Number of Nodes Per Plant 9Stem diameter (cm)13Transpiartion Rate(mol of H2OmS ) 2Plant height(cm)6SL at 50% plant height(cm) 10Number of bolls14Leaf temperature (0c) 3Monopodia per plant 7Angle of sympodium at 50% plant height (deg) 11Boll weight (g)15Chlorophyll content(mg/gm fresh weight) of leaf) 4Sympodia per plant8Inter boll distance (cm) 12Photosynthesis (mol of CO2 m S ) 16RWC (%) TABLE 6: PERFORMANCE SUPERIORITY OF SELECTED GENOTYPES OVER TWO CHECKS ACROSS YIELD AND FIBRE PROPERTIES % Improvement over Sahana% Improvement over RAH-100Seed Cotton Yield (kg/ha)Seed CottonYield Fibre Length FibreStrength Seed Cotton Yield FibreLength FibreStrength For Both Seed Cotton Yield and Fibre Properties DC-63217.8913.598.4832.839.0611.162170 DC-64210.5613.598.4826.879.0611.161993 For Fibre Properties Only DC-11101-1.3410.7017.6717.096.0220.08-- DC-391-3.5023.9311.2615.2219.9013.85-- Mean values of checksSahanaRAH-100 1782 kg/ha26.70 mm20.50 g/tex1457 kg/ha28.10 mm19.90 g/tex-- 12 World Cotton Research Conference on Technologies for Prosperity TABLE 7: THE SEVEN CLUSTERS SHOWING THE DIVERSITY OF THE TEN GENOTYPES SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF PATH-OF-PRODUCTIVITY ClustersNumber of GenotypesGenotypes Selected on the Basis of Path-of-Productivity I20DC-391, DC-531 II20DC-642 III18DC-131, DC-1151, DC-1081, DC-11101 IV26DC-632, DC-12111 V5-- VI10DC-8141 VII16-- REFERENCES [1]Burton, G.W., (1951). Quantitative inheritance in pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum S. and H.). Agron., 43:404-417. [2]Federer, W. T., (1977). Experimental design; Theory and Application. McMillan, New York.[3]Johnson, H.W., Robinson, H.F. and Comstock, R.E. (1955). Estimates of genetic and Environmental Variability in soybean. Agron., 47:314-318. [4]Rajesh,S.Patil,ShreekantS.Patil,Rashmi,Bhuvaneshwargouda,R.PatilandKhadi,BasavarajM.(2007).Path-of-Productivity A method to handle genetic material using F1s in cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.). Proceedings of World Cotton Research Conference 4, Lubbock, Texas, USA. New Cotton Germplasm as an Intermediate Cycle Called SP 48114 Development by the National Institute of Agricultural TechnologyINTA A. Tcach Mauricio, A.F. Poisson, Ivan Bonacic, Silvia Ibalo, Alex Montenegro, Daniel Ojeda and Mariano Cracogna Estacin Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Senz Pea, Chaco, Argentina AbstractCotton in Chaco, Argentina, is grown under rainfed conditions. The availability of water during flowering determinestheretentionoffruitingstructures.Betterperformancedependsmainlyonwateravailabilityduringthe reproductivephase.Invarietieswithshortcycle,thelossesduetostressarethemostandisbecomingnecessaryto developvarietiesasintermediatetypeshelpstocompensatelossesduetostressatflowering.Theobjectiveofthis investigation was to select cotton with intermediate habit and agronomic traits equivalent to early types. From the F2 populationsofacrossbetweenlinesSP99138xSP99035in1994/1995season,selectionwasmadebyvisual observation and an individual plant was obtained. The selection plant was named as SP48114 after following pedigree methodofbreeding.During2004/2005theelitepopulationwaspartofanetworkregionalcomparativetrials conductedat4locationsfor3seasons.FromtheF3generationonwardsitwastestedforginningandtheprogenies wereartificialinfectedwithXanthomonasaxonopodispvmalvacearum.Allsusceptibleplantswerediscarded.F8 generation was tested for the blue disease caused by cotton leaf roll dwarf virus (CLRDV) through artificial infection and only resistance lines were selected. The line SP 48114 is characterized by greater differentiation of fruiting points on the main stem 5 % more than Guazuncho 3 INTA. This commercial variety has short cycle and high boll retentions in first fruiting branches. The selected line SP 48114 maintains boll retentions in the inferior part of the plant similar to Guazuncho 3 INTA and continued to flower for more days. This feature increases the flowering period for about 10 days and improves the compensation at time of water stress. The fiber parameters viz., fiber length is 29 mm, strength 31 g / tex and lint percentage about 39 to 40.INTRODUCTION InArgentina,themainprovinceofcotton-growingareaisChaco,wherecottonisgrownonlyunder rainfed conditions (SAGPyA, 2009). The precipitation in this area is erratic and irregular during growing season,whichincreasestheriskintheproduction.ItnecessiatestheresearchworkintheArgentinean cotton industry for improvement in water use efficiency (Payta 2010). Thecottonhasxerophyticadaptation,however53%oftheareaiscultivatedunderirrigated conditions in the world (Hearn, 1994). When the cotton plant cross dry conditions, its vegetative grows is terminate,beingverydifficulttorestartvegetativegrowthandproducemoresquaresandflowers (Hearn 1994). Fryxel (1986) observed various strategies in wild species, of adaptations to arid conditions, life cycle being one of them.The main objectives of INTAs programme for cotton breeding is development of varieties with short cycle(Royoetal.,2007).Seklokaetal.,2007foundthatvarietieswithshortcycleshowedbetter performance in dry conditions as it may run away to dry period. The problem is that typical sowing date may not run away to dry period. The varieties with short cycle can cluster the flowering and compensate the eventual loss when its peak phase coincides with the stress. Further, flowering can be maintained for moretimeinvarietieswithintermediatescycle,withoutanylossesandhencesuchvarietiesaretobe developed.Theobjectiveinthisinvestigationwastoselectacottonlinewithintermediatecycleand agronomic traits equivalent to early materials. 3 14 World Cotton Research Conference on Technologies for Prosperity MATERIALS AND METHODS The Argentine breeding programme follows the classical pedigree method (Allard 1960; Poisson 2005). Fromthecrossoftwodifferentgenotypes,thefollowinggenerationswereselfedandindividualplants andprogenyrowselectionswerecarriedoutfromtheF2tosuccessivegenerations.FromtheF4 generation onward, the seeds were not selfed and were collected to carry out replicated evaluation trials. IntheAESSaenzPeathegermplasmlineswereevaluateduntiltheF6generation.Theprevious generationswereinoculatedwiththepathogenscausingbacterialblight.TheF8wereinfectedwith aphidswhicharevectorforviruscausingbluedisease.AftertheF7generation,selectedlineswere evaluatedatfouradditionallocalitiesviz.,ElColorado,Reconquista,ColoniaBenitez(dryland);and SantiagodelEstero(irrigated).Currentcommercialcultivarswereusedinalltrialsforcomparison purposes. Several trials in four locations at 3 seasons were conducted. The complete process is shown in thepictureNo.1.Trialswereplantedasarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwithfourreplicationsin plotsoftworows,10mlong.Plantswereseparatedatadistanceof10cm.intherowandatonem. betweenrows.Bollswerehand-pickedineachplottodeterminetheyield.Thirtyselectedbollswere used to determine GOT by baby ginner lint turnout and using HVI equipped for fiber parameters.Inthelastseasonin1metersofrow,numbersoffruitingbranchandplantheightinseveraltrials were also studied. The dates were analysed with Infostat software and averages were separated with test LSD Fisher.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION TheflowchartforthelinedevelopmentfromtheF2populations,theplantthatmadetheprogenyrow andsuccessivetestinggenerationsisshowinFig1.Thismaterialwithintermediatecyclefinishedthe process of test in the 2006-2007 season, but is not registered still.CYCLE The differentiations of new nodes in the main stem and successive fruit point on fruiting branch were at regular intervals, generating the typical pyramidal shape present in cotton (Hearn 1994). This process can be maintained for more time in SP 48114 compared with Guazuncho 3 INTA, the late variety with short cycle. SP 48114 during 2010-2011showed that ( at 110 days after planting), the growth cycle ended with 2 to 4 more potential fruiting branch than Guazuncho 3 INTA, in addition the final height was 12 to 7 cm morethanGuazuncho3INTA.Boththeparametersareassociatedwiththegrowthcycle.Thisfeature couldallowobtainingbetterperformanceindryconditions.Therelativeperformanceis shown in Table 1. TABLE 1: AGRONOMIC PARAMETERS REGISTERED AT 110 DAYS AFTER SOWING, SEASON 2010-11. PRESIDENCIA ROQUE SENZ PEA, CHACO. DATAS BY THE SAME LETTER ARE NOT DIFFERENT AT 5% PROBABILITY LEVEL. Line/ Variety No. of Fruiting BranchPlant Height cm SP 48114 14,25 a94,25 a SP 8461 12,75 ab 92 ab SP 44825 12,5 ab 74,5 c Poraite INTA 12,1 b 76,7 c Guazuncho 3 INTA12 b81,5 bc CV9,6410,2 SANITY ThelinepresentedhighresistancetobacterialblightcausedbyXanthomonasaxonopodispv malvacearum, because in the process of selections it was artificially infected from F3 to F12 (Fig1.). In additiontothisprocessitwasalsoinfectedwithcottonleafrolldwarfvirus(CLRDV)duringF8 generations.Whentheplantdevelopedthesymptoms,theresistantlineswereselected.Thesanitary performance was achieved by INTAs varieties (Poisson 2002). New Cotton Germplasm as an Intermediate Cycle Called SP 48114 Development by the National Institute of Agricultural15 Fig. 1: Process of Breeding Used for Development SP 48114 from Year 1993YIELD AND FIBER PROPRIETIES The line was evaluated in several trials from the season 2004-2005 which showed good performance and achieved the first positions in the test in relation to commercial varieties (Royo et al., 2007). During the dry and wet conditions of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, the line SP 48114 showed better performances than varietieswithshortcycle(Guazuncho3INTAandPoraiteINTA).(Table2and3).Bothexperiments weregrowninPresidenciaRoqueSaenzPea,Chaco,withfourreplicationseach.Thedifferential behaviourcanbeexplainedformorepossibilitiestomaintaintheprocessoffloweringformoredays. Sekloca(et.al.,2007)foundthatthevarietieswithintermediatecyclepresentbetterperformancein mediumconditions,relatedtodroughtandhumidity.Thelintturnout%inbothexperimentsforSP 48114 was better (Table 2 and 3). In dry conditions, the fiber length was 1 to 4 mm shorter in SP 48114 incomparisiontoGuazuncho3INTA(Table2).However,inwetconditionsthefiberpropertieswas similar than that of Guazuncho 3 INTA (Table 3).Thus,itispossibletoselectlineswithmoredifferentiationsfruitpointatgrowingstationsand maintain similar agronomic parameters as varieties with short cycle.TABLE 2: LINT YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR PCIA. ROQUE SENZ PEA, CHACO, 2009-10. THE DATA FROM THE TRIAL WITH 2 COMMERCIAL CULTIVARS, 3 PROMISING LINES, INCLUDING SP 48114. SEASON WITH DRY CONDITIONS DURING FLOWERING. DATE BY THE SAME LETTER ARE NOT DIFFERENT AT 5% PROBABILITY LEVEL Varieties/ Line Lint Yield (kg/ha)Lint Turnout (%)Length (mm)Strength (g/Tex)Micronaire Index SP 48114674 a39,5 a25,9 ab28,7 b4,7 a SP 48666639 a38,4 a25,1b28,6 b4,7 a SP 81424590 a37,3a 26,05ab29,8 ab4,6 a Poraite INTA452 b38,1 a26,6 a30,4 ab4,4 a Guazuncho 3 INTA411 b39,4 a26,5 a31,7 a4,6 a CV12,16,63,34,611,6 TABLE 3: LINT YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR PCIA. ROQUE SENZ PEA, CHACO, IN THE YEAR 2010-11. THE DATES FROM THE TRIAL WITH 2 COMMERCIAL CULTIVARS 3 PROMISING LINE, INCLUDING SP 48114, SEASON WITH WET CONDITIONS. DATE BY THE SAME LETTER ARE NOT DIFFERENT AT 5% PROBABILITY LEVEL Varieties /line Lint Yield (kg/ha)Lint Turnout (%)Length (mm)Strength (g/Tex)Micronaire Index SP 48114962 a41,2 ab29,3 a31,3 a4,7 Poraite INTA695 b40,4 b28,3 a32,5 a4,5 SP 48666645 b41,2 ab27,9 b31,5 a4,6 Guazuncho 3 INTA662 c41,6 a29,6 b32,1 a4,6 SP 6180494 c39,3 c27,2 b31,6 a4,5 CV14,11,431,742,694,7 Winter1993 crossin green house betweenSP 99138 SP 99035Season 1993/1994 F1 Generations Season 1994/1995 F2 Generations Visual Selection of individual Plant Season 1995/1996 F3 Generations Progeny rowAgronomic characterizationand artificial infectedwith xanthomonas axonopodis pvmalvacearumSeasons 1996/1997 2003/2004F4-F12 -GenerationsAgronomic Testing, artificial infectedwith xanthomonas axonopodis pv malvacearum andselectingand in F8, artificial infectedwith cotton leaf rolf duarfvirus (CLRDV) and selecting resistance lines Seasons2004/2005 2006/2007 Regional comparativetrialsin 4 locations for 3 seasons16 World Cotton Research Conference on Technologies for Prosperity REFERENCES [1]Allard, R. W. (1960). Principles of plant breeding. John Wiley. N.Y. 473 p. [2]Fryxell,P.A.(1986).EcologicaladaptationsofGossypiumspecies.pp.1-7InMauney,J.RandSteward,J.McD.(Eds). Cotton Physiology. The Cotton Foundations, Memphis, TN.[3]Hearn, A. B. (1994). The principles of cotton water relations and their application in management. World Cotton Research Conference 1:66-92. [4]Paytas, M. (2010). Improving cotton yield under water limiting conditions in Argentina. Repor. ICAC Research Program.[5]Poisson, J. A. F. (2002). Breve historia de la produccin de algodn en la Argentina. In: 1923-1 de agosto-2002. De Chacra OficialaEstacionExperimental.79anosdeinvestigacinalgodoneraenelcentrodelaprovinciadelChaco.Editorial INTA EEA Saenz Pena, Centro Regional Chaco-Formosa.Pag.8[6]Poisson,J.A.F.,Bonacic,I.,Royo,O.andIbalo,Y.S.(2005).Mejoramientogenticodealgodn.AnoAgrcola 2004/2005. In: Proyecto Nacional de Algodon. Informe de avance No 1. 2o Reunin anual. Sosa M.A. y O. Peterlin (Ed). Ediciones Instituto Nacional de Tecnologa Agropecuaria. Pages 9-11.[7]Royo, O. M., Poisson Juan, A. F.; Bonacic, I., Montenegro, A., Ibalo, S. I., Mazza, S., and Gimnez, L. (2007). Direction of Cotton Breeding in Argentina. In: Proceedings of the World Cotton Research Conference. Lubok Texas [8]Sekloka, E. And Jacques, L. (2007). Early-compact American and late-vegetative African cotton ideotypes can address the increasing diversity of cropping conditions in Africa. 4 Word Cotton Research. Introgression of High Fibre Strength Trait to Upland Cotton using Marker-Assisted Selection Nallathambi Kannan, P. Selvakumar, R. Krishnamoorthy, D. Raja, M. Bhuvaneshwari, V. Subramanian and M. Ramasami Rasi R and D Centre, Rasi Seeds (P) Ltd., Attur636102, Tamil Nadu, India AbstractCottonfibreisabasicrawmaterialusedinthetextileindustry.Inrecentyears,changesinspinning technology have resulted in the need of unique and often increased cotton fibre quality, especially fibre strength. In this concern, an attempt was made to improve fibre strength of G. hirsutum by utilizing G. barbadense as donor through Backcross (BC) and Modified Back Cross (MBC) pedigree breeding methods following marker-assisted selection using SimpleSequenceRepeats(SSR)markers.ThePhenotypicCo-efficientofVariation(PCV),GenotypicCo-efficientof Variation (GCV), heritability and genetic advance was studied in 475 numbers of F2 populations. The result showed fibre strength varied from 18.0 to 36.0 g/tex and 32 % of plants in the population fall under 27.0 to 36.0 g/tex group. ThePCVwashigherthanGCVwhichshowsfibrestrengthishighlyinfluencedbyenvironment.Themoderate heritability and high genetic advance was observed for fibre strength; hence the selection is effective for this trait and the heritability is due to additive genes effect. The identified SSR markers for fibre strength have been utilised to select the high fibre strength plants in each generations. In BC1F1 generation, fibre strength varied from 24.4 to 32.7 g/tex. After continuous selection of high fibre strength plants using molecular markers in each generation, we obtained high productive progenies with high fibre strength that ranged from 30.0 to 35.7 g/tex having more recurrent background genomeinBC1F8generations.Highrecoveryofhirsutumbackgroundwithhighstrengthanddifferentstaplelength progenies were obtained in modified backcross population. Thus the high strength hirsutum lines developed will serve as a donor for introgressing the fibre strength to improve the elite parental lines through marker-assisted background selection. INTRODUCTION Cottonisthemostpreferrednaturalfibreintheworldandplaysamajorroleintheeconomyof agriculture and industry. Among the four cultivated species, Gossypium hirsutum is well known for high yieldanddominatestheworldscottonfibreproductionfollowedbytheGossypiumbarbadensethatis knownforsuperiorfibrequalities.Incottonimprovement,inadditiontoyieldenhancementoflint,the fibrequalitiessuchasstaplelength,fibrestrength,andfinenessandmaturityareveryimportant.The demand for improved fibre quality by textile industry will continue. Improvements in textile processing, particularlyadvancesinspinningtechnology,haveledtoincreasedemphasisonbreedingcottonfor improvedfibrecharacteristics,especiallystrength.(RahmanandMalik,2008).Therequirementsin textile spinning machinery with the adoption of rotor spinning, demands fibres with high strength to meet out spinning productivity.Most of the presently developed cotton varieties have low fibre strength of 18 to24g/tex.Geneticvariationforthefibrequalitiesareverylimitedinmostofthecurrentlycultivated Gossypium hirsutum cotton. Thus there is an urgent need to introduce fibre strength characteristics from Gossypium barbadense to upland cotton while maintaining the cotton fibre yield. Cottonfibrestrengthtraitisgovernedbyseveralgeneslocatedinseverallociofchromosomesand areinheritedquantitativewayandthusinfluencedbyquantitativetraitloci(QTLs).Mosttraitsin breedingprogramsarequantitativelyinherited,complicatingtheirmanipulationthroughphenotypic and/or genomic approaches. Each of the QTLs has relatively small effects and is influenced by genotype andenvironmentshowingstrongGxEinteraction,whichleadstolowgeneticadvanceincotton improvement (Kohel, 1999ab).Cottonfibrestrengthtraitisgovernedbyseveralgeneslocatedinseverallociofchromosomesand areinheritedquantitativewayandthusinfluencedbyquantitativetraitloci(QTLs).Mosttraitsin breedingprogramsarequantitativelyinherited,complicatingtheirmanipulationthroughphenotypic and/or genomic approaches.Each of the QTLs has relatively small effects and is influenced by genotype andenvironmentshowingstrongGxEinteraction,whichleadstolowgeneticadvanceincotton improvement (Kohel, 1999ab). 4 18 World Cotton Research Conference on Technologies for Prosperity Themodifiedbackcrossmethodfollowedforpyramidingofmultipletraitsisoneofthewaysby whichtheinherentfibrestrengthtraitcanbetransferredtoanuplandcottoneliteline.Experimentsin cottonshowedthenegativelinkagebetweenyieldandfibretraitsandfollowingmodifiedbackcross (MBC) is expected to circumvent this effect. However, due to several QTLs involved for both yield and fibre traits, the breeding cycle is expected to be longer. The identification and utilization of molecular markers make it possible for plant breeders to find a rapidandpreciseapproachofmarker-assistedselection(MAS)ofdesirableplantswithtargettraits. Introgressing the traits of interest can be followed using molecular markers that are mapped flanking or tightly linked with the traits being incorporated. Following the advancement of MAS and MBC method, it is expected to have selection for both recurrent parent background as well as genes to be introgressed from non-recurrent parent. The use of MAS facilitates a faster introgression since plants can be sampled andgenotypeswithtargettraitscanbeidentifiedevenattheearlystageofdevelopment.Amongthe available types of molecular markers, microsatellite markers simple sequence repeats (SSR) have shown tobethemostadequateforbreedingprogramsduetotheirco-dominanceandmulti-allelic characteristics, and for their ability to automate the process. The main objective of the study has been to improve fibre strength of G. hirsutum by introgression of QTLsassociatedwithfibrestrengthfromG.barbadensebymeansofbackcross(BC)andmodified backcross(MBC)pedigreebreedingmethodsusingfibrestrengthQTLSSRmarkers.Thusa combination of MBC with MAS for selection of desirable cotton lines with enhanced yield and high fibre strength was followed in our breeding strategy. Thepresentinvestigationwasalsoundertakentostudythephenotypicandgenotypiccoefficientof variability, phenotypic and genotypic variances, heritability and genetic advance of the variation existed in F2 and F3 population originated from the inter-specific crosses in cotton. MATERIALS AND METHODS Inthepresentstudy,thefieldexperimentswereconductedattheRasiSeeds(P)Ltd.,ResearchFarm, Attur, Salem (District) Tamil Nadu state (INDIA). Thesalientfeaturesofparentsinvolvedinthebackcrossandmodifiedbackcrossarefurnishedin Table 1. The breeding scheme, number of plants raised and number of plants selected in each generation of backcross and modified backcross are shown in Figs. 1 to 4. The experiments were raised in the winter season(AugustFebruary).Alltherecommendedculturalpracticesofcottonproductioninthearea were done periodically. TABLE 1: SALIENT FEATURES OF PARENTS INVOLVED IN THE STUDY ParentsSpeciesUsed asBoll Weight (g) Ginning %Span Length (mm) Lint IndexFibre Strength (g/tex) Fineness (Mic) Uniformity Ratio RC 64G. hirsutumRecurrent Medium (4.0-4.8) Medium(33-36) Long (30-32) Medium 4.5-5.5 Medium (24-26) Medium(4.0-4.2) Excellent (47-49) RC 62G. hirsutumRecurrent Medium to Big (4.9-5.6) Low (31-33) Extra Long(33-35) Medium 4.0-5.0 Strong (26 28g/tex) Fine (3.3-3.7) Excellent (47-48) RC 67G. hirsutumRecurrent Medium to Big (4.8-5.8) Low (30-32) Extra Long(34-36) Medium 4.0-5.0 Strong (25-27) Fine (3.5-3.8) Excellent (47-48) RC 92G. hirsutumRecurrent Big (5.3-6.0) Medium (33-35) Extra Long (33-35) Medium 4.0-5.0 Medium (24-25) Fine(3.5-3.7) Excellent(47-49) RC 45SBG. barbadenseDonorSmall(2.8-3.7) Low (25 -28) Extra Long(37-40) Medium 4.0-5.0 Very Strong (33-36) Very Fine (2.8-3.1) Excellent (48-50) Phenotypic Characters Selected plants in each single plant progeny were observed and their biometrical and fibre quality traits were recorded. The genetic analysis for the traits such asboll weight (g), Number of bolls/plant, ginning percentage(GP%),lintindex(LI),seedindex(SI),singleplantyield(g)andfibrequalityparameters Introgression of High Fibre Strength Trait to Upland Cotton using Marker-Assisted Selection 19 weredoneintheF2populationalongwiththeirparents.Thefibrequalitytraitsviz.,2.5%spanlength (mm),uniformityratio(%),fibrefineness(micronaire),fibrestrength(g/tex)andelongationwere estimated by High Volume Instrument USTER HVI Spectrum in ICC mode. Fig. 1: The Breeding Scheme, Number of Plants Raised and Number of Plants Selected Based on MAS in the Backcross Population Fig. 2: The Breeding Scheme, Number of Plants Raised and Number of Plants Selected Based on MAS in the Modified Backcross Population (I) First G.hirsutum(RC64) x G.barbadense (RC45SB)Season2002(W) Identification of polymorphic markers of both parents (658 markers were screened and 454 were polSecond G.hirsutum (RC 64 )x F1Season F1 backcross with the recurrent parent2003(W)475 F2 individuals were rasied and genotyping were done with 158 polymorphic markers based on low and high ThirdBC1F1 1. 276 plants were raisedSeason 2. 15 high fibre strength plantswith more recurrent background were selected 2004(W) based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS) and forwarded to next generationFourthBC1F2 1. Individual 15 plantprogenies were grown. (40 plants/progeny)Season 2. 8 high fibre strength plantswith more recurrent background were selected 2005(W) based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS) and forwarded to next generationFifth BC1F3 1. Individual 8 plantprogenies were grown. (21 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2006(S) parent with high fibre strength 17 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies SixthBC1F4 1. Individual 17 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2006(W) parent with high fibre strength 67 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Seventh BC1F5 1. Individual 67 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2007(W) parent with high fibre strength 82 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Eighth BC1F6 1. Individual 82 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2008(W) parent with high fibre strength 148 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Ninth BC1F7 1. Individual 148 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2009(W) parent with high fibre strength 54 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Tenth BC1F8 1. Individual 54 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2010(W) parent with high fibre strength 36plants was selected and forwardedFirst G.hirsutum(RC64) x G.barbadense (RC45SB)Season2002(W)Identification of polymorphic markers of both parents (658 markers were screened and 454 were polSecond G.hirsutum(RC 64 )x F1Season F1 backcross with the recurrent parent2003(W)475 F2 individuals were rasied and genotyping were done with 158 polymorphic markers based on low and high Third RC 62 XBC1F1 1. 276 plants were raisedSeason 2.More G.hirsutum plant type with high fibre strength plants2004(W)to becrossed with G.hirsutumrecurrent parent(RC62)FourthMBC1F1 1. 309 plants were raisedSeason 2. High fibre strength plantswith more recurrent background were selected 2005(W) based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS) and forwarded to next generationFifth MBC1F2 1. Individual 305 plants were raisedSeason 2. 71 high fibre strength plantswith more recurrent background were selected 2006(W) based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS) and forwarded to next generationSixthMBC1F3 1. Individual 71 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2007(W) parent with high fibre strength 44 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS) 3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Seventh MBC1F4 1. Individual 44 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2008(W) parent with high fibre strength 17 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Eighth MBC1F5 1. Individual 17 plantprogenies were grown. (10 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2009(W) parent with high fibre strength 25 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Ninth MBC1F6 1. Individual 25 plantprogenies were grown. (10 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2010(W) parent with high fibre strength27 plants were selected and forwarded20 World Cotton Research Conference on Technologies for Prosperity Fig. 3: The Breeding Scheme, Number of Plants Raised and Number of Plants Selected in the Modified Backcross Population (II) Fig. 4: The Breeding Scheme, Number of Plants Raised and Number of Selected Based on MAS in the Modified Backcross Population (III) Meanvalueswereusedfordifferentstatisticalanalysis.Analysisofvarianceandgenotypicand phenotypicvariationwerecalculatedfollowingSinghandChaudhury(1985).Phenotypiccoefficientof variation(GCV),Genotypiccoefficientofvariation(PCV)wereestimatedusingtheformulasuggested byBurton(1952),whilegeneticadvance(GA)aspercentmeansandgeneticadvanceaspercentageof mean(GA%)wasestimatedbytheformulagivenbyLush(1949)andJohnsonetal.(1955).The estimates of broad-sense heritability were computed as suggested by Allard (1960). First G.hirsutum(RC64) x G.barbadense (RC45SB)Season2002(W)Identification of polymorphic markers of both parents (658 markers were screened and 454 were polSecond G.hirsutum(RC 64 )x F1Season F1 backcross with the recurrent parent2003(W)475 F2 individuals were rasied and genotyping were done with 158 polymorphic markers based on low and high Third RC 67 XBC1F1 1. 276 plants were raisedSeason 2.More G.hirsutum plant type with high fibre strength plants2004(W)to becrossed with G.hirsutumrecurrent parent(RC62)FourthMBC1F1 1. 260 plants were raisedSeason 2. High fibre strength plantswith more recurrent background were selected 2005(W) based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS) and forwarded to next generation*Fifth MBC1F2 1. Individual 432 plants were raisedSeason 2. 51 high fibre strength plantswith more recurrent background were selected 2006(W) based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS) and forwarded to next generation*SixthMBC1F3 1. Individual 51 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2007(W) parent with high fibre strength 17 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Seventh MBC1F4 1. Individual 17 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2008(W) parent with high fibre strength 23 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Eighth MBC1F5 1. Individual 23 plantprogenies were grown. (10 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2009(W) parent with high fibre strength 33 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Ninth MBC1F6 1. Individual 33 plantprogenies were grown. (10 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2010(W) parent with high fibre strengthplants20 were selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)First G.hirsutum(RC64) x G.barbadense (RC45SB)Season2002(W)Identification of polymorphic markers of both parents (658 markers were screened and 454 were polSecond G.hirsutum(RC 64 )x F1Season F1 backcross with the recurrent parent2003(W)475 F2 individuals were rasied and genotyping were done with 158 polymorphic markers based on low and high Third RC 92 XBC1F1 1. 276 plants were raisedSeason 2.More G.hirsutum plant type with high fibre strength plants2004(W)to becrossed with G.hirsutumrecurrent parent(RC62)FourthMBC1F1 1. 281 plants were raisedSeason 2. High fibre strength plantswith more recurrent background were selected 2005(W) based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS) and forwarded to next generationFifth MBC1F2 1. Individual 251 plants were raisedSeason 2. 14high fibre strength plantswith more recurrent background were selected 2008(W) based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS) and forwarded to next generationSixthMBC1F3 1. Individual 51 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2009(W) parent with high fibre strength 14 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Seventh MBC1F4 1. Individual 14 plantprogenies were grown. (20 plants/progeny)Season 2. Homozyousprogeniessimilar to recurrent2010(W) parent with high fibre strength 106 plantswere selected based on phenotypic and genotypic data (MAS)3.Recurrent plant type with high fibre strength plants will be forwarded from superior progenies Introgression of High Fibre Strength Trait to Upland Cotton using Marker-Assisted Selection 21 Genotyping using SSR Markers F2mappingpopulationsweredevelopedfromtheinterspecificcrossbetweenG.hirsutum(RC64)and G.barbadense(RC45SB)fortheidentificationofSSRmarkersassociatedwithfibrestrengthtrait. Youngleafsampleswerecollectedfrom475F2individualsandDNAwasextractedusingmodified Davis protocol. PCR was conducted in a total volume of 10 l with 10 ng of cotton DNA, 1 x PCR buffer (withoutMgCl2),1.5mMMgCl2, 0.1MdNTPs,0.2Mofeachprimerand0.5unitsofTaqDNA polymerase. The cycling conditions for PCR were as follows: 5 min for 94 C; 35 cycles of 94C for 45 s, 57Cfor45s,72Cfor60s;72Cfor5min;4Cforpreservation.AmplifiedDNAfragmentswere resolved in 6% denatured polyacrylamide gel [(acryl amide: bisacrylamide (19:1)] and stained with silver nitrate.We employed 658 SSR primers including BNL, NAU, JESPR and CIR etc., for the identification of polymorphismbetweenthetwoparents.Thepolymorphicprimerswereusedtoscreenthebulkedlow andhighfibrestrengthDNAsamplesandselectedprimersweresubsequentlyusedtogenotypetheF2 individuals.Onlyunambiguousdistinctbandswerescored.QTLsforcottonfibrestrengthinF2 populationwereidentifiedusingMAPMAKER2.0andQTLCARTOGRAPHER(version1.15) respectively.TheSSRmarkersassociatedwiththefibrestrengthQTLwereusedinthebackcrossand modified backcross breeding program. Genotyping the BC and MBC Samples Marker-assisted selection was conducted for every generation of backcrossing and modified backcrossing with the markers associated with fibre QTLs based on the F2 population. The markers covering the fibre strength QTLs that were used in MAS are RAS 72, RAS 158, RAS 215, RAS 223, RAS 224, RAS 230, RAS306andRAS304.Theselectionofplantswithhighfibrestrengthtraitateverygenerationwas based on the markers and phenotypic data. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thefirstandforemostcriteriontobeconsideredinanybreedingprogrammeisthemagnitudeofthe geneticvariabilitypresentinthebasepopulationwhichisprimerequirementforstartingajudicious breedingprogrammeforcombiningdesirablecharactersintotheelitelines.Inthepresentinvestigation the estimates of mean, range, phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance as per cent ofmean in F2 generation are calculated and presented in Table 2. There were large differencesinthevariancesformostofthecharactersunderstudy.Thehighvariance(10.2)offibre strengthcharacterinF2populationindicatesthatthepresenceofsufficientamountofvariabilitywhich hadbeengeneratedinsegregatingpopulations(PradeepandSumalini,2003).Thedistributionoffibre strength in F2 generations is given in Fig. 6. The distribution range of fibre strength in F2 was between 18 g/texto36g/tex.The27%ofplantsoutof475plantsshowedmoderatefibrestrength(26-28g/tex). Furthermore,3plantsinF2showedabove34g/texwhichwashigherthanthedonorparent,suggesting transgressivesegregationforthetrait.Thevariationandtransgressivesegregationobservedforfibre strength has practical implication for combining fibre strength in upland cotton. TABLE 2: THE ESTIMATES OF MEAN, RANGE, HERITABILITY, GENETIC ADVANCE, GENETIC ADVANCE PER CENT OF MEAN, PCV AND GCV OF F2 GENERATION (RC 64 X RC 45 SB) CharactersMeanRangeVarianceHeritability (h2 %)GAGA% of MeanPCV %GCV% Boll Weight (g)3.31.9-4.60.484.51.339.119.017.5 Number of bolls/plant67.532.0-127.0445.846.943.564.431.321.4 Ginning percentage (%)29.522.5-38.79.356.16.321.310.37.7 Lint index3.81.9-6.60.68.91.641.520.16.0 Seed index9.25.4-14.02.415.13.234.316.76.5 2.5% span length (mm)32.526.1-38.16.383.15.215.97.77.0 Fibre strength (g/tex)43.740.6-47.510.259.16.624.011.69.0 Uniformity ratio27.418.4-36.11.778.42.76.13.02.6 Elongation5.64.0-12.00.765.81.730.514.812.0 Micronaire2.82.0-4.20.239.60.931.315.29.6 Seed cotton yield (g)/plant152.582.3-266.72482.530.1102.667.332.717.9 Althoughrangecanprovideapreliminaryideaaboutthevariabilitybutcoefficientofvariationis reliableasitisindependentofunitofmeasurement.TheextentofvariabilityasmeasuredbyPCVand GCV also gives information regarding the relative amount of variation.22 World Cotton Research Conference on Technologies for Prosperity Fig. 5: Frequency Distribution of Fibre Strength Trait in F2 Population (475 Plants) Theestimatesofphenotypiccoefficientsofvariation(PCV)rangedfrom2.98forfibreuniformity ratio to 32.68 % for seed cotton yield per plant and the corresponding values for genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) were 2.64 % for fibre uniformity ratio and 21.83 % for number of bolls per plant (Table 2).Thephenotypiccoefficientofvariationwhichmeasurestotalvariationwasfoundtobegreaterthan genotypiccoefficientofvariationforallthecharactersindicatingsomedegreeofenvironmental influence on the traits.Itisnotthemagnitudeofvariationbuttheextentofheritablevariation,whichmattersmostfor achieving gains in selection programme. The coefficient of variation indicates only the extent of variation foracharacteranddoesnotdiscriminatethevariabilityintoheritableandnon-heritableportion.The heritabilityworkedoutinbroadsensewouldsuggesthowfarthevariationisheritableandselectionis effective. A perusal of heritability estimates indicated that the characters such as boll weight, fibre length, uniformityratioandfibreelongationhavehighheritability(Table2).Suchhighheritabilityestimates havebeenfoundtobehelpfulinmakingselectionofsuperiorgenotypesonthebasisofphenotypic performanceforquantitativecharacters.Thecharactersviz.,numberofbollsperplant,ginning percentage, fibre strength, mircronaire and seed cotton yield per plant had moderate heritability. Though the heritability estimates are the true indicators of genetic potentiality of the genotypes which can be used asatoolforselection,changesinthevaluesoftheheritabilityduetofluctuationsoftheenvironmental factorsdetractfortotaldependenceon suchestimates.However,heritabilityestimateswhenconsidered inconjunctionwiththepredictedgeneticgainformareliabletoolforselection.Theyindicatethe expectedgeneticadvanceofacharacterinresponsetothecertainselectionpressureimposedonthem andalsoprovideanideaaboutthegeneactioninvolvedintheexpressionofvariouspolygenictraits involving several QTLs. Highheritabilitycoupledwithhighgeneticadvanceaspercentofmeanwasnoticedforthe charactersbollweightandelongation.Thisindicatesthatadditivegeneactionwasresponsibleforthe inheritanceofthesetraitsandtheselectionintheearlygenerationcouldbefruitfulinimprovingthese characters(Kumaresan,et.al.,2000).Incontrastthecharacterslintindexandseedindexhavelow heritabilityandhighgeneticadvanceaspercentofmean.Thefibrestrengthcharacterhasmoderate heritability and high genetic advance as per cent of mean indicates that success through simple selection could be expected in the early generation as this trait is having the additive gene action.Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) using Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR)BasedonlimitedDNApolymorphisminuplandcottonformarkersavailabletodate,andlimited applicationofmarkersforcottonimprovement,soundMASbreedingstrategyisimportantfor incorporatingQTLsassociatedwithfibretraitsaresuccessfullyusedincropimprovement.Wehave screened658SSRprimersfortheidentificationofpolymorphismbetweenthetwoparents.Ofthe658 primer,454primerswerepolymorphicbetweentheparents,158primerswerepolymorphicbetween bulked low and high fibre strength samples (Fig. 6). Subsequently 158 polymorphic primers obtained in 0510152025301820202222242426262828303032323434363638Frequencyin%RangeF2 bulkedanthree minAmong thandRAS selection phenotypiM 1 1, 2 3 Bu4, 5 M 1 B, H1 to 117 to M 1 B, H1 to 111 to Introgrenalysiswere or QTLs forhese markers304)molecintheBC ic data are giFig. 6: SSRkb ladder G.barbadensulked low fibBulked highFig. 7:kb ladder G.barbaden6 Low fibre46 High fibFig. 8: Skb ladder G.barbaden0 Low fibre25 High fibession of High Fusedtogenor fibre streng, eight SSR (cularmarkerandMBC iven in Fig. 1R Screening Generse & G.hirsubre strength Dh fibre strengt: SSR Profiles Gennse & G.hirse strength inbre strength iSSR Profiles Genernse & G.hirse strength inbre strength iFibre Strength Totypethe47gth from the (RAS 72, RArsassociated(Fig.8).The1 4.rated for Bulked loutum DNA of F2 inth DNA of Fnerated for F2 Low sutum dividual samindividual sarated for BC1F8 lowsutum dividual samindividual saTrait to Upland C75numberostrain have bAS 158, RASdwithfiber enumberoow and High Fibre ndividuals (< F2 individuals and High Fibre Stmples of F2 ( 30 g/tex)trength IndividualsF8 (< 27 g/teC1F8 (> 31 g/arker-Assisted Sduals(Fig.7)ied and tagge223, RAS 22TLswereuseplantsbasedF2 Samples with SS) s with the Primer Rs with the Primer ex) /tex)Selection).Onemajored with DNA24, RAS 230edformarkdonthema SR Primers RAS 72 RAS 223 23 rQTLand A markers. 0, RAS 306 ker-assisted arkersand 24 World Cotton Research Conference on Technologies for Prosperity TABLE 3: THE ESTIMATES OF MEAN, RANGE AND VARIANCE OF BACKCROSS POPULATIONS (RC 64 X (RC 64 X RC45 SB) GenerationNumber of bolls/Plant Boll Weight (g) Ginning Percentage (%) Lint Index Seed Index 2.5% Span Length (mm) Fibre Strength (g/tex) Uniformity Ratio ElongationMicronaire BC1F1Mean58.03.831.85.010.735.127.248.96.13.5 Range16.0-185.02.5-5.522.1-38.6 2.3-7.6 5.5-19.230.3-38.324.4-32.743.3-54.43.6-9.92.4-5.1 Variance584.10.47.10.73.72.64.95.41.90.3 BC1F2Mean47.64.132.34.810.033.727.146.03.65.8 Range20.0-146.02.9-5.226.8-36.0 3.3-6.4 7.2-11.527.1-37.126.0-30.741.1-49.42.5-4.74.1-8.7 Variance576.60.25.80.61.15.01.13.90.31.0 BC1F3Mean42.43.031.44.39.330.430.546.84.64.1 Range18.0-89.01.8-4.528.5-34.5 3.0-6.0 6.4-12.726.4-36.126.1-35.644.9-48.63.8-6.42.8-5.9 Variance301.40.32.70.41.53.89.90.90.40.8 BC1F4Mean77.53.135.14.58.328.329.247.65.64.6 Range36.0-142.02.0-4.927.8-39.8 3.0-6.5 6.0-11.324.4-31.026.3-34.144.7-49.14.3-7.92.2-5.8 Variance625.20.34.80.41.11.63.40.50.40.6 BC1F5Mean105.73.034.24.28.128.729.447.05.54.3 Range48.0-147.02.0-4.425.6-40.9 2.3-6.6 4.6-12.323.3-33.022.9-37.044.5-51.04.1-7.02.5-5.7 Variance285.80.24.30.51.42.64.51.00.20.3 BC1F6Mean69.03.132.94.69.328.829.446.55.94.7 Range13.0-152.01.8-4.726.9-39.8 2.8-6.5 5.2-13.825.7-32.324.5-33.644.2-49.44.7-7.62.5-5.9 Variance554.40.33.90.51.72.03.50.90.20.4 BC1F7Mean88.33.433.35.010.028.930.048.05.54.9 Range38.0-124.02.0-5.128.0-38.8