World CivilizationsUnit 12PP 1Chapter 20 sections 1 & 2

The Congress of Vienna

The age of ideologies:REVIEW

•Conservatism:•Liberalism: •Nationalism:

Return to the old order•Following the Congress of Vienna

Metternich and the conservatives began to suppress revolutionary thought with a program known as the Concert of Europe▫The Metternich system

Revolutions of 1820•The first challenges to the Metternich

system come from Central and Eastern Europe▫Serbia▫Greece▫Italy▫Spain

▫RESULTS▫Why?

France

•Ruled by a constitutional charter and Louis XVIII

•Reforms that stayed▫Press, speech, religion▫Only 100,000 of 30 million vote▫Nobles believed the country too liberal

so when Louis dies in 1824 they begin to work on Charles X (1824-1830)

Charles X• Brother of Louis XVI and

XVIII• Wanted to reestablish the old

order in France• 5 hour coronation ceremony

(very medieval)• 1830 he tried to revoke the

constitutional charter• Within 3 days the upper-

middle class led a revolt and unseated him

Louis Phillippe (1830-1848)•Louis Phillippe was the cousin of Charles

X and the Duke of Orleans•Known as the “Citizen King” dressed like

a businessman •Kept the monarchy but extended the vote

a little•Adopted the “tricolore” (flag)of the

revolution•But…still favored the wealthy

Other revolutions in the 1820’s and 1830’s•Belgium (1830-1831)

▫Why?•Poland (1831-1832)

▫Why?▫The Cadet revolution

Factors in the Revolutions of 1848•Nationalism: Created by who?•Economic crisis: 1846-1848 bad

harvests led to business failures and unemployment (Marx???)▫Drought in Europe, Potato blight (Ireland)

•Romantic movement: Carried out in the arts and literature. Revolt against classicism (rules for art) and the enlightenment (rationality, order and restraint)▫Spontaneity, love of nature, emotional

exuberance, imagination

Romantic artists•Giuseppe Verdi: Italian nationalist

composer•Richard Wagner: German nationalist

composer•Alexander Dumas: The Three

Musketeers•Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the

People (1830)

▫Gothic (Mary Shelley)

France•Problem: Discontent with Louis Philippe by

the working class▫Feb 22 1848 they rose up and Louis

abdicated creating the 2nd French republic▫Louis Blanc emerges as a leader of the 10

man board that now runs France▫France begins a national workshops

program▫By June the middle class has had enough and

elects more conservative delegates who end the workshops

The June Days•The poor responded by barricading the

streets which led to 3 days of fighting▫10,000 dead▫Shows the division in French society▫Socialism rejected as too radical

Louis Napoleon•Nephew of the Emperor, wins the

Presidency in late 1848•More conservative but also believed in

helping the poor•At the end of his 4 year term the Assembly

tried to stop him from running again but failed▫December 1851 he was elected to a 10 year

term▫1 year later 97% voted him Emperor

Napoleon III

Austria•The Empire had too many ethnic groups

and had rejected all liberal reform•Vienna March 1848

▫Student led disturbances asking for liberal reform

▫Nationalist revolts from the Czechs Hungarians (Louis Kossuth) Italians German States (Frankfurt Parliament)

Results of 1848•The Austrian imperial government

decided to reassert its authority October of 1848▫Bombard Vienna and liberal revolt

folded▫December 2:Emperor Ferdinand I

abdicates and is replaced by his nephew Francis Joseph (1846-1916)

▫By March 1849 military rule is reestablished over the Hungarians, Czechs and Italians

▫German states failed to unify