WORKSHOP ON VEHICLE EXHAUST PARTICULATE EMISSION MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Zissis Samaras Lab of Applied Thermodynamics Aristotle

WORKSHOP ON VEHICLE EXHAUST PARTICULATE

EMISSION MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY

San Diego, 21 Oct 2002

Zissis Samaras

Lab of Applied Thermodynamics

Aristotle University Greece

The The EU DG TRENEU DG TREN “Particulates” “Particulates” Project:Project:

Characterisation of Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Exhaust Particulate

Emissions from Road Emissions from Road VehiclesVehicles

CRC WorkshopSan Diego, 21 Oct 2002

The “PARTICULATES

”

project team

” PARTICULATES „ Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate

Emissions From Road Vehicles

A 5 FP European research programmesponsored by the Directorate General

on TRansport and ENergy

Partners: Associate partners:Aristotle University (GR) – Coord. Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F) Volvo (S) Dekati (FIN) Tampere University (FIN) Stockholm Univ. (S) EMPA (CH) Athens Uni. (GR) AEAT (UK) TRL (UK)IFP (F) INERIS (F) AVL (AUT) LWA (UK) MTC (S) Graz University (AUT)Aachen University (D) ConsultantsJRC (NL) D. Kittelson G. Reischl


The “PARTICULATES

”

targets

Definition of the exhaust aerosol properties which will be examined and evaluation of available measurement instruments and techniques

Development and introduction of a harmonised protocol for the definition of exhaust aerosol sampling conditions

Examination of the particulate emissions of current light duty vehicles and heavy duty engines

Investigation of the influence of engine technology, fuel quality and after-treatment on particulate emissions


Main Issues in Particle Analysis

Issue 1: What to measure? … instrument Particle property Size range Resolution (time, size) Applicability / cost

Issue 2: How to measure? … sampling method Dilution factor Residence time Temperature Relative humidity Hydrocarbon concentration of background air

Decisions taken based on: Requirements from health and environment

experts Potential for evaluation of technology

measures


Issue 1

Particle characteristics to be measured

Mass emissions (PM10, PM2.5, PM1 …) Number emissions in relation to size

including both accumulation and nucleation mode (0,01 µm to 10 µm)

Nature and morphology solid, liquid part surface area

Chemical composition Elemental & total organic carbon PAHs (in particular benzo(a)pyrene) Metals


Issue 2

How to measure

Sampling Parameters

0.E+00

2.E+08

4.E+08

6.E+08

8.E+08

1.E+09

1.E+09

1.E+09

1 10 100 1000

electrical mobility particle diameter dp [nm]

dN/d

log

dp [c

m-3

] 40 °C

30 °C

19 °C

17 °C

Dilution Parameter: Dil. air temperature


Issue 2

How to measure

Sampling Parameters

Dilution Parameter:

0.0E+00

5.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.5E+09

2.0E+09

2.5E+09

3.0E+09

1 10 100 1000


dN/d

log

dp [c

m-3

]

41

24

15

Dilution ratio

Dilution Ratio


Issue 2

How to measure

Sampling Parameters

Dilution Parameter:

0.0E+00

5.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.5E+09

2.0E+09

2.5E+09

1 10 100 1000


dN/d

log

dp [c

m-3

]

0.6 s

3.1 s

Residence time

Residence Time


Issue 2

How to measure

Sampling Parameters

Dilution Parameter:

0.0E+00

5.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.5E+09

2.0E+09

2.5E+09

1 10 100 1000


dN/d

log

dp [c

m-3

]

50

38.8

26

14.4

10

2.4

relative humidity [%]of dilution air

RH of dilution air


Issue 2

How to measure

Fuel effects

Fuel Effect: Sulphur concentration

0.0E+00

5.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.5E+09

2.0E+09

2.5E+09

1 10 100 1000


dN/d

log

dp [c

m-3

]

250 ppm

<10 ppm

Sulphur content of fuel


Issue 2

How to measure

Vehicle effects

Vehicle Effect: History effects

0.0E+00

2.0E+08

4.0E+08

6.0E+08

8.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.2E+09

1 10 100 1000


dN/d

log

dp [c

m-3

]

0 min.

3 min.

6.5 min.

10 min.

13.5 min.

16.5 min.

Consecutive SMPS scans


Issue 2

How to measure

Selection of sampling

parameters

Similarity to atmospheric dilution Potential to form nucleation mode Small sensitivity to change of parameters Feasibility to reach at the lab

DR: 12.5:1DT: 32°C

RT: 1 ms+stabilisation

(~3s)


SamplingConfiguration

Example: Diesel engine

emissions

Ageing Chamber

2-stage ejector Dilutor

Dilution Air Line

Sample Line

Silica Gel

CharcoalFilter

EjectorDilutor

Heater Denuder

Mass Flow

Controller

ELPI

SMPS

Diffusion

Charger

Cooling Agent Line

Fdddg kjlk

TEOM

DR 12 : 1DR 12 : 1T 30 - 40°CT 30 - 40°C

RT 1 msRT 1 ms

Pump

Throttle Valve

Grav. Impactor

DR 120 : 1DR 120 : 1T ambT amb

RT 2.5 sRT 2.5 s

DR 1200 : 1DR 1200 : 1T ambT amb

RT 2.8 sRT 2.8 s

DR 120 : 1DR 120 : 1T 40°CT 40°C

RT 3.5 sRT 3.5 s




Dilution ratio fluctuation

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600RPM

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

kW

19.0+18.0 to 19.017.0 to 18.016.0 to 17.015.0 to 16.014.0 to 15.013.0 to 14.012.0 to 13.011.0 to 12.010.0 to 11.09.0 to 10.08.0 to 9.0

DR map in NEDC

Setting

Golf TDI


Example of properties

determinationin a single run

Total “active” surface [RT] Total particle number [RT]

Surface and number give mean size [RT]

Size segregated solid particle number [RT] Solids particle mass [RT] Gaseous pollutants [RT] Particle mass (VF/nVF) - CVS [CYCLE] Mass weighted size distribution [CYCLE] Number weighted size distribution[SS]

RT: Real Time CYCLE: Mean value over cycle SS: Steady State


Example of protocol

application

Two strokeMotorcycles

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

ECE 40 Cycle Time [s]

Ac

tiv

e S

urf

ac

e [

cm

2 s-1

]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sp

ee

d [

km

h-1

]

Yamaha BWS (3.2 m²/km).

.

Speed

Active Surface


Example of protocol

application

Motorcycle emissions

Yamaha BWS

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

1.E+10

1.E+11

1.E+12

1.E+13

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200ECE 40 Cycle Time [s]

dN

/dlo

gD

p [

s-1

]

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

Sp

ee

d [

km

h-1

]

Total particles, 100 nm mob.Solid particles, 104 - 168 nm aer.

Speed

.

.

Concentration of totals/solids


Example of protocol

application

Diesel test cars

Emission Emission StandardStandard

Euro 0Euro 0 Euro IEuro I Euro IIIEuro III

Model Model YearYear

1985 1996 2001

Vehicle Vehicle TypeType

Mercedes 250D

VW Golf TDI Renault Laguna dCi

Engine Engine TypeType

Turbocharged pre-

chamber

Turbocharged direct injection with EGR

Common rail direct

injection with EGR

CapacityCapacity 2,5 l 1,9 l 1,9 l

After-After-treatmetreatme

ntnt

None None Pre cat and main

oxidation catalysts

Fuel used: Diesel 2000 specs (<350 ppm S)Fuel used: Diesel 2000 specs (<350 ppm S)


PM concentration and diffusion active surface

of emitted aerosol

Data from:NEDC + Hot UDC+ 2 steady state speeds

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

2,4

Euro 0 Euro I Euro III

Re

lati

ve

Ind

ex

PM Surface


Number concentration

and median size (based on electrical

mobility) of particles in the range 7 nm – 1

m

Concentration: NEDC + Hot UDC+ 2 steady state speeds

Size: SMPS over steady state tests

only0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

2,4


Re

lati

ve

Ind

ex

Concentration

Median mobility dp


SMPS distributions over constant

speeds

Ranges: confidence interval from six measurements.

1,E+06

1,E+07

1,E+08

1,E+09

1,E+10

0,01 0,1 1Mob. Diam. [um]

dN

/dlo

gD

p [

cm-3]

120 km/h

50 km/h

Euro 0

1,E+06

1,E+07

1,E+08

1,E+09

1,E+10

0,01 0,1 1Mob. Diam. [um]

dN

/dlo

gD

p [

cm-3]

120 km/h

50 km/h

Euro I

1,E+06

1,E+07

1,E+08

1,E+09

1,E+10

0,01 0,1 1Mob. Diam. [um]

dN

/dlo

gD

p [

cm

-3]

120 km/h

50 km/h

Euro III


ELPI number concentration and median size of solid

particles in the range 30

nm – 1 m

Data from:NEDC + Hot UDC+ 2 steady state speeds

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

2,4


Re

lati

ve

Ind

ex

Concentration

Median aerodynamic dp


Solid particle distribution

with the ELPICycle: Hot UDC

Ranges correspond to minimum and maximum of

six measurements.

Euro 0

1,E+03

1,E+04

1,E+05

1,E+06

1,E+07

1,E+08

0,01 0,1 1 10Aerod. Diameter [um]

dN

/dlo

gD

p [

cm-3]

Euro I

1,E+03

1,E+04

1,E+05

1,E+06

1,E+07

1,E+08


dN

/dlo

gD

p [

cm-3]

Euro III

1,E+03

1,E+04

1,E+05

1,E+06

1,E+07

1,E+08


dN

/dlo

gD

p [

cm-3]


Summary and outlook

A commonly agreed test procedure was developed, addressing sampling and dilution conditions

A test protocol was also developed based on the selected instruments

Collection of all data is being conducted using common formats and methodologies

A large number of test vehicles and fuels is being tested

Results are expected in the middle of 2003

Documents

WORKSHOP ON VEHICLE EXHAUST PARTICULATE EMISSION MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Zissis Samaras Lab of Applied Thermodynamics Aristotle