Workshop on understanding and making use of data from the ......Workshop on understanding and making...
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Workshop on understanding and making use of data outputs from the IUCN PanAfrica FW Biodiversity Assessment
Workshop on understanding and making use of data from the ......Workshop on understanding and making use of data outputs from the IUCN PanAfrica FW Biodiversity Assessment • Reminder
Workshop on understanding and making use of data outputs from the IUCN PanAfrica FW Biodiversity Assessment
• Reminder why we need information on FW species• Types of data collated• Understanding the Red List Categories and Criteria• Navigating the IUCN Red List Website• Conducting a species search on the IUCN Red List• Downloading results of a Red List species search • Downloading species distributions as shape files• Understanding how species distribution maps are created• The online Biobrowser ‐ overview• Some basic spatial analyses• Application of data to improved PA design• Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)• Application to EIAs
Workshop content
Species information collated• For each species we collated:
TaxonomyDistribution ‐ digital mapsPopulation Habitat and EcologyMajor threatsUtilisation by peopleRed List statusBibliography….
• Expert reviewed• Threatened and non threatened species recorded
The IUCN Red List Assessment: An estimate of extinction risk
What is the likelihood of a species becomingextinct in the near future, given current knowledge about population trends, range, and recent, current or projected threats?
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So, what does the IUCN Red List actually tell us? The assessment itself is an estimate of EXTINCTION RISK. The IUCN Red List classifies species by extinction risk, highlighting those species that are most likely to become extinct in the near future given current knowledge of population trends, range and habitat availability, population size and structure, and recent, current or projected threats acting on the species.
Red List Categories of Threat
A taxon is THREATENED when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria for either Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable.
Endangered (EN)
Considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
Vulnerable (VU)
Considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild
Considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
Critically Endangered (CR)
?Which category?
Use quantitative criteria (or thresholds) to distinguish between these threatened categories
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Click on screen to go to next slide
A taxon that has been evaluated against the criteria but and does not qualify for a Threatened category and is notExtinct or Extinct in the Wild is either:
Least Concern (LC)
When it does not qualify for a threatened category or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
Data Deficient (DD)
When there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. (Taxonomic, lack of information, unknown distribution). It does NOT mean it is not threatened
Near Threatened (NT)
When it is close to qualifying for a threatened category, or is likely to qualify in the near future.
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Click on the red switch at bottom with black arrow to go back to the master slide with all categories
Endangered (EN)
EN taxa are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild
Definitions in the User Guidelines: Critically Endangered - A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Endangered - A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Vulnerable - A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable, and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. Each of these categories have a set of criteria and thresholds attached to them.
A Population reduction
B Restricted geographic range
C Small population size & decline
Very small or restricted populationD
E Quantitative analysis
CRITERIA
Quantitative thresholds
THREATENED CATEGORIES
Critically Endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU)
Nature of the Criteria
See 1 page summary sheet for full criteria thresholds:
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See hard copy provided
Criteria A - Population Reduction:
Time frame: 3 generations or 10 years which ever is longer! (max 100 years)
Sub-criteria CR EN VU
A1Past decline (& ceased) > 90 % > 70 % > 50 %
A2Past decline (& NOT ceased)
> 80 % > 50 % > 30 %A3Future decline
A4 Past & future
Decline based on any of:
(a) Direct observation (not for sub-criterion A3 – future reduction)
(b) An index of abundance appropriate to the taxon.
(c) A decline in:• area of occupancy; • extent of occurrence; and/or • quality of habitat.
Download document ‘Guidelines for appropriate use of Red List data’
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- Download the document ‘Guidelines for appropriate use of Red List data’ from the Red List website About > Publications and Links page. Click on ‘Other Red List Publications’ Click on ‘Guidelines for appropriate use of Red List data’
Key Facts, e.g.:• Not just threatened species on the Red List• Not all species are assessed• The Red List assessment is a measure of extinction risk only• The Red List is not, on its own, a system for setting conservation priorities
Appropriate use of the Red List, e.g.:• Informing development of national threatened species lists, action plans etc.• Guiding site level evaluation, the Red List is a key input for an EIA.• Determining extinction rates across globally and comprehensively assessed species categories
Inappropriate use of the Red List, e.g.:• Automatically linking a legislative response (e.g. banning trade) to the inclusion of a species in a particular Red List category• Relying solely on the global Red List status for local planning (e.g., Developing a harvest plan for a local plant population based solely on the global Red List status) • Assuming that the IUCN Red List provides a comprehensive picture of all the species that are threatened.
How to search the Red List website
Go to ‐ www.iucnredlist.org
Two search options:1. Simple species name search2. Detailed search
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Simple search Detailed search options
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- Using the simple search enter the full species name e.g. “Tor putitora” or just the genus name e.g. “Tor” - Click ‘GO’ and the results will be listed below
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You can also add a common name e.g. “Mahseer” Click ‘GO’ and the results will be listed below Note that searching for common names can return a large number of results (e.g. “Shark” returns 247 species)
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Simple search Detailed search options
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- To use the detailed search options click on the ‘Other Search Options’ box – the search options will open There are 8 categories to search with – these can be used independently or combined with each other (see next few slides for more details on these different categories) Within each category once you have selected your search options, click on the ‘Arrow’ to add them to the ‘Your Search Criteria’ box When you are ready to conduct your search click on ‘Run Search’
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2. Taxonomy Navigate through the taxonomy tree using ‘+’ and ‘–’ (the tree goes down to sub-species level) and select by checking (ticking) any level e.g. Animalia (for all animal species), or Actinopterygii (for all bony fishes), or Anguillidae (for all species in the eel family), or marmorata (for just the Marbled Eel). Here we have selected ‘Actinopterygii’ and then clicked on the arrow to add it to the ‘Your Search Criteria’
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3. Location As with taxonomy navigate through the location tree using ‘+’ and ‘–’ . There are Land Regions (countries, islands and sub-country units) for terrestrial and freshwater species; FAO Marine Areas for marine species) Select at any level, e.g. East Asia (for all species in East Asia), Japan (for all species in Japan) or Honshu (species recorded as being present in Honshu). NOTE: All species are coded to country level however not all species are coded to sub-country units or islands. Here we have selected ‘East Asia’ and then clicked on the arrow to add it to the ‘Your Search Criteria’
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4. Systems Select which system (terrestrial, freshwater, marine) you want to include Here we have selected only freshwater
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5. Habitat Navigate through the habitat tree using ‘+’ and ‘–’ . Select at any level, e.g. Wetlands (for all species found in wetlands), Freshwater springs and oases (for all species found in freshwater springs). Here we have selected ‘Permanent Rivers’, ‘Permanent Freshwater Lakes’ and ‘Permanent Marshes and Pools’ and then clicked on the arrow to add it to the ‘Your Search Criteria’
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6. Threats Navigate through the threats tree using ‘+’ and ‘–’ . Select at any level, e.g. Pollution (for all species threatened by pollution), Agricultural & forestry effluents (for all species by agricultural and forestry pollution) or soil erosion, sedimentation (for species threatened by sedimentation). Here we have selected ‘Intentional Use (subsistence/small scale)’, and ‘Intentional Use (large scale)’ which can be found under ‘Biological resource use’ (the top level) and then under ‘Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources’ (2nd level) and then clicked on the arrow to add it to the ‘Your Search Criteria’
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7. Assessment This section allows you exclude species based on their Red List Category or the Year they were assessed. The default search (seen here) is to not exclude any of the above Note: if the default selection is what you want, you do NOT need to add this into ‘Your Search Criteria’ – it is automatically included. You only use this section if you want to EXCLUDE a species based on its Red List Category or Year of the assessment. 8. Life History This section is for plants only. You can select one or more of the growth forms and add them to your search.
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- Once you have finished adding your search criteria – review them in ‘Your Search Criteria’ box then click on ‘Run Search’
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- Our search results come up with 53 species. NOTE: Not all species have been assessed for the IUCN Red List. For example some areas of the world have not been comprehensively assessed for freshwater species….yet! East Asia is one of these areas where only a proportion of the freshwater species have been assessed, therefore this list of 53 species is incomplete!
How to download results of a species search
‐ Create an account‐ Save your search‐ Export your search results
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Once you have your results – click on ‘Save / Export Search’ Click on ‘Login’
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Here you can enter your login details or create a new account if you do not have one. To create a new account enter your email address and type the two obscured words (these are to prevent spam – if you get the words wrong it will give you new set of words), then click on ‘send password’ – you will receive an email soon which will provide you with password. Once you have done this you can login.
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- Once you have logged in – you have a ‘Saved Searches’ section that stores all the searches you have asked the website to save. Click on ‘Add your current search’ – it will show you your search criteria and ask you to enter a name for the search – add a name e.g. ‘East Asian fw fish’ and click ‘Add to saved searches’ This will now appear in your ‘Saved Searched’ section. Click on your search to export it
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You will be given the following; a summary of your search criteria; the option to load a different search; a direct link to your search results to give to other people; the option to export your search results (species list with Red List categories) see the next slide; the option to delete your search; and the option to save the search with a different name - If you want to export your search results, click on ‘Export Results’
EMAIL:You requested an export for the following saved search:* East Asian fw fish
Your export has been completed. Please log in to the IUCN Red List website athttp://www.iucnredlist.org/info/login
and download your exported data.
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You will see that your saved search is ‘Queued for export’ – this means the data is being compiled and soon you will receive an email when the data is ready to be exported. When you receive the email, click on the link or log back into the Red List website.
You will see that now your saved search is ‘Exported on today’s date’ Click on the saved search, and scroll down to the ‘Export Results’ section. You can now dowload the results as a CSV or XML file. The file will come ‘zipped’. Unzip the file and open it.
The results contain the following; taxonomy, authority, synonyms, common names (Eng, Fre, Spa), Red List category, Red List criteria, Red List criteria version, Year assessed, Population trend, Petitioned (yes or no)
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The results contain the following; taxonomy, authority, synonyms, common names (Eng, Fre, Spa), Red List category, Red List criteria, Red List criteria version, Year assessed, Population trend, Petitioned (yes or no)
How to download species distributions as shape files
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- To download data, select ‘Spatial Data Download’ from the ‘Resources’ menu
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- You can download all the assessed species distribution shapefiles for mammals, amphibians, corals, reptiles. - For example you can download all mammals, or just the terrestrial species, or just the marine species.
Species Distribution Maps
Species are mapped to 7079 sub‐catchments
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Page 38 Pan Africa report. Level 6 river basins as delineated by the edited HYDRO1K Elevation Derivative Database (USGS EROS) as used to map and analyse species distributions. Further information can be found at http://eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/gtopo30/hydro The dataset will be updated in the near future to the Hydrosheds dataset which represent the state in the art of for global hydrological models. Further information on this dataset can be found at http://hydrosheds.cr.usgs.gov/
A combination of Expert knowledge, point data and published data were used to map known and inferred ranges
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A combination of point localities, expert opinion and published data were used to map species distributions. Page 34-41 in Darwall et al (2011) provides full details of the methods used Range maps in this format are available on the IUCN website http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/freshwater and the DVD that accompanies the Pan-Africa report. ROB please include the rivers layer to show linked catchments…
The BioBrowser
SavePrintAdd layers
Measure distance
QueryEditSelect BookmarkFind places
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The current version of the biobrowser can be accessed from http://explorer.arcgis.com/?open=f7b39201db4e45b194fd7ce8bfa65065 This slide is animated and gives a brief overview of the functions that are available. These include the ability to save and print maps. There are a range of GIS features such as the ability to add your own layers, measure distances, run queries using SQL (the language used in Microsoft Access), select features, bookmark areas and where implemented to find places by typing their name.
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One of the features is the ability to choose different base maps. This is really useful for finding areas and understanding what is going on within them.
The layers Tab lets you select the freshwater datasets
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Relating to our data the layers tab allows you to add any of our datasets.
Clicking on a catchment provide info on species and links to Red List
Searching for a
species by name…
…produces a range map…
…and information and links to the Red List
There are a number of pre‐defined queries such as listing all
threatened species in a catchment
Some Basic AnalysisUsing the shapefiles
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Here we take freshwater fish as an example. See Chapter 3 Darwall et al. (2011) pages 44-91.
GIS species overlays:
Can identify areas of high species richness…
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Page 50 Darwall et al (2011). The distribution of freshwater fish species across mainland Africa. Species richness = number of specie per river/lake sub-catchment.
…priorities for conservation based on threatened species…
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Page 56 Darwall et al (2011). The distribution of threatened freshwater fish species across mainland Africa. Species richness = number of specie per river/lake sub-catchment.
…priorities based on endemism…
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Page 61 Darwall et al (2011). The distribution of restricted range freshwater fish species across mainland Africa. Species richness = number of specie per river/lake sub-catchment.
…and areas to invest to increase our knowledge.
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Page 63 Darwall et al (2011). The distribution of data deficient freshwater fish species across mainland Africa. Species richness = number of species per river/lake sub-catchment.
Shortfalls in freshwater conservation planning
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So we have just looked at some simple analysis that can be performed using GIS layers and through the BioBrowser. As we know using areas of the richest or most threatened will not represent the most efficient way of capturing biodiversity. We are now going to look at one of the most important applications that the dataset can be used for, that of conservation planning. The next section therefore deals with how the data can be used to identify potential Key Biodiversity Areas, how we can prioritise among these sites, and how the sites can be recognised and managed. This could help to identify a list of new Ramsar sites for the secretariat expanding the coverage from site designated using information of bird species.
Niasse Game Reserve
Rivers used as boundary markers
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Page 273 Pan-Africa report. Niasse Game reserve in the Rovuma River catchment, Mozambique, demonstrating the use of river channels as boundary markers for the protected areas, with no protection of the upper catchment or the river itself. The mismatch seen in the upper part of the river is due to mapping error.
Identifying Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) for freshwaters.
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A useful background document for this section is Langhammer et al. (2006) Identification and Gap analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas which can be downloaded from http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/PAG-015.pdf
What are KBAs?
• Sites of global significance for biodiversity conservation
• Identified using globally standard criteria and thresholds
• Criteria relate to the vulnerability and irreplaceability of sites
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IUCN Red list represents a quantitative threshold based approach to assessing extinction risk of species. KBAs arose through the need to similarly identify sites of global significance for biodiversity Initially for birds and plants a set of standardised criteria and thresholds were developed to identify sites in a justifiable and transparent way. The criteria are based on Vulnerability of a site which is the probability that the site will be lost in the future, and irreplaceability of the site, that is the spatial option available – in other words if it is lost from here where else could it be preserved. So we see the most extreme example of these in sites such as those that qualify under the Alliance for Zero Extinction site, these are sites which contain Endangered or Critically endangered species that occur nowhere else on earth.
What is their purpose?
• Gap analysis of the coverage of protected areas
• Allows strategic expansion for the coverage of species
• Provides a focus for work and funding – i.e. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
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At the 5th World Parks congress in Durban it was found that despite PA covering around a 10th of the planets surface there was still a considerable gap in the coverage of species diversity. There was a need to expand the PA network strategically so that more species were captured in a cost effective way. So the principle role that identification of KBAs plays is in this Gap analysis. Can examine where existing PAs are and how these match KBAs – then where KBAs are not covered can become future priority sites So identification of KBA is key to unlocking investment – for example the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund has invested $124 millions for conservation and science with KBAs often providing a focal point for this investment. As a result of this process there can be considerable benefits for people as well, in the CEPF reports there are numerous examples where local communities have benefitted through the creation of jobs etc.
Methodology for Freshwater KBAs
• Step 1: Define the geographic boundaries within which to identify important sites.
• Step 2: Define the wider ecological context of the designated assessment area.
• Step 3: Identify and map the distribution of inland water habitat types.
• Step 4: Assemble an inventory of the distribution and conservation status of priority aquatic taxa.
• Step 5: Apply species based site selection criteria.
• Step 6: Ensure full representation of inland water habitats among those sites selected.
• Step 7: Ensure inclusion of keystone species.
GOAL: To select ALL sub‐catchment of importance using standard criteria.
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So there are a range of steps that need to be taken. Here they are listed with steps 1- 5 being based on data collected from GIS layers and Red List assessments Steps 6 – 7 are carried out through a participatory process whereby local stakeholders and decision makers examine the sites identified At the end of this process can employ both systematic conservation planning tools and stakeholders workshops to identify both priority catchments and appropriate actions within them.
Stage 1 – ID qualifying sub‐catchments
• Criterion 1. A site is known or thought to hold a significant number of one or more globally threatened species or other species of conservation concern.
• Criterion 2. A site is known or thought to hold non‐trivial numbers of one or more species (or infraspecific taxa as appropriate) of restricted range.
• Criterion 3. A site is known or thought to hold a significant component of the group of species that are confined to an appropriate biogeographic unit or units.
• Criterion 4a. A site is known or thought to be critical for any life history stage of a species.
• Criterion 4b. A site is known or thought to hold more that a threshold number of individuals of a congregatory species.
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Criterion 1 – 3 on the next slides come under Step 5 on the previous slide One of the missing pieces that existed in this process was criteria for the identification of KBAs for freshwater species. Over the last 12 months we’ve completed our data set for Africa and tested values for these thresholds for crabs, fish, odonates and molluscs. This will feed into a process which the IUCN is leading on to develop a global standard set of criteria across species which will be finalised in 2012.
Developing the site selection criteria
Criterion 1
• A site is known or thought to hold a significant number of one or more globally threatened species or other species of conservation concern.
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The first one of the criteria is well established and related to the vulnerability of species. Uses the IUCN Red List categories to identify sub-catchments that hold threatened species. Although presence of critically endangered or endangered species should trigger qualification, it has been suggested that a threshold for numbers of threatened species might be appropriate. One of the problems is that there are some species that are widely distributed and vulnerable that trigger qualification a lot of sites. Actually what we found was that there is not really a useful level to set for the number of Vulnerable species. If you set a level of 2 or 3 or 4 vulnerable species then we would miss around 30 species out of the KBA network in Africa that would otherwise qualify. These are from species poor regions where there may only be one or 2 species within the sub-catchments. These thresholds have been examined using data from Africa and the Himalayas. The best approach is to simply exclude widespread and vulnerable species and then put them to special consideration. For example in Southern Africa a number of Oreochromis species are threatened by wide ranging invasives. Target these specifically and identify areas across the range where there may be natural barriers to there spread. These could then become targets for conservation in their own right.
• A site is known or thought to hold non‐trivial numbers of one or more species (or infraspecific taxa as appropriate) of restricted range.
Percentagethreshold
Absolutethreshold
Crab Fish
Mollusc Odonates
Criterion 2
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There are two approaches which you can take to defining restricted range. These are a percentage approach where you say the 25% of species with the smallest range are range restricted OR an absolute threshold where you set a value – 50,000 km-sq is used for birds, mammals and amphibians. See Langhammer et al (2007) for further details. It is interesting that the 25% and the 50,000 km-sq threshold for birds and mammals capture about the same number of species. The same does not apply for amphibians where 50,000km-sq capture circa. 60% of species. To examine thresholds for freshwater species we looked at both approaches. For crabs, fish, molluscs 25% of species have a restricted range of about 20-30,000 km-sq. As such we decided that a threshold of 25,000km-sq would be appropriate. Odonates 25% = about 90,000km-sq so we for the 50000km-sq threshold as their ability to rapidly disperse etc. makes them more similar to birds/mammals.
• A site is known or thought to hold a significant component of the group of species that are confinedto an appropriate biogeographic unit or units.
Criterion 3
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This is the least developed of the criteria for other groups. We’ve used the freshwater ecoregions of the world to define a biogeographic unit. Then really the question was to do with the percentage of the taxa in each sub-catchment that should be restricted to this area. We tried a number of different thresholds across the taxa, actually there is no clear point. One possible solution would be to select the top site or the top 3 or 4 sites within each ecoregion but disadvantage is that you want to maintain spatial options for conservation planning. Here we illustrate the use of different threshold values for number of species within a sub-catchment restricted to a single freshwater ecoregion. Based on similar criteria for plants and birds we chose a threshold of 25% of species. This struck a compromise between capturing all sub-catchments (too low a threshold) and capturing one that are very easily identifiable due to globally unique fauna (i.e. Lake Tanganyika).
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So to summarise what we have so far. On the left for the four groups are the site that would be selected based on the different criteria. ON the right is the combined dataset covering just over 34.4% of the total surface are of the continent.
Phase 2 – overlaps with existing PAs/KBAs
• Rationalise KBA and PA boundaries
• Identify shortfalls in existing PA cover
• Coverage variable across the continent
• Within priority sub‐catchments circa 16% of river length within a PA
• Management often not targeting freshwater habitats/species
• In South Africa only 50% of rivers within PAs were intact
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We have used the World Database on Protected Areas to examine overlap between PAs and FW KBAs Found that within the priority sub-catchments only 16.26% of the total river length falls within a protected area Due to the ability for disturbance to transmit through the catchments even those that fall within PA may not bbe adequately protected. For example in South Africa only 50% of the rivers with PAs were considered to be intact. This is actually a problem for terrestrial species as well and the effectiveness of some PAs has recently been called into question.
Systematic Conservation Planning
Can use tools such as MARXAN or ZONATION to prioritise sites.
GOAL: To PRIORITISE sub‐catchment for action.
34% land cover
15% land cover
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So we took the KBAs and applied a number of different criteria as a first pass through the data All qualifying sub-catchments PAs locked into the system and all species represented twice…. Using a number of different scenarios between 15 and 21% of the total land area was selected. Which brings us onto how these sub-catchments should be managed because this number does not represent the total area that should be in a protected area.
Phase 3 ‐ stakeholder consultation
• Site boundaries
• Context within catchment activities
• Social considerations
• Site or Catchment?
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Up to this point the process has largely been desk based pulling in different datasets Through the process of collecting the data you are engaging with scientists and people who work in the areas The final phase is to bring in more stakeholders and discuss the practicalities on the ground. We have focussed on identifying sub-catchments of concern. Next step is to look at what goes on in the sub-catchments. What other conservation activities are there – for example from the previous slide if there is overlap with a PA then need to look at whether the management plan is effective for freshwater species. So might just require adaptation. Another is that there will be social consideration in terms of the use of the resources. There are many forms that action can take, this is reflected in the differing types of PA that exist which go from strict areas where nothing can happen to multiuse zones. For example if there is an important fishery then the last thing you’d want to do is to exclude people – action would really be about sustainable management so perhaps using a minimum net size etc. The final process of management can be imagined as a series of concentric circles where within each sub-catchment there are areas that are managed intensively for conservation then as you move away from these management will change to reflect the needs of multiple users.
FOCAL AREA CRITICAL MANAGEMENT ZONE
CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT ZONE
DECREASING LEVELS OF PROTECTION
FOCAL AREA
CRITICAL MANAGEMENT ZONE
CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT ZONE
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Page 272-305 in Darwall et al. (2011) provides useful background to this. This represent one method of implementing and managing freshwater KBAs on the ground. It has to be recognised that freshwater’s are a vital resource for both people and wildlife. So management can be tiered so that in the most critically important areas (Focal areas; top left) you might have quite strict management practices. Broadening out Critical Management Zones (top right) may be less strict in terms of the activity that can take place within them, but investment will be targeted to support these areas as they maintain the Focal Areas. Finally, the Catchment Management Zone (bottom left) has the least protection but management is in line with the principle of integrated catchment management. The impact of all activities on the river system are considered.
Alliance for Zero Extinction
Subset of KBAs.
Site that hold the last remaining populations of Critically Endangered or Endangered species.
Pan‐Africa assessment has helped identify 42 potential AZE sites for freshwater species.
http://www.zeroextinction.org/
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Page 249 – 250 in Darwall et al (2011) for further information
IUCN Red List data (when available) can help EIA’s and other site survey work in a number of ways. For example an EIA survey at a potential site for a mine, may identify many freshwater species, and by:
‐ incorporating the IUCN Red List category for each species will put the species into a global conservation context. Many of the species may be globally threatened with extinction.‐ using information on the species global range provided by the Red List Assessment, those species endemic to the site, wider catchment or country can be identified.‐ using other data from the Red List Assessment e.g. information on the species ecology, habitat needs, migratory habits, global range etc. possible mitigation measure can be informed.‐ using species utilisation information, species that are important to local livelihoods or even national economies can be identified.
Summary of potential application of outputs to your work•Regional planning•Funding focus•On the ground cons projects – such as EFLows•IRBM•Donor safeguards•Private sector site selection•EIAs•PA design for FW systems•……
