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Introduction to Vines and Wines

Hort/VE 113 Fall 2012Session 3-Grape Botany I

Botanical Classification

Order: Rhamnales

Family: Vitaceae ( 1,000 species)

G Viti ( 100 i )Genera: Vitis ( 100 species)( Muscadinia (3 species)

Botanical ClassificationSpecies = Population(s), whose members caninterbreed freely with one another under naturalconditions, but not with members of otherpopulations (i.e. closed gene pool).

Ecospecies = Population(s) that can be easilydistinguished by morphological characters andwhich are isolated from one another bygeographical, ecological, or phenological barriers.

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Grape diversity• At least 7 different species are used in

viticulture• All species can be crossed with each

other except Vitis rotundifoliaother except Vitis rotundifolia(muscadine grape)

• Vitis vinifera (European grape) most commonly used for wine

• Many, many varieties of V. vinifera, other species, and interspecific hybrids

Photos courtesy of Chris Owens, Cornell University

Genus VitisAmerican group Eurasian group

Vitis labrusca (concord grape)

Vitis vinifera (most wine grapes)

Botanical Classification

grape) grapes) Vitis riparia

Vitis rupestris Vitis silvestrisVitis berlandieri Vitis amurensis

Vitis candicans Vitis coignetiae

Very diverse-interbreed easily!

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Grape classification• Species: a category of biological classification

ranking immediately below the genus or subgenus, e.g. Vitis vinifera

• Variety: a subset of species. Varieties can be naturally occurring, e.g. Vitis riparia var. Munson,

V i i ‘A i ’e.g. V. riparia ‘Americas’.• Cultivar: cultivated variety, e.g. Pinot noir• Clones: mutants of a cultivar that have been

selected for color, growth habit, or other characteristics. Pinot noir clones include Pinot grisand Clone 113.

Variety vs. CultivarVariety = Population of cultivated vines composedof a single clone or several similar clones. Grapevarieties ≠ botanical varieties (seedlings are notidentical copies of parents). ‘True-to-type’ grapevarieties require vegetative propagation.

Cultivar = Clone from a single seedling andsubsequently propagated asexually, so that alldescendants are genetically identical.

Clone = Group of vines of uniform type propagatedvegetatively from an original ‘mother’ vine.

Alicante Bouschet Aligoté Alphonse Lavallée Amigne Aramon Arinto ArvineAuxerrois Baco noir Barbera Barbaresco Black Corinth Blaufränkisch Blue Portuguese Bondola Burger Cabernet blanc Cabernet franc Cabernet Sauvignon Canaiolo Cardinal Carignan Carmenère Catawba ChambourcinChardonnay Chasselas Chenin blanc Cinsaut Clairette Clevner ColombardCompleter Concord Corvina Cot Crouchen Diana Dolcetto DunkelfelderElbling Ermitage Flame Seedless Flame Tokay Folle blanche FreisamerFrontignan Furmint Gamaret Grenache blanc Grüner Veltliner Gutedel

Gyöngyszölö Isabella Italia Kékfrankos Kerner Lagrein Lemberger Léonto Group > 9000 varieties?

Millot Macabeo Madeleine Angevine Malbec Malvoisie Marsanne MalvasiaMataro Mauzac Melon Merlot Meunier Monbadon Morastrell MourvèdreMüller-Thurgau Muscadelle du Bordelais Muscat of Alexandria Muscat Ottonel Nebbiolo Niagara Orion Ortega Palomino Pedro Ximenez ParelladaPerlette Pinotage Petite Verdot Pinot blanc Pinot gris Pinot noir PiquepoulPrimitivo Ramisco Räuschling Regent Reichensteiner Riesling RkatziteliRoussanne Ruländer Sabbatiano Sangiovese Savagnin SémillonSauvignonasse Sauvignon blanc Shiraz Sylvaner Sultanina Sunbelt Syrah Tannat Tarrango Teinturier Tempranillo Terret noir Thompson Seedless Tinta Cao Touriga Traminer Trebbiano Ugni blanc Valdiguié VerdelhoVermentino Vernatsch Vidal blanc Vignoles Viognier Xarello ZalagyöngyeZi f d l Z

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Variety ClassificationBy region of origin: e.g. Negrul (Proles =

descendants)• Proles pontica: from Aegean and Black Seas to

Eastern Europe• Proles occidentalis: Western European wine

grapes• Proles orientalis: Middle Eastern table grapes

By final use: Wine, juice, table, raisin, distillation

By winemaking characteristics: grape

Variety Classification(cont.)

By winemaking characteristics: grape composition, varietal aroma, production costs

By time to fruit maturity: e.g. Gladstones (GDD based)

Heat Accumulation• Growing degree days (GDDs): used to predict

development of crop and determine where grapes will grow

• GDDs (base 50F) = average daily temperature – 50 for a given 24 hour period:

• Average the min and max temps and subtract 50 Average the min and max temps and subtract 50 degrees

• High of 60 low of 50:• 60+50 divided by 2 = 55• 55-50 = 5 GDD• Counted from April 1 to October 31st.

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Classification by Maturity

Group GDD (C.) Red varieties White varieties

1 1050 Madeleine Angevine

2 1100 Blue Portuguese Chasselas, Muller -Thurgau, Pinot gris

3 1150 Pi i M i GGewurztraminer,

S l Ch d

Growing degree days (GDD, 1 April - 31 October, base temperature 10°C) required to reach acceptable maturity

3 1150 Pinot noir, Meunier, Gamay Sylvarer, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc

4 1200 Malbec, Zinfandel, Pinotage Semillon, Muscadelle, Riesling

5 1250 Merlot, Cabernet franc, Syrah, Cinsaut, Barbera, Sangiovese Chenin blanc

6 1300 Cabernet Sauvignon Colombard, Palomino

7 1350 Aramon, Carignan, Grenache Muscat of Alexandria, Ugni blanc

8 1400 Tarrango, Terret noir Clairette, Grenache blanc

Vitis vinifera (European grape) originated in the Mediterranean/Caucasus region

Genus Vitis, Eurasian GroupVitis vinifera

– Asia and Europe, 30-50 °N– Probably originally from arid Caucasus mountains

(Black Sea to Caspian Sea)– Sometimes split in V. vinifera ssp. sativa/silvestris– Wild vines are dioecious, but cultivated vines have

perfect (or sometimes female) flowers– Very important wine, juice, table and raisin grapes– 9000 cultivated varieties– Susceptible to phylloxera, fungi, and Pierce’s

disease

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• Eastern USA, Georgia to SE Canada, west to Indiana

• Vigorous climber with continuous tendrils• Hybrids with V vinifera (Concord Niagara

Genus Vitis, American GroupVitis labrusca

Sunbelt)• Important USA juice grape• Foxy flavor (methyl anthranilate)• Cold tolerant, resistant to powdery mildew• Susceptible to phylloxera, downy mildew, black

rot, and Pierce’s disease-America’s gift to Europe!

North American species

Image source: Reisch and Pratt, 1996. In Fruit Breeding, vol 2

Vitis riparia (riverbank grape)•Phylloxera resistant•Cold tolerant•Very common•Small fruit•Bad aromas

Map courtesy of Chris Owens, Cornell University

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Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine grape)•Phylloxera resistant•Large fruit•Different chromosome number•Different aromas•Varieties: Scuppernong, Fry Seedless

Map courtesy of Chris Owens, Cornell University

Vitis labrusca (fox grape)•Phylloxera resistant•Cold tolerant•Different aromas•Varieties: Concord, Catawba,Niagara

Map courtesy of Chris Owens, Cornell University

Vitus aestivalis: Pigeon/summer grape

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French-American hybrids• Developed in France• Interspecific hybrids of V. vinifera and North

American species, usually V. labrusca• Phylloxera resistant

Baco NoirVidal Blanc

Phylloxera• Tiny root louse• Not native to Europe or

Asia• Prevented V. vinifera

cultivation in North America• North American species p

needed for phylloxeraresistance

• Affected Europe circa 1860

Grafting

• Used as a way to grow V. vinifera in phylloxera-infested soils

• V. vinifera scion is grafted onto phylloxera-resistant rootstock (usually V riparia or resistant rootstock (usually V. riparia or aestivalis)

• No need for “hybrids”

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Grafting

Image courtesy of Martin Goffinet, Cornell University

• Eastern Washington is one of the very few world class growing regions on earth that DOES NOT have to graft its vines onto rootstock. Phylloxera(Dactylasphaera vitifolea) the aphid that damages roots by feeding on that damages roots by feeding on them, does not propagate or travel well in the soil types present in much of Washington State (loess, basalt, clay, silt, loam, sandy loam.)

Another issue: Powdery Mildew

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Uncinula necator

GrapevineMorphology & Anatomy

Vines = Woody, perennial, deciduous climbers (> 30 m)• Flexible trunks, tendrils C t th i t• Create their own support

• Spread foliage over tree canopy• Can live > 200 years

Vegetative organs and reproductive organs

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Anatomy of a grape

Grape anatomical development

• Ovule → seed• Pistil → berry• Skin = exocarp• (epidermis + outer• hypodermis)• Flesh = mesocarp +• endocarp

Flowers & Grape Berries

• Reproduction• Seed maturation & dispersal

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