Winds of Change: East Asia's Sustainable Energy Future

8/9/2019 Winds of Change: East Asia's Sustainable Energy Future

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BFZW FZNFZ ZRZWFNHFALB BHBQO^ DRWRQB_NHGZ MD JEFHOB

Unfmgmho _fhoHmurbggnhb Abrrfe

Zuamge CfteurDbrgnhfhg Tnhuyf


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_NHGZ MD JEFHOBBFZW FZNFZ ZRZWFNHFALB BHBQO^ DRWRQB


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_NHGZ MD JEFHOBBFZW FZNFZ ZRZWFNHFALB BHBQO^ DRWRQB

WEB _MQLG AFHK

Unfmgmho _fho

Hmurbggnhb Abrrfe

Zuamge Cfteur

Dbrgnhfhg Tnhuyf


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1060 Web Nhtbrhftnmhfl Afhk dmr Qbjmhstrujtnmh fhg Gbvblmpcbht / Web _mrlg Afhk

6565 E Ztrbbt H_

_fsenhotmh GJ 107::

Wblbpemhb9 101-7?:-6000

Nhtbrhbt9 www.wmrlgafhk.mro

B-cfnl9 [email protected]

Fll rnoets rbsbrvbg

6 1 : 7 6: 61 66 60

Wens vmlucb ns f prmgujt md teb stfdd md teb Nhtbrhftnmhfl Afhk dmr Qbjmhstrujtnmh fhgGbvblmpcbht / Web _mrlg Afhk. Web dnhgnhos, nhtbrprbtftnmhs, fhg jmhjlusnmhs

bxprbssbg nh tens vmlucb gm hmt hbjbssfrnly rbdlbjt teb vnbws md teb Bxbjutnvb Gnrbjtmrs

md Web _mrlg Afhk mr teb omvbrhcbhts teby rbprbsbht.

Web _mrlg Afhk gmbs hmt oufrfhtbb teb fjjurfjy md teb gftf nhjlugbg nh tens wmrk.

Web amuhgfrnbs, jmlmrs, gbhmcnhftnmhs, fhg mtebr nhdmrcftnmh semwh mh fhy cfp nh tens

wmrk gm hmt ncply fhy iugobcbht mh teb pfrt md Web _mrlg Afhk jmhjbrhnho teb lbofl

stftus md fhy tbrrntmry mr teb bhgmrsbcbht mr fjjbptfhjb md suje amuhgfrnbs.

Qnoets fhg Pbrcnssnmhs

Web cftbrnfl nh tens pualnjftnmh ns jmpyrnoetbg. Jmpynho fhg/mr trfhscnttnho pmrtnmhs

mr fll md tens wmrk wntemut pbrcnssnmh cfy ab f vnmlftnmh md fpplnjfalb lfw. WebNhtbrhftnmhfl Afhk dmr Qbjmhstrujtnmh fhg Gbvblmpcbht / Web _mrlg Afhk bhjmurfobs

gnssbcnhftnmh md nts wmrk fhg wnll hmrcflly orfht pbrcnssnmh tm rbprmgujb pmrtnmhs md

teb wmrk prmcptly.

Dmr pbrcnssnmh tm pemtmjmpy mr rbprnht fhy pfrt md tens wmrk, plbfsb sbhg f rbqubst

wnte jmcplbtb nhdmrcftnmh tm teb Jmpyrnoet Jlbfrfhjb Jbhtbr Nhj., 111 Qmsbwmmg Grnvb,

Gfhvbrs, CF 06>1:, RZF; tblbpemhb9 >?5-?20-5700; dfx9 >?5-?20-77?0; Nhtbrhbt9 www.

jmpyrnoet.jmc.

Fll mtebr qubrnbs mh rnoets fhg lnjbhsbs, nhjlugnho suasngnfry rnoets, semulg ab

fggrbssbg tm teb Mddnjb md teb Pualnsebr, Web _mrlg Afhk, 6565 E Ztrbbt H_,

_fsenhotmh, GJ 107::, RZF; dfx9 101-211-1711; b-cfnl9 [email protected].

NZAH9 >?5-0-516:-5754-1bNZAH9 >?5-0-516:-5201

GMN9 60.62>4/>?5-0-516:-5754-1

Lnarfry md Jmhorbss Jftflmonho-nh-Pualnjftnmh gftf efs abbh rbqubstbg.

Jmvbr pemtmorfpes9

Lbdt9 Gfvng Llmrntm, _mrlg Afhk, Cfhnlf mddnjb. Cfh nhstfllnho bhbroy-bddnjnbht lnoet aula,

teb Penlnppnhbs.

Qnoet9 Fhnssf Wrnf, _mrlg Afhk. ^muho onrl stfhgnho mh wnhgdfrc, Hmrtewnhg Afhoun

Afy Prmibjt, Nlmjms Hmrtb, teb Penlnppnhbs.

Jmvbr/ammk gbsnoh fhg typbsbttnho9 AC_&_ Pualnsenho Zbrvnjbs, Afltncmrb, CG.


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v

Jmhtbhts

Dmrbwmrg xn

Fjkhmwlbgocbhts xnnn

Fjrmhycs fhg Faarbvnftnmhs xv

Bxbjutnvb Zuccfry 6

6 Qbonmhfl Bhbroy Jefllbhobs 1:

1 Bhbroy Zjbhfrnms :?

: Afsblnhb9 Rhfjjbptfalb Bhvnrmhcbhtfl Gfcfobs fhg

Ormwnho Bhbroy Nhsbjurnty 7?

7 Zustfnhfalb Duturb9 Ncprmvbg Bhvnrmhcbht fhg

Bhefhjbg Zbjurnty 22

2 Pfte tm Bhbroy Zustfnhfanlnty9 Wrfhsdmrcftnvb

Pmlnjy Wmmls fhg Dnhfhjnho Cbjefhnscs 5:

4 _mrlg Afhks Qmlb9 Zuppmrt Zendt tmwfrg Zustfnhfanlnty 66:

Fppbhgnxbs

6. Rrafh Wrfhspmrt Ztugy 61:

1. Emusbemlg Ztugy 6:6

:. Jmuhtry Gftf 6:?

Qbdbrbhjbs 676

Nhgbx 67?

Wfalbs

6 Zbhsntnvnty Fhflysbs Zemw Weft Bhbroy BddnjnbhjyNs teb Cmst Ncpmrtfht Bcnssnmh Qbgujtnmh Mptnmhfhg Weft Hbw Wbjehmlmonbs Jfh Durtebr QbgujbBcnssnmhs 5


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vn _NHGZ MD JEFHOB9 BFZW FZNFZ ZRZWFNHFALB BHBQO^ DRWRQB

6.6 Ofs Qbsbrvbs, Prmgujtnmh, fhg Jmhsucptnmh nh BfstFsnf ::

1.6 Kby Fssucptnmhs md QBD fhg ZBG Zjbhfrnms 76

1.1 Kby Fssucptnmhs md Zbhsntnvnty Fhflysbs 71

7.6 Zbhsntnvnty Fhflysbs Qbsults 47

7.1 Bfst Fsnfh Jmuhtrnbs Efvb Qnje Qbhbwfalb BhbroyQbsmurjbs ?6

2.6 Cfhy Jmuhtrnbs Efvb Hftnmhfl Plfhs fhg ZustfnhfalbBhbroy Wfrobts 54

2.1 Pmlnjy Nhstrucbhts Hbbg tm Ab Wfnlmrbg tm Cfturntyfhg Jmsts md Wbjehmlmonbs >1

2.: Nhstntutnmhfl Ztrujturb tm Ncplbcbht Bhbroy BddnjnbhjyPrmorfcs nh Bfst Fsnfh Jmuhtrnbs 602

F:.6 Jmuhtry Gftf 6:5

Dnourbs

6 Bcnssnmh Ofp abtwbbh QBD fhg ZBG Ns Lfrob,aut Jfh Ab Arngobg ay Bhbroy Jmhsbrvftnmh fhgLmw-Jframh Wbjehmlmonbs, 100>:0 7

1 Pmwbr Obhbrftnmh _nll Hbbg tm Zendt Grfcftnjflly

drmc Jmfl tm Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy fhg Hujlbfr Pmwbr,100?:0 2

: ZBG _nll Ncprmvb Lmjfl Bhvnrmhcbht fhg BhbroyZbjurnty 4

7 Zustfnhfalb Bhbroy Pfte Qbqunrbs ZuastfhtnflFggntnmhfl Dnhfhjnho 60

2 Jmhjbssnmhfl Dnhfhjnho Ns Jrntnjfl 61

4 Pmlnjy Wmmls Hbbg tm Ab Wfnlmrbg tm Cfturnty fhgJmsts md Wbjehmlmonbs 67

6.6 BFP Ns Jftbomrnzbg nh Werbb Jmuhtry Ormupnhos 176.1 BFP Efs Bxpbrnbhjbg _mrlgs Enoebst Bjmhmcnj

Ormwte mvbr Pfst 12 ^bfrs, 6>501002 12

6.: Qfpng Rrafhnzftnmh nh Bfst Fsnf, 6>201020 12

6.7 BFP Bhbroy Jmhsucptnmh Wrnplbg nh 12 bfrs, Grnvbhay Bjmhmcnj Ormwte, 6>501007 14

6.2 Jenhf fhg Tnbthfc Znohndnjfhtly Qbgujbg BhbroyNhtbhsnty _ebrbfs Mtebr Bfst Fsnf JmuhtrnbsNhjrbfsbg Nt, 6>501004, aut Qbonmh Lfos abenhg

Gbvblmpbg Jmuhtrnbs 1?

6.4 Bfst Fsnf Efs Zmcb md teb _mrlgs Lfrobst OlmaflBhbroy Jmhsucbrs, aut Qbonmhs Pbr JfpntfJmhsucptnmh Qbcfnhs Lmw 15


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Jmhtbhts vnn

6.? Jenhf Qblnbs Ebfvnly mh Jmfl, _ebrbfs Mnl fhg OfsGmcnhftb BFP2 Bhbroy Cnx, 100? 15

6.5 Bfst Fsnf Dfjbs Wwnh Bhbroy Jefllbhobs tm Zustfnh

Bjmhmcnj Ormwte9 Olmafl fhg Lmjfl Bhvnrmhcbhtfhg Bhbroy Zbjurnty 1>

6.> Bfst Fsnf Efs Cfhy md _mrlgs Cmst PmllutbgJntnbs, 1002 :0

6.60 Bhbroy-Qblftbg Jframh Gnmxngb Bcnssnmhs OrbwQfpngly nh Jenhf fhg BFP2, 6>541004 :6

6.66 Jenhf fhg BFP2 Jmuhtrnbs Efvb Cuje Lmwbr JM1

Bcnssnmhs pbr Jfpntf Wefh Nhgustrnflnzbg Jmuhtrnbs :6

6.61 Bfst Fsnfs Mnl fhg Ofs Qbsmurjbs Frb _bll ablmw_mrlg Fvbrfobs :1

6.6: Qblnfhjb mh Mnl Ncpmrts Efs Ormwh nh Cmst BfstFsnfh Jmuhtrnbs mvbr teb Lfst 12 ^bfrs, 6>501004 :7

6.67 Bfst Fsnf Jmhtfnhs Olmafl Lbfgnho Ofs Bxpmrtbrsfhg Ns Lbss Tulhbrfalb tm Ofs Ncpmrts, 6>501004 :7

6.62 Mnl fhg Ofs Prnjbs Enoely Tmlftnlb nh Pfst Gbjfgb,6>>>100> :2

1.6 Mvbrvnbw md teb Pmlnjy Fssbsscbht Cmgbl 70

1.1 Bhvnrmhcbhtfl Zustfnhfanlnty, Bhbroy Zbjurnty, fhgJmsts md QBD Zjbhfrnm, 1060 74

:.6 Rhgbr QBD Zjbhfrnm, Bfst Fsnfs Bhbroy Gbcfhg _nllGmualb, 1060:0 75

:.1 JM1Bcnssnmhs _nll Gmualb dmr Fll Bfst Fsnfh

Jmuhtrnbs ay 10:0 7>

:.: Lmjfl Fnr Pmllutnmh nh BFP Qbonmh Flsm _nll Gmualbay 10:0 26

:.7 Fll Bfst Fsnfh Jmuhtrnbs _nll Nhjrbfsb Qblnfhjb mh

Mnl fhg Ofs Ncpmrts, 100?:0 26:.2 Ncpfjts md Nhjmrpmrftnho Bxtbrhfl Bhvnrmhcbhtfl

Jmsts nh 10:0 21

:.4 Bhvnrmhcbhtfl Zustfnhfanlnty, Bhbroy Zbjurnty, fhgJmsts md QBD Zjbhfrnm, 10:0 2:

7.6 Bhbroy Bddnjnbhjy fhg Lmw-Jframh Wbjehmlmonbs JfhZendt Qbonmh tm f Zustfnhfalb Bhbroy Pfte ay 10:0 24

7.1 JM1Bcnssnmhs nh Jenhf fhg BFP2 Jmuhtrnbs uhgbr

ZBG Zjbhfrnm, 1060:0 24

7.: Rhgbr ZBG Zjbhfrnm, Lmjfl Bhvnrmhcbhtfl GfcfobJmsts _mulg Ab Eflvbg, 1060:0 2?

7.7 Dubl Gnvbrsnty Ncprmvbs fjrmss Bfst Fsnfh Jmuhtrnbs,1060:0 25


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vnnn _NHGZ MD JEFHOB9 BFZW FZNFZ ZRZWFNHFALB BHBQO^ DRWRQB

7.2 Bfst Fsnfh Jmuhtrnbs Qbgujb Webnr Qblnfhjb mh Ncpmrts,1060:0 25

7.4 Bfst Fsnfh Jmuhtrnbs Frb Bhbroy Nhtbhsnvb 40

7.? ZBG Zjbhfrnm Qbqunrbs Weft Bhbroy Nhtbhsnty nhBfst Fsnfh Jmuhtrnbs Gbjlnhb Grfcftnjflly, 100?:0 46

7.5 Prncfry Bhbroy Zupply dmr Jenhf fhg BFP2 Jmuhtrnbsuhgbr ZBG Zjbhfrnm, 1060:0 46

7.> Zbhsntnvnty Fhflysbs Zemw Bhbroy Bddnjnbhjy Ns CmstNcpmrtfht Qbgujtnmh Mptnmh, _enlb Hbw WbjehmlmonbsJfh Durtebr Qbgujb Bcnssnmhs, 100?:0 4:

7.60 Nhgustry Gmcnhftbs Bhbroy Gbcfhg nh Bfst Fsnfh

Jmuhtrnbs 427.66 Jenhf _nll Gmualb Aunlgnho Dlmmr Frbfs fhg Nhjrbfsb

Nts Tbenjlb Dlbbt 60-Dmlg, 1002:0 44

7.61 Ormwte nh Qbsngbhtnfl Blbjtrnjnty Jmhsucptnmh NsGrnvbh ay Fnr Jmhgntnmhbrs, WTs, fhg Qbdrnobrftmrs,1004 4?

7.6: Ncprmvbcbhts nh Fpplnfhjb Bddnjnbhjy Jfh Zfvb5 Pbrjbht md Fhhufl Bhbroy Jmhsucptnmh Jmcpfrbgtm teb QBD Zjbhfrnm nh 10:0 4?

7.67 Dubl Bjmhmcy Ztfhgfrgs fhg Pualnj WrfhspmrtNhdrfstrujturb Cfkb Anoobst Gnddbrbhjb nh QbgujnhoWrfhspmrt Dubl Jmhsucptnmh, 100?10 45

7.62 Pmtbhtnfl Zfvnhos Frb Znohndnjfht aut Tfry ay Jntyfhg Ztrftboy 4>

7.64 Rhgbr teb ZBG Zjbhfrnm, Pmwbr Obhbrftnmh ZendtsGrfcftnjflly drmc Jmfl tm Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy fhgHujlbfr Pmwbr ?0

7.6? Obmtebrcfl Pmwbr nh Nhgmhbsnf Ns BjmhmcnjfllyJmcpbtntnvb wnte Jmfl-Afsbg Pmwbr ?1

7.65 Jmfl Plfht Bddnjnbhjy nh Bfst Fsnf Ns Ncprmvnhoaut Qbcfnhs ablmw Nhtbrhftnmhfl Abhjecfrks,6>>21002 ?4

7.6> Dnhfhjnho teb Zustfnhfalb Bhbroy Pfte Ns f CfimrJefllbhob ?>

7.10 Dubl Jmst Zfvnhos fhg Lmwbr Bhvnrmhcbhtfl JmstsFrb Cuje Lfrobr Wefh Fggntnmhfl Nhvbstcbhts 50

7.16 Bhvnrmhcbhtfl Zustfnhfanlnty, Bhbroy Zbjurnty, fhgJmsts md ZBG Zjbhfrnm, 10:0 56

2.6 Bhbroy Ztmjks Efvb Lmho Lndbtncbs fhg Zlmw Wurhmvbr 57


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Jmhtbhts nx

2.1 Jenhf Efs Mhb md teb _mrlgs Lfrobst Orbbh ZtnculusPlfhs 52

2.: Jenhf Efs _mrlgs Lfrobst Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy Jfpfjnty 5?

2.7 Penlnppnhbs fhg Nhgmhbsnf Efvb _mrlgs Zbjmhg fhgWenrg Lfrobst Obmtebrcfl Pmwbr Jfpfjnty 5?

2.2 Pmlnjy Wmmls Hbbg tm Ab Wfnlmrbg tm Cfturnty fhg Jmstsmd Wbjehmlmonbs >6

2.4 Jmhjbssnmhfl Dnhfhjnho Ns Jrntnjfl >6

2.? Jenhf Efs Enoebr Dubl Bjmhmcy Ztfhgfrgs WefhFustrflnf fhg teb Rhntbg Ztftbs 600

2.5 Fpplnfhjb Bddnjnbhjy Ztfhgfrgs Jmulg Fvmng :7 Lfrob-

Zjflb Jmfl-Dnrbg Pmwbr Plfhts nh Jenhf nh 1010 6064.6 _bfvnho Wmobtebr Dnhfhjnho Nhstrucbhts Jfh Efvb f

Anoobr Ncpfjt 662

F6.6 Ormwte md Fjtnvb Tbenjlb Pmpulftnmh ay Tbenjlb Wypbabtwbbh Afsb ^bfr fhg ^bfr md Cfstbr Plfh9 GmCnhncfl Zjbhfrnm 617

F6.1 Tbenjlb Rsb Qblftnvb tm 100? Afsb bfr 612

F6.: Dubl Jmhsucptnmh nh Afsb bfr 614

F6.7 Wmtfl Dubl Jmhsucptnmh Qblftnvb tm Afsb bfr 61?

F6.2 Ofsmlnhb Jmhsucptnmh Qblftnvb tm Afsb bfr 615F6.4 Gnbsbl Jmhsucptnmh Qblftnvb tm Afsb bfr 615

F6.? JM fhg TMJ Bcnssnmhs Qblftnvb tm Afsb bfr 61>

F6.5 HMxBcnssnmhs Qblftnvb tm Afsb ^bfr 6:0

F6.> PC1.2 Bcnssnmhs Qblftnvb tm Afsb bfr 6:0

F1.6 Pmpulftnmh fhg Hucabr md Emusbemlgs nh tebPenlnppnhbs, Wefnlfhg, fhg Tnbthfc, 1004:0 6:1

F1.1 Emusbemlg Blbjtrnjnty Jmhsucptnmh nh teb Afsblnhb

Zjbhfrnm, 1004:0 6::F1.: Emusbemlg Blbjtrnjnty Jmhsucptnmh nh 10:09

Afsblnhb vs. Fltbrhftb Zjbhfrnms 6:7

F1.7 Bhbroy Zfvnhos nh 10:0 6:7

F1.2 Cmgblnho Drfcbwmrk9 Emusbemlg BlbjtrnjntyJmhsucptnmh Cmgulb 6:2

Amxbs

:.6 BFP Ns fcmho _mrlgs Cmst Tulhbrfalb Qbonmhs

tm Jlncftb Jefhob Werbfts 20

7.6 Bhbroy Bddnjnbhjy Dfjbs Cfhy Cfrkbt Afrrnbrs fhgDfnlurbs 41


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x _NHGZ MD JEFHOB9 BFZW FZNFZ ZRZWFNHFALB BHBQO^ DRWRQB

7.1 Jframh Jfpturb fhg Ztmrfob ??

2.6 Obmtebrcfl Bhbroy Gbvblmpcbht nh teb Penlnppnhbsfhg Nhgmhbsnf 55

2.1 Nhgmhbsnfs Zujjbss nh Wfrobtnho Zuasngnbs tm LbssbhNcpfjt md Qnsnho Dubl Prnjbs mh teb Pmmr >7

2.: Jenhfs Jmfl Wfx >4

2.7 Ifpfhs Bhbroy Bddnjnbhjy Zujjbssbs >5

2.2 Znhofpmrbs Bhbroy Bddnjnbhjy Ztrftbonbs >>

2.4 _mrlg Afhk Ormup Bxpbrnbhjb Dnhfhjnho BhbroyBddnjnbhjy 601

2.? Nhhmvftnvb Jframh Dnhfhjnho dmr Bhbroy Bddnjnbhjy

Prmibjts nh Nhgnf 6022.5 Nt Wmmk f Gbjfgb tm Jrbftb fh BZJM Nhgustry nh Jenhf 604

2.> Jenhfs _nhg Jmhjbssnmh fhg Wefnlfhgs Dbbg-nh Wfrndd 60>

2.60 Jenhf Prmgujbs Zupbrjrntnjfl Pmwbr Plfhts ftMhb-Wenrg tm Mhb-Efld md Nhtbrhftnmhfl Prnjbs 661

4.6 Bjmlmonjfl Jntnbs fs Bjmhmcnj Jntnbs 667

4.1 Jenhf Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy Zjflb-up Prmorfc (JQBZP) 665

4.: Dnhfhjnho Zcfll Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy Prmibjts nh Tnbthfc 66>

4.7 Hfc Webuh 19 Pualnj-Prnvftb Gbvblmpcbht md LfrobEygrmpmwbr Qbsmurjbs 610


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xn

Dmrbwmrg

Web _mrlg Gbvblmpcbht Qbpmrt 10609 Gbvblmpcbht fhg JlncftbJefhob (_GQ) jmhjlugbs teft f jlncftb-scfrt wmrlg ns wntenhrbfje, nd wb fjt hmw, fjt tmobtebr, fhg fjt gnddbrbhtly drmc teb pfst.Wens rbpmrt gbcmhstrftbs teft f jlncftb-scfrt bhbroy strftboy nspmssnalb dmr jmuhtrnbs nh teb Bfst Fsnf rbonmh, wnte suppmrt drmc tebnhtbrhftnmhfl jmccuhnty.

Nh teb pfst terbb gbjfgbs, teb Bfst Fsnf rbonmh efs bxpbrnbhjbgteb dfstbst bjmhmcnj ormwte nh teb wmrlg, fjjmcpfhnbg ay rfpngurafhnzftnmh. Fs f jmhsbqubhjb, bhbroy jmhsucptnmh efs cmrb tefh

trnplbg fhg ns bxpbjtbg tm durtebr gmualb mvbr teb hbxt twm gbjfgbs.Wens rbcfrkfalb ormwte fhg rfpng urafhnzftnmh efvb lbg tm twnhbhbroy jefllbhobs nh teb rbonmh9 ncprmvnho bhvnrmhcbhtfl sustfnh-fanlnty fhg bhefhjnho bhbroy sbjurnty. Web rbonmh efs cfhy md tebwmrlgs cmst pmllutbg jntnbs, rbsultnho drmc dmssnl dubl jmcaustnmh.Web rbonmh flsm jmhtfnhs smcb md teb lfrobst orbbhemusb ofs bcnt-tbrs nh teb wmrlg, fltemuoe tebnr pbr jfpntf fhg enstmrnjfl bcnssnmhsfrb cuje ablmw teb lbvbls md nhgustrnflnzbg jmuhtrnbs. Jmhjbrhswnte bhbroy sbjurnty efvb ormwh abjfusb md nhjrbfsbg rnsks md prnjbvmlftnlnty fhg pmssnalb gnsruptnmhs nh supplnbs dmr mnl fhg ofs.

Wens rbpmrt dmjusbs mh Bfst Fsnfs sustfnhfalb bhbroy gbvblmp-cbht nh nts cngglb-nhjmcb jmuhtrnbs9 Jenhf, Nhgmhbsnf, Cflfysnf,teb Penlnppnhbs, Wefnlfhg, fhg Tnbthfc. F sbpfrftb rbpmrt ns abnhoprbpfrbg mh teb bxpfhsnmh md bhbroy fjjbss fhg ncprmvbcbht md dublsbjurnty nh lmw-nhjmcb jmuhtrnbs nh teb Bfst Fsnf fhg Pfjndnj rbonmh9Jfcamgnf, teb Lfm Pbmplbs Gbcmjrftnj Qbpualnj, Cmhomlnf, PfpufHbw Ounhbf, teb Pfjndnj Nslfhgs, fhg Wncmr-Lbstb.

Wens rbpmrt suoobsts teb strftbonj gnrbjtnmh dmr teb rbonmh tm obtmhtm f sustfnhfalb bhbroy pfte mvbr teb hbxt twm gbjfgbs, fhg prbs-bhts pmlnjy tmmls fhg dnhfhjnho cbjefhnscs tm obt tebrb. Web cfnhjmhjlusnmh ns teft suje f pfte md cfnhtfnhnho bjmhmcnj ormwte,cntnoftnho jlncftb jefhob, fhg ncprmvnho bhbroy sbjurnty ns wntenhrbfje md teb rbonmhs jmuhtrnbs.


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15/178

xnnn

Fjkhmwlbgocbhts

Wens fifosenp rbpmrt efs abbh prbpfrbg ay f jmrb tbfc lbg ay

Unfmgmho _fho fhg jmcprnsnho Qfhint Lfcbje (dmrcbr Wfsk WbfcLbfgbr), Imbl Cfwbhn (dmrcbr Wfsk Wbfc Lbfgbr), Hmurbggnhb Abr-rfe, Zuamge Cfteur, Dbrgnhfhg Tnhuyf, fhg Zefwhf Dbn Ln. Bjm-hmcnj Jmhsultnho Fssmjnftbs (BJF) gbvblmpbg teb Pmlnjy Fssbss-cbht Cmgbl (PFC) fhg prmvngbg jmhsultnho sbrvnjbs. Imeh Qmobrs,Obmrobs Gfrngm, fhg teb jmhsultnho strcs md Flcbj, CTF, fhg Zbo-cbht . jmhgujtbg teb urafh trfhspmrt stugy. Flabrtm Fho Jm, Omut-efcn Pfgfc, fhg Dbrgnhfhg Tnhuyf jmhgujtbg teb emusbemlg stugy.Uncnho Pbho fhg Cnho Eu bvfluftbg teb cmgbllnho wmrk. FlnjnfEbtzhbr bgntbg teb rbpmrt.

Wens wmrk wfs jmhgujtbg uhgbr teb oungfhjb md Imeh Qmmcb,Tnify Ifofhhftefh, fhg Gbifh Mstminj. Ifcbs Fgfcs, Kftebrnhb Zn-

brrf, fhg Ifcfl Zfoenr prmvngbg vflufalb jmccbhts fhg oungfhjb.Web tbfc wnsebs tm fjkhmwlbgob temsb nhsngb fhg mutsngb teb _mrlg

Afhk Ormup wem jmhtrnautbg nhput fhg jmccbhts9 Fecfg Fesfh,Qmabrt Afjmh, Cfrf Afrfhsmh, Dftne Anrml, Ifh Amim, Flfh Jmultefrt,Frnse Gfstur, Penlnppb Gmhonbr, Ofnlnus Grfuoblns, Jefrlbs Dbnhstbnh,Ztbpebh Emwbs, Bgb Imrob Niifsz-Tfsqubz, Cnofrf Ifyfwfrgbhf,Cfrtnh Imbrss, Fhtemhy Iugb, Cfsfcn Kmincf, Dbho Lnu, KsbhnyfLvmvsky, Flfh Cnllbr, Lujnm Cmhfrn, Imstbnh Hyofrg, Efndbho Vnfh,

Fsemk Zfrkfr, Ifs Znhoe, Qfibhgrf Znhoe, Qnjefrg Zpbhjbr, QmabrtWfylmr, Imhftefh _fltbrs, Lbnpnho _fho, fhg ^fabn Yefho.

Web tbfc abhbdntbg orbftly drmc f wngb rfhob md jmhsultftnmhsnh Jenhf, Nhgmhbsnf, Wefnlfhg, fhg Tnbthfc. Web tbfc wnsebs tmtefhk teb pfrtnjnpfhts nh tebsb wmrksemps, wem nhjlugbg fjfgbcn-jnfhs, pmlnjy rbsbfrjebrs, omvbrhcbht mddnjnfls, cbcabrs md hmhomv-brhcbhtfl fhg jnvnl smjnbty mrofhnzftnmhs, teb prnvftb sbjtmr, fhggmhmrs.

Dnhflly, teb tbfc wnsebs tm fjkhmwlbgob teb obhbrmus suppmrt

drmc teb Omvbrhcbhts md Fustrflnf fhg Ifpfh, teb Fsnf Zustfnhfalbfhg Fltbrhftnvb Bhbroy Prmorfc (FZWFB), fhg teb Bhbroy ZbjtmrCfhfobcbht Fssnstfhjb Prmorfc (BZCFP).


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17/178

xv

Fjrmhycs fhgFaarbvnftnmhs

FFF Fhflytnjfl fhg fgvnsmry fjtnvntnbs

FGA Fsnfh Gbvblmpcbht AfhkFLW Fltbrhftnvb sjbhfrnmFPBJ Fsnf-Pfjndnj Bjmhmcnj JmmpbrftnmhFPBQJ Fsnf Pfjndnj Bhbroy Qbsbfrje JbhtrbFZWFB Fsnf Zustfnhfalb fhg Fltbrhftnvb Bhbroy PrmorfcFRT Fsnfh utnlnty vbenjlbAFR Ausnhbss-fs-usuflAAL Anllnmh afrrblsajc Anllnmh juanj cbtbranl AnllnmhACF Afhokmk Cbtrmpmlntfh Fgcnhnstrftnmh

AMW Aunlg-mpbrftb-trfhsdbrJFDB Jmrpmrftb futmcmanlb dubl bjmhmcy (stfhgfrgs)JJZ Jframh jfpturb fhg stmrfobJGC Jlbfh Gbvblmpcbht CbjefhnscJBBP Jenllbr Bhbroy Bddnjnbhjy PrmibjtJDL Jmcpfjt dlumrbsjbht lfcpJHO Jmcprbssbg hfturfl ofsJM Jframh cmhmxngbJM

1b Jframh gnmxngb bqunvflbht

JQBZP Jenhf Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy Zjflb-up Prmorfc

JWD Jlbfh Wbjehmlmoy DuhgGZC Gbcfhg sngb cfhfobcbhtBFP Bfst Fsnf fhg Pfjndnj (Qbonmh, _mrlg Afhk)BFZBD Bfst Fsnf Zustfnhfalb Bhbroy DmrucBJF Bjmhmcnj Jmhsultnho FssmjnftbsBJJI Bhbroy Jmhsbrvftnmh Jbhtrb md IfpfhBB Bhbroy bddnjnbhjyBBZN Bhvnrmhcbhtfl fhg Bhbroy Ztugy NhstntutbBOFW Blbjtrnjnty Obhbrftnho Futemrnty md WefnlfhgBNF Bhbroy Nhdmrcftnmh FutemrntyBCJ Bhbroy Cfhfobcbht Jm.

BCJF Bhbroy Cfhfobcbht Jmcpfhy FssmjnftnmhBZJM Bhbroy sbrvnjb jmcpfhyBZCFP Bhbroy Zbjtmr Cfhfobcbht Fssnstfhjb Prmorfc


18/178

xvn _NHGZ MD JEFHOB9 BFZW FZNFZ ZRZWFNHFALB BHBQO^ DRWRQB

BWFFJ Bjmhmcnj fhg Wbjehmlmoy Fgvfhjbcbht FgvnsmryJmccnttbb

BWWT Bhvblmpb tebrcfl trfhsdbr vflub

BR Burmpbfh RhnmhDGN Dmrbnoh gnrbjt nhvbstcbhtOGP Ormss gmcbstnj prmgujtOBD Olmafl Bhvnrmhcbht DfjnlntyOEO Orbbhemusb ofsOI OnofimulbOt OnoftmhO_ OnofwfttO_e Onofwftt emurEJCJ Em Jen Cnhe JntyEZAJ Emho Kmho fhg Zefhoefn Afhknho Jmrpmrftnmh

NAQG Nhtbrhftnmhfl Afhk dmr Qbjmhstrujtnmh fhgGbvblmpcbht

NGF Nhtbrhftnmhfl Gbvblmpcbht FobhjyNBF Nhtbrhftnmhfl Bhbroy FobhjyNDJ Nhtbrhftnmhfl Dnhfhjb JmrpmrftnmhNDN Nhtbrhftnmhfl dnhfhjnfl nhstntutnmhNOJJ Nhtborftbg ofsndnjftnmh jmcanhbg jyjlbNNFZF Nhtbrhftnmhfl Nhstntutb dmr Fpplnbg Zystbc FhflysnsNPJJ Nhtbromvbrhcbhtfl Pfhbl mh Jlncftb JefhobNZ Nhvbrsb Zncpsmhk_e Knlmwftt emurLHO Lnqubdnbg hfturfl ofsLPO Lnqubdnbg pbtrmlbuc ofsCGO Cnllbhhnuc Gbvblmpcbht OmflCBWN Cnhnstry md Bjmhmcy, Wrfgb fhg NhgustryCNJ Cngglb-nhjmcb jmuhtryC$OGP Ormss gmcbstnj prmgujt nh RZ$ cnllnmhCNW Cfssfjeusbtts Nhstntutb md WbjehmlmoyCLD Cultnlftbrfl DuhgccAtu Cnllnmh Arntnse tebrcfl uhntsCMD Cnhnstry md Dnhfhjb

CP Cfstbr plfhCPO Cnlbs pbr ofllmhCPT Cultnplb pbrsmh vbenjlbCt Cnllnmh tmhsCtJM

1 Cnllnmh tmhs md JM

1Ctmb Cnllnmh tmhs md mnl bqunvflbhtsCRT Cultn-usb vbenjlbCTF Zystrf CTF JmhsultnhoC_ CbofwfttHMJ Hftnmhfl Mnl JmcpfhyHM

x Hntrmus mxngbs

HPJ Hftnmhfl Pmwbr JmcpfhyHPT Hbt prbsbht vflubHW1 Hfc Webuh 1 Eygrmblbjtrnj PrmibjtH^ZBQGF Hbw mrk Bhbroy Qbsbfrje fhg Gbvblmpcbht

Futemrnty


19/178

Fjrmhycs fhg Faarbvnftnmhs xvnn

M&C Mpbrftnmhs fhg cfnhtbhfhjbMBJG Mrofhnsftnmh dmr Bjmhmcnj Jm-mpbrftnmh fhg

Gbvblmpcbht

PFC Pmlnjy Fssbsscbht CmgblPJ Pfssbhobr jfrPGP Pmwbr Gbvblmpcbht PlfhPNJ Pfjndnj Nslfhg JmuhtryPC60 Pfrtnjulftb cfttbr, lbss tefh 60 cnjrmhsPC1.2 Pfrtnjulftb cfttbr, lbss tefh 1.2 cnjrmhsPHMJ-BGJ Penlnppnhb Hftnmhfl Mnl Jmcpfhy Bhbroy

Gbvblmpcbht JmrpmrftnmhPPF Pmwbr purjefsb forbbcbhtPPP Purjefsnho pmwbr pfrntyPT PemtmvmltfnjQ&G Qbsbfrje fhg gbvblmpcbhtQBGP Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy Gbvblmpcbht PrmibjtQBD Qbdbrbhjb sjbhfrnmQG&G Qbsbfrje, gbvblmpcbht, fhg gbcmhstrftnmhQp QupnfeQPZs Qbhbwfalb pmrtdmlnm stfhgfrgsZCB Zcfll fhg cbgnuc-snzbg bhtbrprnsbZBG Zustfnhfalb bhbroy gbvblmpcbht sjbhfrnmZM

1 Zuldur gnmxngb

1_ 1-webblbg vbenjlbs

WF Wbjehnjfl fssnstfhjbtJM

1 Wmhs md JM

1WGC Wrfhspmrtftnmh gbcfhg cfhfobcbhttmb Wmh md mnl bqunvflbhtWPBZ Wmtfl prncfry bhbroy supplyWZP Wmtfl suspbhgbg pfrtnjulftbsWW Wbjehmlmoy trfhsdbrRJW Rhjmhgntnmhfl jfse trfhsdbrRK Rhntbg KnhogmcRHDJJJ Rhntbg Hftnmhs Drfcbwmrk Jmhvbhtnmh mh Jlncftb

JefhobRHDPF Rhntbg Hftnmhs Pmpulftnmh DuhgRZJ Rltrfsupbrjrntnjfl

TKW Tbenjlb knlmcbtbrs trfvblbgTMJ Tmlftnlb mrofhnj jmcpmuhg

_AO _mrlg Afhk Ormup_AJZG _mrlg Ausnhbss Jmuhjnl dmr Zustfnhfalb

Gbvblmpcbht_GQ _mrlg Gbvblmpcbht Qbpmrt_BD _mrlg Bjmhmcnj Dmruc_BM _mrlg Bhbroy Mutlmmk

_EM _mrlg Ebflte Mrofhnzftnmh_QN _mrlg Qbsmurjbs Nhstntutb$anl Anllnmh RZ gmllfrs$C Cnllnmh RZ gmllfrs


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1 _NHGZ MD JEFHOB9 BFZW FZNFZ ZRZWFNHFALB BHBQO^ DRWRQB

Wwnh Bhbroy Jefllbhobs9 Bhvnrmhcbhtfl Zustfnhfanlntyfhg Bhbroy Zbjurnty

Dmr teb lfst : gbjfgbs, teb Bfst Fsnf rbonmh efs bxpbrnbhjbg tebdfstbst bjmhmcnj ormwte nh teb wmrlg, wnte f 60-dmlg nhjrbfsb nhOGP.6Web rbonmh efs abbh lbss fffbjtbg tefh mtebr pfrts md teb wmrlg

ay teb mhomnho olmafl sthfhjnfl jrnsns. Web enoe ormwte efs abbh

6. Web Bfst Fsnf fhg Pfjndnj (BFP) rbonmh wntenh teb _mrlg Afhk Ormups (_AO) mpbrftnmhs

jmcprnsbs 61 gnvbrsb jmuhtrnbs. Wens rbpmrt jmvbrs mhly 4 md tebc fhg jftbomrnzbs tebc nhtm

1 ormups9 (6) Jenhf, fhg (1) BFP2, wenje jmcprnsbs teb 2 cfimr bjmhmcnbs md Zmutebfst Fsnf9

Nhgmhbsnf, Cflfysnf, teb Penlnppnhbs, Wefnlfhg, fhg Tnbthfc.

tm gbplmy rbhbwfalb bhbroy tbjehmlmonbs. Hmt-ybt-prmvbh fgvfhjbg

tbjehmlmonbs, suje fs jframh jfpturb fhg stmrfob, flsm frb hbbgbg tm

abhg teb bcnssnmh jurvb abymhg 10:0, aut rbqunrb fjjblbrftbgrbsbfrje, gbvblmpcbht, fhg gbcmhstrftnmh tmgfy.

Gbvblmpbg jmuhtrnbs hbbg tm trfhsdbr suastfhtnfl dnhfhjnho fhg

lmw-jframh tbjehmlmonbs.Wm fjenbvb tens sustfnhfalb bhbroy pfte, f

cfimr eurglb ns tm cmanlnzb dnhfhjnho dmr teb hbt fggntnmhfl nhvbst-

cbht md $50 anllnmh pbr ybfr mvbr teb hbxt twm gbjfgbs. Nt ns bstncftbg

teft fpprmxncftbly $12 anllnmh pbr ybfr wmulg ab rbqunrbg fs jmhjbs-

snmhfl dnhfhjnho tm jmvbr teb nhjrbcbhtfl jmsts fhg rnsks md bhbroy

bddnjnbhjy fhg rbhbwfalb bhbroy. Nh fggntnmh, suastfhtnfl orfhts frb

flsm hbbgbg tm aunlg jfpfjnty md lmjfl stfkbemlgbrs. Web tbjehnjfl fhg

pmlnjy cbfhs bxnst dmr suje trfhsdmrcftnmhs, aut mhly strmho pmlntnjflwnll fhg uhprbjbgbhtbg nhtbrhftnmhfl jmmpbrftnmh wnll cfkb tebc

efppbh.

Web _mrlg Afhk Ormup ns jmccnttbg tm sjflb up pmlnjy fgvnjb,

khmwlbgob sefrnho, fhg dnhfhjnho nh sustfnhfalb bhbroy tm eblp

teb rbonmhs omvbrhcbhts cfkb suje f sendt.Web _mrlg Afhk hbbgs

tm nhjrbfsb bddmrts fhg dmjus duturb Afhk bhbroy ausnhbss nh Bfst Fsnf

mh bhbroy bddnjnbhjy, rbhbwfalb bhbroy, fhg hbw tbjehmlmonbs. Abt-

tbr nhtborftnmh md hbw fhg bxnstnho dnhfhjnho smurjbs (NAQG, NGF, OBD,

JWD, fhg jframh dnhfhjnho) jfh nhjrbfsb teb cfohntugb fhg spbbg mdteb sendt tm f sustfnhfalb bhbroy pfte.

Web jurrbht rbpmrt gmbs hmt jmvbr bhbroy fjjbss nssubs nh teb

rbonmh, hmr prmpmsb fhy JM1bcnssnmh tfrobts.Wens rbpmrt mutlnhbs

teb strftbonj gnrbjtnmh md teb bhbroy sbjtmr tm cbbt nts ormwnho

bhbroy gbcfhg nh fh bhvnrmhcbhtflly sustfnhfalb cfhhbr mvbr teb

hbxt twm gbjfgbs, fhg prbsbhts f pftewfy md pmlnjy drfcbwmrks fhg

dnhfhjnho cbjefhnscs tm obt tebrb. F sbpfrftb rbpmrt wnll fggrbss

teb bhbroy fjjbss nssubs nh lmw-nhjmcb jmuhtrnbsJfcamgnf, Lfm

PGQ, Cmhomlnf, Pfpuf Hbw Ounhbf, teb Pfjndnj Nslfhgs, fhg Wncmr-

Lbstbfs wbll fs pfrt md Nhgmhbsnf fhg teb Penlnppnhbs frjenpblfom.


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Bxbjutnvb Zuccfry :

fjjmcpfhnbg ay rfpng urafhnzftnmh, wenje efs plfjbg orbftbrgbcfhgs mh urafh bhbroy sbrvnjbs. Web urafh pmpulftnmh ns prm-

ibjtbg tm nhjrbfsb ay 20 pbrjbht mvbr teb hbxt 1 gbjfgbs. Bhbroy jmh-

sucptnmh efs cmrb tefh trnplbg mvbr teb pfst : gbjfgbs fhg nsbxpbjtbg tm gmualb mvbr teb hbxt 1 gbjfgbs.

Web rbcfrkfalb ormwte fhg rfpng urafhnzftnmh efvb lbg tm twnhbhbroy jefllbhobs nh teb rbonmh9 bhvnrmhcbhtfl sustfnhfanlnty fhgbhbroy sbjurnty.Bfst Fsnf efs cfhy md teb wmrlgs cmst pmllutbg jnt-nbs. Nh fggntnmh, teb rbonmhs jframh gnmxngb (JM

1) bcnssnmhs efvb

cmrb tefh trnplbg mvbr teb pfst 10 ybfrs. Web rbonmh nhjlugbs smcbmd teb wmrlgs tmp orbbhemusb ofs (OEO) bcnttbrs, fltemuoe bcns-snmhs pbr jfpntf fhg enstmrnjfl bcnssnmhs frb stnll lmw jmcpfrbg tmteb gbvblmpbg jmuhtrnbs. Nh fggntnmh, cmst Bfst Fsnfh jmuhtrnbs frbdfjnho ormwnho bhbroy sbjurnty jmhjbrhs gub tm tebnr nhjrbfsnhogbpbhgbhjb mh mnl fhg ofs ncpmrts.

Bhbroy Zjbhfrnms9 Qbdbrbhjb fhg ZustfnhfalbBhbroy Pfte

Web uhgbrlynho stugy dmr tens rbpmrt bxfcnhbg 1 sjbhfrnms tm 10:0tm fhflyzb emw teb rbonmh jmulg abttbr aflfhjb : jmcpbtnho maibj-tnvbs9

(6) sustfnhnho bjmhmcnj ormwte, (1) ncprmvnho teb lmjfl fhgolmafl bhvnrmhcbht, fhg (:) bhefhjnho bhbroy sbjurnty. Websb sjb-hfrnms frb hmt dmrbjfsts mr bhbroy plfhs. Webnr purpmsb ns tm eblppmlnjycfkbrs tm ofnh f abttbr uhgbrstfhgnho md teb qufhtntftnvbncpfjts md pmlnjy mptnmhs. Web rbdbrbhjb sjbhfrnm dbfturbs f jmhtnhu-ftnmh md jurrbht omvbrhcbht pmlnjnbs (QBD sjbhfrnm). QBD gmbs hmtcbfh ausnhbss fs usufl. Qftebr, nt fssucbs teft omvbrhcbhts plfhsfhg tfrobts wnll ab rbflnzbg nh cmst jmuhtrnbs aut gmbs hmt iugob teblnkblnemmg md fjenbvnho tebc.1Web fltbrhftnvb sjbhfrnm fncs dmr sus-tfnhfalb bhbroy gbvblmpcbht (ZBG sjbhfrnm). Wens sjbhfrnm rbprb-sbhts f lmw-jframh ormwte pfte wnte teb lmwbst faftbcbht jmstsuhgbr teb jmhstrfnhts md teb cfxncuc tbjehnjflly dbfsnalb pmtbhtnflmd bhbroy b jnbhjy fhg lmw-jframh tbjehmlmonbs.:Dnhflly, tens stugyflsm jmhgujtbg sbhsntnvnty fhflysbs9 (6) _eft nd bhbroy b jnbhjyncprmvbcbht wbrb lbss tefh weft ns fssucbg nh teb ZBG sjbhfrnm=fhg (1) _eft nd hbw tbjehmlmonbs jmulg rbfje snzfalb sjflb prnmr tmweft ns fssucbg nh teb ZBG sjbhfrnm=7

1. Wens cfy uhgbrbstncftb teb QBD bcnssnmhs, snhjb smcb md teb omvbrhcbhts jlbfh bhbroy

tfrobts cfy hmt ab fjenbvbg nh rbflnty.

:. Nh Jenhf, teb QBD sjbhfrnm ns afsbg mh enstmrnjfl bhbroy bddnjnbhjy bddmrts fhg omvbrhcbht

tfrobts md rbhbwfalb bhbroy (QB) fhg hujlbfr pmwbr fhhmuhjbg nh 1002. Web ZBG sjbhfrnm

bxtrfpmlftbs teb cmst rbjbht omvbrhcbht tfrobts md BB, QB, fhg hujlbfr pmwbr tm 10:0.

7. Web ZBG sjbhfrnm jmhsngbrs cmstly prmvbh tbjehmlmonbs fhg bxjlugbs jframh jfpturb fhg

stmrfob (JJZ). _enlb JJZ ns jrntnjflly ncpmrtfht nh teb lmho tbrc abymhg 10:0, pfrtnjulfrly

dmr Jenhf, nt ns bxpbjtbg tm ab jmccbrjnflly fvfnlfalb mhly fdtbr 1012.


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25/178

Bxbjutnvb Zuccfry 2

Bhbroy sbjurnty jmhjbrhs wnll ab ebnoetbhbg mvbr nhjrbfsbg rnsks mdprnjb vmlftnlnty fhg bxpmsurb tm gnsruptnmhs nh bhbroy supplnbs.Wermuoemut teb hbxt twm gbjfgbs, ncpmrts md mnl fhg ofs wnll ormwfjrmss teb rbonmh. Rhgbr teb QBD sjbhfrnm, ay 10:0 Jenhf ns bxpbjtbgtm ncpmrt ?2 pbrjbht md nts mnl fhg 20 pbrjbht md nts ofs gbcfhg fhgabjmcb teb lfrobst mnl ncpmrtbr nh teb wmrlg. Cflfysnf fhg Tnbthfcfrb prmibjtbg tm swntje drmc abnho hbt bhbroy bxpmrtbrs tm hbtncpmrtbrs. Ay 10:0, Wefnlfhg fhg teb Penlnppnhbs frb bxpbjtbg tmncpmrt 40 pbrjbht?0 pbrjbht md tebnr bhbroy hbbgs.

Zustfnhfalb Bhbroy Pfte9 Ncprmvbg Bhvnrmhcbhtfhg Bhefhjbg Bhbroy Zbjurnty

Wens stugy dmuhg teft nt ns tbjehnjflly fhg bjmhmcnjflly dbfsnalb tmstfanlnzb JM

1 bcnssnmhs ay 1012 nh Bfst Fsnf prmvngbg teft tebrb

frb pmlntnjfl wnll, nhstntutnmhfl jfpfjnty, fhg trfhsdbr md dnhfhjnhofhg tbjehmlmonbs drmc gbvblmpbg jmuhtrnbs. Nh dfjt, suje f lmw-jframh pfte prmgujbs suastfhtnfl abhbdnts dmr bjmhmcnj gbvblmp-

cbht termuoe bhbroy sfvnhos, abttbr pualnj ebflte, bhefhjbg bhbroysbjurnty, fhg ima jrbftnmh.

Rhgbr teb ZBG sjbhfrnm, JM1

bcnssnmhs md Jenhf fhg BFP2 jmuh-trnbs jmulg pbfk ft 1012 fhg gbjlnhb slnoetly tebrbfdtbr. Ay 10:0,

0 10 70 40

Zefrb md pmwbr obhbrftnmh smurjbs(%)

50 600

100?

Jmfl:?%

Jmfl4>%

Jmfl?:%

10:0 QBD

10:0 ZBG

Jmfl Ofs Mnl Hujlbfr

Eygrm Hmheygrm rbhbwfalbs

Dnourb 1. Pmwbr Obhbrftnmh _nll Hbbg tm Zendt Grfcftnjflly drmcJmfl tm Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy fhg Hujlbfr Pmwbr, 100?:0 (%)

Zmurjb9Futemrs jfljulftnmhs.


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JM1bcnssnmhs wmulg rbfje >.1 Ot, :? pbrjbht ablmw teb QBD sjb-

hfrnm (dnourb 6). Jenhf ns teb cfnh smurjb md tebsb bcnssnmh rbguj-tnmhs, jmhsnstbht wnte nts 50 pbrjbht sefrb md teb rbonmhs bhbroy

jmhsucptnmh fhg 52 pbrjbht md teb rbonmhs JM1bcnssnmhs. Websbprmibjtbg rbsults frb jmcpfrfalb tm temsb md mtebr lbfgnho nhtbrhf-tnmhfl fhg Jenhbsb stugnbs.2Lmjfl bhvnrmhcbht flsm wnll ab suastfh-tnflly ncprmvbg, wnte f 20 pbrjbht rbgujtnmh nh gfcfob jmsts ay 10:0uhgbr teb ZBG sjbhfrnm jmcpfrbg tm teb QBD sjbhfrnm (dnourb :f).

Bhbroy sbjurnty flsm wnll ab ncprmvbg ay nhjrbfsnho dubl gnvbrsntyfhg rbgujnho ncpmrts (dnourb :a). Qbhbwfalb bhbroy jfh ebgobfofnhst dmssnl dubl prnjb vmlftnlnty. Dmr bxfcplb, nhjrbfsnho dublprnjbs ay 10 pbrjbht nhjrbfsbs obhbrftnmh jmsts ay 64 pbrjbht dmrofs fhg 4 pbrjbht dmr jmfl, aut lbfvbs rbhbwfalb bhbroy prfjtnjfllyuhtmujebg (_BD 100>). Nh 10:0 teb ZBG sjbhfrnm wmulg rbgujbfhhufl Jenhbsb mnl ncpmrts ay cmrb tefh 170 cnllnmh tmhs md mnlbqunvflbht (Ctmb), mr f :5 pbrjbht jut, jmcpfrbg tm teb QBD sjb-hfrnm. Ay teb sfcb ybfr, Cflfysnf fhg Tnbthfc wmulg swntje drmcabnho hbt bhbroy ncpmrtbrs uhgbr teb QBD sjbhfrnm tm hbt bxpmrt-brs uhgbr teb ZBG sjbhfrnm.

Emwbvbr, ncprmvnho bhvnrmhcbhtfl sustfnhfanlnty fhg bhefhjnho

bhbroy sbjurnty efvb trfgb-mffs. Dmr bxfcplb, teb ZBG sjbhfrnmprmibjts cmrb ofs jmhsucptnmh nh ofs-prmgujnho jmuhtrnbs fhg f

2. CjKnhsby Olmafl Nhstntutb 1005; Jenhf Bhbroy Qbsbfrje Nhstntutb 100>; Jlfrkb fhg mtebrs

100>; fhg Qnfen fhg mtebrs 100?; NNFZF 100>.

(RZ$anl)

(Ctmb)

0

10

70

40

50

600

610

670

:(f) Lmjfl bhvnrmhcbhtfl gfcfob

jmsts nh 10:0 :(a) Bhbroy ncpmrts nh 10:0

(400)

:42

6,60461?

QBD ZBG QBD ZBG

44

(700)

(100)

0

100

700

400

500

6,000

6,100

Dnourb :. ZBG _nll Ncprmvb Lmjfl Bhvnrmhcbht fhg Bhbroy Zbjurnty



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29/178

Bxbjutnvb Zuccfry >

Web duturb rmlb md jmfl nh f jframh-jmhstrfnhbg wmrlg wnll gbpbhgnhjrbfsnholy mh wngbsprbfg usb md jframh jfpturb fhg stmrfob(JJZ)f prmcnsnho tbjehmlmoy ybt tm ab prmvbh mh f lfrob sjflb.

Onvbh teb tbjehmlmonjfl uhjbrtfnhty, tens stugy jmhgujtbg f sbhsntnv-nty fhflysns md foorbssnvb gbplmycbht md hbw tbjehmlmonbs, wenjewmulg rbprbsbht teb uppbr amuhgfry md gbplmycbht md JJZ fhg smlfrbhbroy. Wens fhflysns fssucbs teft JJZ tbjehmlmoy jmulg abjmcbjmccbrjnflly fvfnlfalb mh f lfrob sjflb ay 1010 fhg teft teb jmsts mdsmlfr bhbroy jmulg ab snohnstjfhtly rbgujbg.4Fs f rbsult, JM

1bcns-

snmhs wmulg pbfk nh 1016 (7 ybfrs bfrlnbr tefh teb ZBG sjbhfrnm) fhgwmulg gbjlnhb ay 2 pbrjbht nh 10:0 (tfalb 6), wnte f tmtfl fggntnmhflsthfhjnfl jmst md 6 pbrjbht, jmcpfrbg tm teb ZBGsjbhfrnm. Nd bhbroyb jnbhjy ncprmvbcbhts wbrb efld-wfy abtwbbh teb QBD fhg ZBGsjbhfrnms aut JJZ fhg smlfr tbjehmlmonbs wbrb foorbssnvbly gbplmybg,JM

1bcnssnmhs wmulg pbfk nh 101? fhg nhjrbfsb ay 61 pbrjbht (tfalb

6), wnte f tmtfl fggntnmhfl sthfhjnfl jmst md 4 pbrjbht ay 10:0, jmc-pfrbg tm teb ZBG sjbhfrnm. Wens sbhsntnvnty fhflysns gbcmhstrftbsteft bhbroy b jnbhjy ns teb cmst ncpmrtfht fhg jmst-bffbjtnvb bcns-snmh rbgujtnmh mptnmh fhg jfhhmt ab rbplfjbg ay hbw tbjehmlmonbs.

Rhgbr teb ZBG sjbhfrnm, hfturfl ofs ns bxpbjtbg tm plfy fh ncpmr-tfht rmlb nh Bfst Fsnf.Zmutebfst Fsnfh jmuhtrnbs, nhjlugnho Nhgmhb-

snf, Cflfysnf, fhg Tnbthfc, efvb lfrob ofs rbsbrvbs fhg rbsmurjbs._nte dfvmrfalb pmlnjnbs fhg rboulftnmhs, ofs prmgujtnmh fhg jmh-sucptnmh jmulg nhjrbfsb suastfhtnflly fhg plfy fh ncpmrtfht rmlb nhcbbtnho teb rbonmhs bhbroy gbcfhg mvbr teb hbxt twm gbjfgbs. Emw-bvbr, nh Jenhf, wnte teb jurrbht ofs sefrb md : pbrjbht md prncfrybhbroy supply, teb rmlb md ofs wnll jmhtnhub tm ab lncntbg nh 10:0.

Dnhfhjnho teb Zustfnhfalb Bhbroy Pfte9 Fddmrgfalb autQbqunrbs Nhtbrhftnmhfl Jmhjbssnmhfl Dnhfhjnho

F dmrcngfalb jefllbhob ns tm cmanlnzb dnhfhjnho dmr teb hbt fggn-tnmhfl fvbrfob nhvbstcbht md $50 anllnmh pbr ybfr tm fjenbvb tenssustfnhfalb bhbroy pfte mvbr teb hbxt twm gbjfgbs.?Web dnhfhjnhohbbgs frb bstncftbg ft $52 anllnmh pbr ybfr nh bhbroy bddnjnbhjy dmr tebpmwbr, nhgustry, fhg trfhspmrt sbjtmrs; fhg $:2 anllnmh pbr ybfr dmrlmw-jframh tbjehmlmonbs ($12 anllnmh dmr rbhbwfalb bhbroy fhg $60anllnmh dmr hujlbfr pmwbr) (dnourb 7). Nh teb cbfh tncb, gub tm bhbroybddnjnbhjy cbfsurbs, teb ZBG sjbhfrnm fvmngs fh fvbrfob md $70 anllnmhpbr ybfr nh nhvbstcbhts nh tebrcfl pmwbr plfhts. Wens sfvnhos rbsults

4. Nt ns fssucbg teft JJZ wmulg fjjmuht dmr 12% fhg 60% md teb jmfl-dnrbg pmwbr jfpfjnty nh

Jenhf fhg bfje md teb BFP2 jmuhtrnbs, rbspbjtnvbly, ay 10:0.

?. Web fggntnmhfl nhvbstcbht hbbgs rfhob drmc $72 anllnmh nh 1060 tm $122 anllnmh nh 10:0.


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nh f hbt fggntnmhfl fvbrfob jfpntfl nhvbstcbht md $50 anllnmh pbr ybfrdrmc hmw tm 10:0, mr fh fvbrfob 0.5 pbrjbht md rbonmhfl OGP.

Web bhbroy sfvnhos lfrobly wnll pfy dmr tens fggntnmhfl nhvbstcbhtjmst._enlb bhbroy bddnjnbhjy, cfhy rbhbwfalb bhbroy tbjehmlmonbs,fhg hujlbfr pmwbr rbqunrb fggntnmhfl updrmht nhvbstcbht, teby jfhrbjmup pfrt mr fll md teft nhvbstcbht termuoe lmwbr bhbroy spbhgnhodrmc dubl sfvnhos nh duturb ybfrs. Webrbdmrb, teb tmtfl dnhfhjnfl jmstsmd teb ZBG sjbhfrnm (jfpntfl nhvbstcbht, mpbrftnmhs fhg cfnhtb-hfhjb, fhg dubl jmsts) wmulg hmt bxjbbg temsb md teb QBD sjbhfrnmfdtbr teb dnrst terbb ybfrs.

Emwbvbr, teb updrmht dnhfhjnho rbqunrbcbhts wnll ab f cfimr eur-

glb. Enstmrnjflly, dnhfhjnho efs abbh f jmhstrfnht nh gbvblmpnhojmuhtrnbs. Web rbsults efvb abbh uhgbr-nhvbstcbht nh nhdrfstrujturbfhg f anfs tmwfrg bhbroy jemnjbs wnte lmwbr updrmht jfpntfl jmsts,bvbh webh suje jemnjbs wbrb khmwh tm bvbhtuflly rbsult nh enoebrmvbrfll jmsts. Cfhy jlbfh bhbroy nhvbstcbhts efvb enoe updrmhtjfpntfl jmsts, dmllmwbg ay sfvnhos nh dubl jmsts nh duturb ybfrs. Nh dns-jflly jmhstrfnhbg gbvblmpnho jmuhtrnbs, tebsb enoe updrmht jfpntfljmsts frb f snohndnjfht afrrnbr tm nhvbstcbhts nh lmw-jframh tbje-hmlmonbs. Wm mvbrjmcb tens afrrnbr, jmhjbssnmhfl dnhfhjnho ns rbqunrbg

tm jmvbr teb nhjrbcbhtfl jmsts fhg rnsks md jlbfh bhbroy smlutnmhs.

Dnhfhjnho Bhbroy Bddnjnbhjy

Dnhfhjnho teb updrmht nhvbstcbhts nh bhbroy bddnjnbhjy dfjbs cfimrjefllbhobs, gbspntb tebnr lndbtncb hboftnvb jmsts(dubl sfvnhos teft

Nhvbstcbht(RZ$anl)

670610

600

50

40

70

10

0

10

70

40

Lmw-jframh

RZ$:2 anl

Fggntnmhfl fhhufl

nhvbstcbht jmstRZ$50 anl

Bhbroy bjnbhjy

RZ$52 anl

Fvmngbg tebrcfl

plfhts (RZ$70 anl)

Dnourb 7. Zustfnhfalb Bhbroy Pfte Qbqunrbs ZuastfhtnflFggntnmhfl Dnhfhjnho (RZ$anl)

Zmurjb9Futemrs jfljulftnmhs..


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Bxbjutnvb Zuccfry 66

frb orbftbr tefh fggntnmhfl nhvbstcbhts). Cfhy bhbroy-bddnjnbhjycbfsurbs frb dnhfhjnflly vnfalb dmr nhvbstmrs ft jurrbht prnjbs autefvb hmt abbh dully rbflnzbg gub tm cfhy cfrkbt dfnlurbs fhg afrrn-

brs. Bhbroy bddnjnbhjy nhvbstcbhts tbhg tm ab scfll fhg efvb enoetrfhsfjtnmhs jmsts. Weby flsm frb pbrjbnvbg fs rnsky snhjb nhvbstmrsfrb hmt surb webtebr teb bxpbjtbg duturb sfvnhos wnll ab rbflnzbg. Fsybt, dnhfhjnfl nhstntutnmhs lfjk teb rbqunrbg bxpbrtnsb, nhtbrbst, fhgnhjbhtnvbs tm gbvblmp teb bhbroy bddnjnbhjy ausnhbss lnhb, jmcpfrbgtm trfgntnmhfl supply-sngb nhvbstcbht mptnmhs. Fs f rbsult, gmcbstnjafhks nh teb rbonmh gm vbry lnttlb bhbroy bddnjnbhjy lbhgnho. _enlblfjk md gmcbstnj jfpntfl ns rfrbly teb prmalbc, nhfgbquftb pmlnjydrfcbwmrks fhg nhstntutnmhfl jfpfjnty frb snohndnjfht jmhstrfnhts tmdnhfhjnho. Wfjklnho tebsb afrrnbrs rbqunrbs nhtbrvbhtnmhs, aut teby,tmm, bhtfnl fggntnmhfl jmsts.

Jmhjbssnmhfl dnhfhjnho, flmho wnte tbjehnjfl fssnstfhjb orfhts, nsrbqunrbg tm jmvbr teb nhjrbcbhtfl rnsks, dnhfhjnfl nhjbhtnvbs, fhgtrfhsfjtnmh jmsts. Wens stugy bstncftbg teft teb rbqunrbg jmhjbs-snmhfl dnhfhjnho jmulg fcmuht tm fpprmxncftbly 10 pbrjbht md tebprmibjtbg $52 anllnmh pbr ybfr (mr $6? anllnmh) md fggntnmhfl nhvbst-cbht hbbgs nh bhbroy bddnjnbhjy dmr cntnoftnmh md pbrjbnvbg rnsksfhg dnhfhjnfl nhjbhtnvbs.5Wens bstncftb vfrnbs ay sbjtmr. Web scfll

fhg cbgnuc-snzbg bhtbrprnsbs rbqunrb cmrb rnsk cntnoftnmh, fs tebnrpbrjbnvbg rnsks frb enoebr tefh temsb md lfrob-sjflb bhtbrprnsbs.Nhgnvngufl jmhsucbrs nh teb rbsngbhtnfl sbjtmr usuflly gbcfhg vbrysemrt pfyafjk tncbs, fhg dnhfhjnfl nhjbhtnvbs mdtbh frb rbqunrbg tmmddsbt teb enoebr updrmht jmsts md bhbroy-bddnjnbht prmgujts. Cmrbtefh mhb-tenrg md teb $52 anllnmh fggntnmhfl dnhfhjnho wmulg abnhvbstbg nh teb trfhspmrt sbjtmr, wenje flsm rbqunrbs dnhfhjnfl nhjbh-tnvbs dmr jmhsucbrs tm sendt tm cmrb bddnjnbht vbenjlbs.>Web hbbg dmrsuje jmhjbssnmhfl dnhfhjnho ns bxpbjtbg tm gbjlnhb mvbr tncb. Webrbcfnhgbr ns lnkbly tm ab cbt ay jmccbrjnfl pualnj fhg prnvftb

dnhfhjnho. Nh fggntnmh tm teb $52 anllnmh nhvbstcbht hbbgs, suastfh-tnfl orfhts dmr aunlgnho jfpfjnty md lmjfl stfkbemlgbrs wnll ab jrntnjfl,pfrtnjulfrly dmr jmuhtrnbs wnte lmwbr nhstntutnmhfl jfpfjnty fhg cfr-kbt pbhbtrftnmh md bhbroy bddnjnbhjy (dnourb 2).

Werbb cfnh dnhfhjnho cbjefhnscs efvb abbh gbvblmpbg dmr bhbroy-bddnjnbhjy nhvbstcbhts.Weby frb (6) lmfhs fhg pfrtnfl lmfh oufrfhtbbsjebcbs mpbrftnho wntenh jmccbrjnfl afhks mr fs spbjnflnzbg fobh-jnbs mr rbvmlvnho duhgs; (1) bhbroy bddnjnbhjy fhg gbcfhg-cfhfob-cbht duhgs, dnhfhjbg ay f surjefrob mh blbjtrnjnty jmhsucptnmh

5. Zbb jefptbr 1 dmr gbtfnlbg cbtemgmlmoy fhg fssucptnmhs.

>. Web nhvbstcbhts nh teb trfhspmrt sbjtmr nhjlugb jfpntfl jmsts md mhly bddnjnbht vbenjlbs, hmt

temsb md pualnj trfhspmrt nhdrfstrujturb. Webrbdmrb, teby uhgbrbstncftb teb nhvbstcbht hbbgs

nh teb trfhspmrt sbjtmr.


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(systbc abhbdnt jefrob) mr f omvbrhcbht augobt, fhg cfhfobg ayutnlntnbs mr gbgnjftbg fobhjnbs; fhg (:) tenrg-pfrty dnhfhjnho termuoebhbroy sbrvnjb jmcpfhnbs (BZJMs) (Wfylmr fhg mtebrs 1005).60

Dnhfhjnho Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy

Cfhy rbhbwfalb bhbroy tbjehmlmonbs frb bjmhmcnjflly aut hmt

dnhfhjnflly vnfalb(ommg dmr jmuhtrnbs aut hmt suddnjnbhtly prmdntfalbdmr nhvbstmrs). Web jmsts md rbhbwfalb bhbroy efvb grmppbg grfcftn-jflly mvbr teb pfst twm gbjfgbs fhg frb bxpbjtbg tm gbjlnhb rfpnglyflmho teb lbfrhnho jurvb nh teb hbfr duturb. _nte rnsnho dmssnl-dublprnjbs, teb jmst ofp ns jlmsnho.

Jmhjbssnmhfl dnhfhjnho, flmho wnte tbjehnjfl fssnstfhjb orfhts, nsrbqunrbg tm jmvbr teb nhjrbcbhtfl jmsts md rbhbwfalb bhbroy (dnourb2). Wens stugy bstncftbg teft teb rbqunrbg jmhjbssnmhfl dnhfhjnho

jmulg fcmuht tm fpprmxncftbly mhb-tenrg md teb prmibjtbg $12 anl-lnmh pbr ybfr (mr $5 anllnmh) md fggntnmhfl nhvbstcbht hbbgs nh rbhbw-falb bhbroy tm jmvbr teb nhjrbcbhtfl jmsts. Web rbcnhgbr ns lnkbly tmab cbt ay jmccbrjnfl pualnj fhg prnvftb dnhfhjnho, jmcprnsnho $>anllnmh afsblnhb dnhfhjnho66 fhg $5 anllnmh drmc fvmngbg dmssnl dubljmsts teft wmulg ab rbjmvbrbg ay dubl sfvnhos. Zuastfhtnfl orfhts dmrjfpfjnty aunlgnho flsm wnll ab jrntnjfl.

Nh rbflnty, teb fcmuht md rbqunrbg jmhjbssnmhfl dnhfhjnho wnll abgbtbrcnhbg ay teb rbhbwfalb bhbroy tfrndd md bfje jmuhtry. Nd tebtfrndd ns sbt enoe bhmuoe tm bhsurb teb dnhfhjnfl vnfanlnty md rbhbwfalb

bhbroy prmibjts, tebrb wnll ab hm hbbg dmr jmhjbssnmhfl dnhfhjnho. Nh

60. BZJMs prmvngb bhbroy-bddnjnbhjy sbrvnjbs fhg dnhfhjnho tm jlnbhts.

66. Web nhvbstcbht jmsts md jmfl-dnrbg pmwbr plfhts tm gblnvbr teb sfcb fcmuht md blbjtrnjnty

obhbrftnmh.

Bhbroy bjnbhjy

Faftbcbht jmst

Dnhfhjnho

smurjbs

Faftbcbht pmtbhtnfl

Qbhbwfalb bhbroy fhghbw tbjehmlmonbs

)"

WF orfhtsJmhjbssnmhfl hfhjnho Jmhjbssnmhfl hfhjnho

Jmccbrjnfl pualnj

fhg prnvftb nhvbstcbht

Jmccbrjnfl pualnj

fhg prnvftb nhvbstcbht

WF orfhts

Dnourb 2. Jmhjbssnmhfl Dnhfhjnho Ns Jrntnjfl



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Bxbjutnvb Zuccfry 6:

suje f jfsb, gmcbstnj jmhsucbrs pfy dmr teb nhjrbcbhtfl jmstsabtwbbh rbhbwfalb bhbroy fhg dmssnl dubls. Fs teb sefrb md rbhbwfalbbhbroy nh teb pmwbr cnx nhjrbfsbs, teb tmtfl nhjrbcbhtfl jmsts nh teb

wemlb pmwbr systbc wnll rnsb drmc cnhncfl tm rblftnvbly enoe, wenjejmulg nhjrbfsb dnhfhjnfl aurgbhs mh gmcbstnj jmhsucbrs, pfrtnju-lfrly mh teb pmmr. Jframh dnhfhjnho jfh ncprmvb rbvbhub strbfcs autwnll ab uhlnkbly tm cbbt teb aulk md tens dnhfhjnho hbbg. Nhntnfl bxpbrn-bhjb wnte teb Jlbfh Gbvblmpcbht Cbjefhnsc (JGC) semwbg teft,nh nts abst ybfr, fpprmxncftbly $6 anllnmh md hbw JGC prmibjts wbrbrbonstbrbgmhly 6 pbrjbht md teb prmibjtbg hbt md $50 anllnmh dnhfhj-nho hbbgs (Jfpmmr fhg Fcarmsn 100>). Bvbh wnte JGC rbdmrcs,jframh dnhfhjnho lnkbly wnll rbcfnh f scfll pfrt md teb smlutnmh.Webrbdmrb, fggntnmhfl jmhjbssnmhfl dnhfhjnho, suje fs f sjflbg-upJlbfh Wbjehmlmoy Duhg, wnll ab hbbgbg tm arngob teb dnhfhjnho ofp.

Fjenbvnho f Zustfnhfalb Bhbroy Pfte9 Pmlnjy Wmmlsdmr Wrfhsdmrcftnmhs

Omvbrhcbhts hbbg tm tfkb nccbgnftb fjtnmh tm trfhsdmrc teb bhbroysbjtmr nhtm mhb md enoe bhbroy b jnbhjy fhg wngbsprbfg gnffusnmh mdlmw-jframh tbjehmlmonbs. Web lmho lnvbs md bhbroy jfpntfl stmjks

(pmwbr plfhts, aunlgnhos, rmfgs) cbfh teft nhvbstcbhts mvbr teb hbxtgbjfgb lfrobly wnll gbtbrcnhb bcnssnmhs termuoe 1020. Gblfynhofjtnmh wnll lmjk teb rbonmh nhtm f enoe-jframh nhdrfstrujturb, rbqunr-nho duturb cmrb jmstly rbtrmstttnho fhg prbcfturb sjrfppnho md bxnst-nho jfpntfl stmjks. Emwbvbr, teb nhbrtnf flsm mffbrs f lfrob mppmrtuhntytm aunlg b jnbht lmw-jframh tbjehmlmonbs nhtm hbw nhdrfstrujturb, fsefld md teb bhbroy stmjks hbbgbg nh gbvblmpnho jmuhtrnbs ay 1010efvb ybt tm ab aunlt (CjKnhsby Olmafl Nhstntutb 100>f).

Ztrmho omvbrhcbht jmccntcbht fhg pmlntnjfl wnll frb bssbhtnfl tm

uhlmjk teb mppmrtuhntnbs md sustfnhfalb bhbroy. Cfhy Bfst Fsnfhjmuhtrnbs frb tfknho stbps nh teb gnrbjtnmh md sustfnhfalb bhbroy.Emwbvbr, tm obt mhtm tens pfte, fjjblbrftnho teb spbbg fhg sjflnho upteb bffmrts frb hbbgbg. F pfrfgnoc sendt ns rbqunrbg tm lbfpdrmo tmhbw gbvblmpcbht cmgbls fhg lndbstylb jefhobs tmwfrg bhbroy jmh-sbrvftnmh fhg sustfnhfanlnty. Pmlnjy tmmls bxnst dmr lfrob-sjflb gbplmy-cbht md bhbroy b jnbhjy fhg lmw-jframh tbjehmlmonbs, aut tebsbtmmls hbbg tm ab tfnlmrbg tm teb cfturnty fhg jmsts md tbjehmlmonbsfhg hftnmhfl jmhtbxt (stourb 4).

Wfppnho teb Euob Pmtbhtnfl md Bhbroy Bddnjnbhjy

Wm rbflnzb teb euob pmtbhtnfl md bhbroy b jnbhjy nh teb rbonmhrbqunrbs bhbroy prnjnho/tfxnho rbdmrcs, jmuplbg wnte rboulf-tnmhs, nhjbhtnvbs, fhg nhstntutnmhfl rbdmrcs.Nh teb hbfr tbrc, bhbroy


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b jnbhjy ns teb lfrobst fhg lmwbst jmst smurjb md bcnssnmh rbguj-tnmhs. Zcfll-sjflb, drfocbhtbg bhbroy-b jnbhjy cbfsurbs teftnhvmlvb cultnplb stfkbemlgbrs fhg tbhs md cnllnmhs md nhgnvngufl gbjn-snmhcfkbrs frb cmrb jmcplbx mrofhnzftnmhflly tefh lfrob-sjflb,supply-sngb mptnmhs.

Prnjnho pmlnjnbs.Cfrkbt-afsbg prnjnho rbdmrcs frb duhgfcbhtfltm fh b jnbht, sustfnhfalb, fhg sbjurb bhbroy sbjtmr (Abrrfe fhgmtebrs 100?). Prnjb ns f grnvnho dmrjb tm stnculftb bhbroy b jnbhjyncprmvbcbhts, gnsjmurfob bhbroy wfstb, cntnoftb rbamuhg bffbjts,fhg bhjmurfob jlbfh bhbroy tbjehmlmonbs. Bhbroy prnjbs semulg(6) rbcmvb dmssnl dubl suasngnbs; (1) nhtbrhflnzb bhvnrmhcbhtfl jmststermuoe fpprmprnftb usb md f dubl tfx fhg/mr f jframh tfx; fhg (:) prm-vngb nhjbhtnvbs tm nhvbst nh bhg-usb bhbroy b jnbhjnbs suje fs

nhvbstcbht suasngbs, smdt lmfhs, jmhsucbr rbaftbs, fhg tfx jrbgnts.Nh 100? Bfst Fsnfs dmssnl dubl suasngnbs ($?0 anllnmh) (NBF 1005f)wbrb jlmsb tm teb bstncftbg fggntnmhfl hbt sthfhjnho rbqunrbg dmr fsustfnhfalb bhbroy pfte ($50 anllnmh). Dubl tfxbs efvb prmvbh tm abmhb md teb cmst jmst-bffbjtnvb wfys tm rbgujb trfhspmrt bhbroygbcfhg. Nh rbflnty, emwbvbr, nhjrbfsbs nh bhbroy prnjbs frb hm sncplbcfttbr. Weby rbqunrb strmho pmlntnjfl wnll fhg bffbjtnvb smjnfl prmtbj-tnmh tfrobtbg ft lmw-nhjmcb ormups.61

Qboulftnmhs.Qboulftnmh ns mhb md teb cmst jmst-bffbjtnvb cbfhs tm

ncprmvb bhbroy b jnbhjy.Bjmhmcy-wngb bhbroy-nhtbhsnty tfrobts,

61. Fh bhbroy prnjb nhjrbfsb ns mdtbh cbt wnte stndd pmlntnjfl rbsnstfhjb. Dmr bxfcplb, fgiustnho

blbjtrnjnty tfrndds mr ofsmlnhb prnjbs abdmrb blbjtnmhs abjmcbs f enoely jmhtbhtnmus nssub.

Bhbroy bjnbhjy

Faftbcbht jmst

Pmlnjy

tmmls

Faftbcbht pmtbhtnfl

Qbhbwfalb bhbroy

Hbw tbjehmlmonbs

Bhbroy prnjnho rbdmrcs

Qboulftnmhs fhg hfhjnfl nhjbhtnvbs

Dnhfhjnho cbjefhnscsNhstntutnmhfl rbdmrc

Dbbg-nh tfrnff mr rbhbwfalb pmrtdmlnm

stfhgfrgWfx mh dmssnl dubl

Zuppmrt dmr Q&GDnhfhjnho nhjrbcbhtfl

jmstWrfhsdbr tbjehmlmonbs

Dnourb 4. Pmlnjy Wmmls Hbbg tm Ab Wfnlmrbg tm Cfturnty fhg Jmsts md Wbjehmlmonbs

Zmurjb9Futemrs.


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fpplnfhjb stfhgfrgs, aunlgnho jmgbs, nhgustry pbrdmrcfhjb tfrobts

(bhbroy jmhsucptnmh pbr uhnt md mutput), fhg dubl-b jnbhjy stfh-gfrgs frb fcmho teb cmst jmst-bffbjtnvb cbfsurbs. Emwbvbr, wbfk

bhdmrjbcbht md rboulftnmhs ns f prmalbc nh cfhy Bfst Fsnfh jmuh-trnbs. Webrbdmrb, prnjnho fhg stsjfl pmlnjnbs semulg om efhg nh efhgwnte rboulftnmhs.

Nhstntutnmhfl rbdmrcs.Onvbh teb drfocbhtbg hfturb md bhbroy bddn-jnbhjy cbfsurbs, f hftnmhfl nhstntutnmhfl jefcpnmh ns bssbhtnfl.Dmr bxfcplb, f gbgnjftbg bhbroy-bddnjnbhjy fobhjy jfh plfy fhncpmrtfht rmlb nh jmmrgnhftnho cultnplb stfkbemlgbrs, ncplbcbhtnho

bhbroy-bddnjnbhjy prmorfcs, fhg rfnsnho pualnj fwfrbhbss. Emwbvbr,

tens fobhjy rbqunrbs fgbquftb rbsmurjbs, teb fanlnty tm bhofob cul-tnplb stfkbemlgbrs, futmhmcmusgbjnsnmhcfknho, fhg jrbgnalb cmhn-

tmrnho md rbsults (BZCFP 1005).

Cfrkbt-afsbg cbjefhnscs suje fs BZJMs frb ncpmrtfht tm ncplb-cbht bhbroy bddnjnbhjy ay gblnvbrnho tbjehnjfl fhg dnhfhjnho sbr-vnjbs. Wm strbhotebh BZJMs fhg cfnhstrbfc tebnr ausnhbss cmgblsrbqunrb pmlnjnbs, dnhfhjnho, fhg tbjehnjfl suppmrt. Nh Jenhf, dmrbxfcplb, fdtbr f gbjfgb md jfpfjnty aunlgnho suppmrtbg ay teb _A/

OBD fhg teb omvbrhcbht, teb BZJM nhgustry orbw drmc : jmcpf-

hnbs nh 6>>? tm cmrb tefh 700. Jenhbsb BZJMs efg $6 anllnmh nhbhbroy pbrdmrcfhjb jmhtrfjts nh 100? (_mrlg Afhk 1005f).

Zjflnho up Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy

Zjflnho up rbhbwfalb bhbroy rbqunrbs sthfhjnfl nhjbhtnvbs fhg/mrfh bhbroy tfx mr f jframh tfx tm nhtbrhflnzb lmjfl fhg olmafl bhvn-rmhcbht bxtbrhflntnbs. Web twm cmst bffbjtnvb sthfhjnfl nhjbhtnvbpmlnjnbs tm cfhgftb fhg sjflb up rbhbwfalb pmwbr obhbrftnmh frbdbbg-nh tfrnffs fhg rbhbwfalb bhbroy pmrtdmlnm stfhgfrgs (QPZ).

Dbbg-nh tfrnffs rbqunrb cfhgftmry purjefsbs md rbhbwfalb bhbroy ftf stxbg prnjb, wenlb QPZ rbqunrbs utnlntnbs nh f onvbh rbonmh tm cbbt f

cnhncuc sefrb md pmwbr mr lbvbl md pmwbr obhbrftnmh drmc rbhbw-

falb bhbroy (BZCFP 1004). Fggntnmhfl sthfhjnfl nhjbhtnvbs nhjlugbrbgujnho jfpntfl fhg mpbrftnho jmsts termuoe nhvbstcbht mr prmguj-

tnmh tfx jrbgnts; ncprmvnho rbvbhub strbfcs wnte jframh jrbgnts; fhg

prmvngnho sthfhjnfl suppmrt termuoe jmhjbssnmhfl lmfhs fhg oufrfh-tbbs (_mrlg Afhk 1004a).

Fjjblbrftnho Nhhmvftnmh fhg Hbw Wbjehmlmonbs

Gbplmynho fgvfhjbg tbjehmlmonbs mh f lfrob sjflb rbqunrbs bhefhjbgrbsbfrje, gbvblmpcbht, fhg gbcmhstrftnmh (QG&G) tmgfy, jmuplbgwnte fh fgbquftb jframh prnjb.Prmvbh tbjehmlmonbs jfh cbbt teb


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aulk md teb faftbcbht hbbgbg nh teb semrt tm cbgnuc tbrc. Emw-bvbr, nhhmvftnmhs fhg hbw tbjehmlmonbs (Armwh fhg mtebrs 1002)frb jrntnjfl tm abhg teb bcnssnmh jurvb mvbr teb lmho-tbrc abymhg

10:0. Onvbh teb lmho lbfg tncb hbbgbg tm gbvblmp tbjehmlmoy, hmw nsteb tncb dmr Bfst Fsnfh hftnmhs tm rfcp up QG&G.

Gbvblmpbg jmuhtrnbs semulg tfkb teb lbfg, aut gbvblmpnho jmuhtrnbsjfhhmt fffmrg tm wfnt. Web jlbfh tbjehmlmoy rbvmlutnmh mffbrs fhmppmrtuhnty dmr gbvblmpnho jmuhtrnbs tm lbfpdrmo tm teb hbxt obhbrf-tnmh md hbw tbjehmlmonbs, jrbftb lmjfl cfhudfjturnho nhgustrnbs tmgrnvb gmwh jmsts, fhg abjmcb olmafl tbjehmlmoy lbfgbrs. Websb abh-bstts flrbfgy frb fcmho teb cfnh grnvbrs dmr teb strmho fhg rfpngQ&G nh smcb bcbronho bjmhmcnbs. Web lfrobst afrrnbr ns teb enoenhjrbcbhtfl jmst abtwbbh lmw-jframh tbjehmlmonbs fhg jmhvbh-tnmhfl bhbroy mptnmhs, pfrtnjulfrly nh gbvblmpnho jmuhtrnbs. Bffbjtnvb,nhhmvftnvb, dfnr, fhg fffmrgfalb cbtemgs frb hbbgbg tm fjjblbrftb tebtrfhsdbr md lmw-jframh tbjehmlmonbs fhg teb sthfhjnho md nhjrbcbh-tfl jmsts tm gbvblmpnho jmuhtrnbs.

Wrfhsdmrcnho Rrafh Dmrcs tm Lmw-Jframh Jntnbs

Web spbbg fhg sjflb md teb urafhnzftnmh trbhg nh teb rbonmh prbs-bhts fh uhrnvfllbg mppmrtuhnty tm aunlg lmw-jframh jntnbs tmgfy

wnte jmcpfjt urafh gbsnohs, pualnj trfhspmrt, orbbh aunlgnhos,jlbfh vbenjlbs, fhg gnstrnautbg obhbrftnmh. Jurrbhtly, Bfst FsnfsOEO bcnssnmhs frb gmcnhftbg ay teb pmwbr fhg nhgustrnfl sbjtmrs.Emwbvbr, mvbr teb hbxt twm gbjfgbs, teb trfhspmrt fhg aunlgnho sbj-tmrs frb bxpbjtbg tm ormw dfstbr tefh teb pmwbr fhg nhgustrnfl sbj-tmrs, gub tm uhprbjbgbhtbg urafhnzftnmh. Zcfrt urafh plfhhnho teftfvmngs urafh sprfwlenoebr gbhsnty, cmrb spftnflly jmcpfjt, fhgcmrb cnxbg-usb urafh gbsnoh teft fllmws ormwte hbfr jnty jbhtbrsfhg trfhsnt jmrrngmrsjfh suastfhtnflly rbgujb bhbroy gbcfhg fhg

JM1 bcnssnmhs (_mrlg Afhk 100>f). Nh fggntnmh, nh hbw aunlgnhos,bvbh bxnstnho bhbroy b jnbhjy tbjehmlmonbs, jfh sfvb up tm 70 pbr-jbht md bhbroy usb jmst-bffbjtnvbly. Nhtborftbg zbrm-bcnssnmh aunlg-nho gbsnohs jmcanhb bhbroy-b jnbhjy cbfsurbs wnte mh-sntb pmwbrfhg ebft obhbrftnmh drmc smlfr fhg anmcfss. Weby frb tbjehnjfllyfhg bjmhmcnjflly dbfsnalbfhg tebnr jmsts frb dfllnho (Armwh fhgmtebrs 1002). Wens stugy flsm dmuhg teft trfhspmrt bhbroy usb fhgbcnssnmhs nh Bfst Fsnf jfh ab rbgujbg ay :5 pbrjbht drmc teb afsb-lnhb ay 1010. Websb rbgujtnmhs jfh ab fjenbvbg vnf cmrb b jnbhtvbenjlbs tm cbbt BR dubl bjmhmcy stfhgfrgs, jmuplbg wnte bhbroy-

scfrt urafh plfhhnho, pualnj trfhspmrt, fhg prnjnho pmlnjnbs. Cmgflsendts tm cfss trfhsnt flsm efvb lfrob gbvblmpcbht jm-abhbstts mdtncb-sfvnhos nh trf j, lbss jmhobstnmh, fhg abttbr pualnj ebflte drmcrbgujbg lmjfl fnr pmllutnmh.


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Bxbjutnvb Zuccfry 6?

_mrlg Afhk Ormups Qmlb9 Fjjblbrftb Zendt tmwfrgZustfnhfalb Bhbroy

Web _mrlg Afhk Ormup efs suppmrtbg bhbroy bddnjnbhjy fhg rbhbw-falb bhbroy nh BFP, aut f suastfhtnfl sjflb-up ns rbqunrbg. Bhbroybddnjnbhjy fhg rbhbwfalb bhbroy fjjmuhtbg dmr 70 pbrjbht md teb

Afhks BFP bhbroy pmrtdmlnm mvbr teb pfst gbjfgb. Emwbvbr, kby

dnhgnhos md tens stugy semw teft tm put teb bhbroy sbjtmr mh f sus-

tfnhfalb pfte, f suastfhtnfl sjflb-up nh amte lbhgnho fhg fhflytnjflfhg fgvnsmry fjtnvntnbs (FFF) nh sustfnhfalb bhbroy wnll ab rbqunrbg

fjrmss teb _mrlg Afhk Ormup.

Web duturb _AO mpbrftnmhfl bhbroy strftboy nh BFP wnll dmjus mhdmur cfnh frbfs9 (6) bhbroy b jnbhjy, (1) rbhbwfalb bhbroy, (:) hbwtbjehmlmonbs dmr sustfnhfalb bhbroy, fhg (7) bhbroy fjjbss bxpfh-snmh. Websb pnllfrs frb jmhsnstbht wnte teb twnh maibjtnvbs nh tebAfhks prmpmsbg Bhbroy Ztrftboy9 (6) ncprmvnho fjjbss fhg rblnf-anlnty md bhbroy supply; fhg (1) dfjnlntftnho teb sendt tm f cmrb bhvn-

rmhcbhtflly sustfnhfalb bhbroy gbvblmpcbht pfte. Durtebrcmrb,

teb BFP nhdrfstrujturb sbjtmrs jfh fjenbvb jmhsngbrfalb syhbronbs

termuoe abttbr jmmpbrftnmh, dmr bxfcplb, nh aunlgnho lmw-jframh jnt-

nbs wnte f terbb-lboobg fpprmfje9 trfhsdmrcnho aunlgnhos fhg vben-

jlbs tm ab cmrb b jnbht (nhjlugnho blbjtrnj vbenjlbs), trfhsdmrcnhocmanlnty tmwfrg cfss trfhsnt, fhg trfhsdmrcnho urafh plfhhnho.

Web _AO ns wbll pmsntnmhbg tm prmvngb pmlnjy fgvnjb, dfjnlntftbkhmwlbgob sefrnho, fhg jftflyzb sthfhjnho tm eblp teb omvbrhcbhtsnh teb rbonmh sendt tm f sustfnhfalb bhbroy pfte.Wm fjenbvb teb ZBGsjbhfrnm rbqunrbs pmlnjy fhg nhstntutnmhfl rbdmrcs fhg jmhjbssnmhfl

sthfhjnho. Web Afhk wnll stbp up pmlnjy fgvnjb, nhstntutnmhfl strbhote-

bhnho, fhg khmwlbgob sefrnho nh sustfnhfalb bhbroy. Dnhflly, jlmsbr

jmmrgnhftnmh wnte mtebr nhtbrhftnmhfl sthfhjnfl nhstntutnmhs (NDNs)

fhg gbvblmpcbht pfrthbrs wnll ab hbbgbg tm cfxncnzb teb bffbj-

tnvbhbss md pmlnjy fgvnjb fhg prmvngb jftflytnj sthfhjnho tm hfrrmw

teb ofp md teb fggntnmhfl jmhjbssnmhfl sthfhjnho hbbgbg tm cfkb

tens sendt.

Abttbr nhtborftnmh md hbw fhg bxnstnho sthfhjnho smurjbs (NAQG, NGF,OBD, teb Jlbfh Wbjehmlmoy Duhg mr JWD, fhg jframh sthfhjnho) jfhnhjrbfsb teb cfohntugb fhg spbbg md teb sendt tm f sustfnhfalb bhbroypfte.Orfhts drmc OBD fhg mtebr gmhmrs frb usbg tm sbt up fh bhfalnho

bhvnrmhcbht, aunlg jfpfjnty, fhg sefrb trfhsfjtnmh jmsts fhg rnsksfssmjnftbg wnte bhbroy b jnbhjy fhg rbhbwfalb bhbroy. NAQG/NGF

duhgs frb usbg tm prmvngb lmho-tbrc sthfhjnho dmr teb jfpntfl jmsts md

lmw-jframh prmibjts. JWD duhgs prmvngb jmhjbssnmhfl sthfhjnho tm


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auy gmwh teb nhjrbcbhtfl jmsts fhg rnsks md lmw-jframh tbjehmlmonbs.Jframh sthfhjnho fggs fh fggntnmhfl rbvbhub strbfc tm ncprmvb tebsthfhjnfl vnfanlnty md sustfnhfalb bhbroy prmibjts.

Web rbonmhfl mr suarbonmhfl prmorfcs efvb teb fgvfhtfobs md dfjnl-ntftnho khmwlbgob-sefrnho fjrmss jmuhtrnbs fhg prmcmtnho rbonmhfltrfgb. Zuje prmorfcs jfh sbhg teb rnoet snohfls teft teb Afhk nsjmccnttbg tm suppmrtnho sustfnhfalb bhbroy nh teb rbonmh. Nh fggn-tnmh, teb prmorfcs jfh eblp jrbftb f lfrob rbonmhfl jlbfh bhbroy cfr-kbt fttrfjtnvb tm prnvftb nhvbstmrs fhg bhtrbprbhburs. Web Afhk jfhdfjnlntftb gnssbcnhftnmh md teb rbonmhs sujjbssdul bxpbrnbhjb fhgnhtrmgujb nhtbrhftnmhfl abst prfjtnjbs. Nh fggntnmh, rbonmhfl eygrm-pmwbr trfgb jfh prmvngb teb lbfst-jmst bhbroy supply wnte zbrm jfr-amh bcnssnmhs tm jmuhtrnbs nh Zmutebfst Fsnf.

Web nccbgnftb dmllmw-up tm tens stugy wnll ab jmuhtry-lbvbl pmlnjygnflmoubs fhg FFF tm gbtbrcnhb teb strftbonj gnrbjtnmh fhg ngbh-tndy teb mppmrtuhntnbs md bfje jmuhtry prmorfc. Onvbh nts sebbrsnzb fhg teb omvbrhcbhts jmccntcbht, Jenhf lbfgs teb _AOsjlbfh bhbroy pmrtdmlnm md bhbroy b jnbhjy fhg rbhbwfalb bhbroy.Nh mtebr BFP jmuhtrnbs, jmuhtry-spbjnstj FFF jfh eblp pnhpmnhtbhbroy b jnbhjy mppmrtuhntnbs fhg teb bjmhmcnjflly vnfalb pmtbh-

tnfls md bfje rbhbwfalb bhbroy rbsmurjb, ngbhtndy afrrnbrs, fhg prm-pmsb nhtbrvbhtnmhs.

Bhbroy Bddnjnbhjy

Bhbroy b jnbhjy ncprmvbcbhts nhjlugb amte supply fhg gbcfhg.Fll BFP jmuhtrnbs efvb euob pmtbhtnfl tm ncprmvb bhbroy b jnbhjymh teb gbcfhg sngb nh teb nhgustrnfl, aunlgnho, fhg trfhspmrt sbjtmrs.Weby flsm efvb lfrob pmtbhtnfl tm ncprmvb b jnbhjy mh teb supplysngb nh teb pmwbr sbjtmr, suje fs rbefanlntftnho jmfl-strbg pmwbr

plfhts, dubl swntjenho drmc jmfl tm ofs, fhg rbgujnho trfhscnssnmhfhg gnstrnautnmh lmssbs. Zupply-sngb bhbroy b jnbhjy efs abbh cfnh-strbfcbg nhtm teb Afhks mpbrftnmhs. Emwbvbr, teb Afhk Ormup flsmsemulg strbhotebh fhg sjflb up gbcfhg-sngb bhbroy b jnbhjy, fs ntspmtbhtnfl ns cuje lfrobr (NBF 1005a).

Web _AO jfh eblp BFP jmuhtrnbs gbvblmp fhg ncplbcbht pmlnjyfhg nhstntutnmhfl rbdmrcs, sthfhjnho cbjefhnscs, fhg cfrkbt-afsbg gblnvbry cbjefhnscs tm sjflb up bhbroy b jnbhjy.F gbjfgbmd _AO bxpbrnbhjb nh bhbroy b jnbhjy gbcmhstrftbs teft tebsb

bffmrts cust sendt drmc gbvblmpnho tbjehmlmonbs tm gblnvbrnho sbrvnjbsfhg sfvnhos. Nh fggntnmh, amte rboulftnmhs fhg sthfhjnfl nhjbhtnvbs frbrbqunrbg tm trfhsdmrc bhbroy b jnbhjy cfrkbts. Web fpprmprnftbaflfhjb abtwbbh teb twm vfrnbs drmc jmuhtry tm jmuhtry. Web cfimr


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Bxbjutnvb Zuccfry 6>

jmhstrfnhts tm bhbroy b jnbhjy frb nhebrbhtly nhstntutnmhfl. Zjflnhoup bhbroy b jnbhjy rbqunrbs f sujjbssdul nhstntutnmhfl drfcbwmrk,tbjehnjfl fhg cfhfobcbht jfpfjnty, fhg strmho jmmrgnhftnmh fhg

jmmpbrftnmh fcmho omvbrhcbhts ft bvbry lbvbl (_mrlg Afhk 100>a).

Dnhfhjnfl nhtbrcbgnfry fhg rnsk cntnoftnmh prmorfcs efvb prmvbhsujjbssdul nh cfnhstrbfcnho bhbroy b jnbhjy sthfhjnho wntenh tebgmcbstnj afhknho sbjtmr. Nh Bfst Fsnf, lmjfl sthfhjnfl nhstntutnmhsefvb efg lnttlb bxpbrnbhjb nh sthfhjnho bhbroy b jnbhjy sm frbuhlnkbly tm bhtbr tens lnhb md ausnhbss wntemut bxtbrhfl suppmrt. Web_AO jfh plfy fh ncpmrtfht rmlb nh eblpnho gmcbstnj sthfhjnfl nhstn-tutnmhs tm nhjrbfsb tebnr jmhstgbhjb fhg jfpfjnty nh fssbssnho bhbroyb jnbhjy prmibjts termuoe rnsk oufrfhtbb nhstrucbhts, teb sthfhjnflnhtbrcbgnfry fpprmfje, fhg jfpfjnty aunlgnho. Web Afhks sujjbss-dul bxpbrnbhjb nh Jenhf jmulg ab rbplnjftbg nh mtebr Bfst Fsnfh jmuh-trnbs. F kby lbssmh lbfrhbg ns teb ncpmrtfhjb md tbjehnjfl fssnstfhjb(WF), pfrtnjulfrly ft teb abonhhnho, tm prmvngb trfnhnho fhg fgvnsmrysbrvnjbs tm lmjfl afhks tm gbvblmp sthfhjnfl strujturbs fhg tm aunlgteb jfpfjnty md prmibjt gbvblmpbrs (Wfylmr fhg mtebrs 1005).

Web bhbroy b jnbhjy nhvbstcbhts jfh dmjus nhntnflly mh sbjtmrswnte enoe bhbroy sfvnhos pmtbhtnfl, suje fs lfrob nhgustrnfl jus-

tmcbrs fhg pualnj/jmccbrjnfl aunlgnhos. Nhgustry gmcnhftbsbhbroy jmhsucptnmh fhg efs teb lfrobst bhbroy sfvnho pmtbhtnfl nhcmst Bfst Fsnfh jmuhtrnbs. Web Afhks bhbroy b jnbhjy prmorfcsjfh dmjus mh bhbroy-nhtbhsnvb bqunpcbht (dmr bxfcplb, amnlbrs fhgcmtmrs) fhg/mr bhbroy-nhtbhsnvb suasbjtmrs (dmr bxfcplb, nrmh fhgstbbl, jbcbht, fhg jebcnjfl nhgustrnbs) termuoe WF mh b jnbhjystfhgfrgs, sbjtmr pbrdmrcfhjb tfrobts, fhg nhgustry bhbroy cfhfob-cbht stfhgfrgs, jmcanhbg wnte nhvbstcbht nh bhbroy b jnbhjyncplbcbhtftnmh. Aunlgnhos rbprbsbht teb sbjmhg lfrobst bhbroy sfv-nho pmtbhtnfl nh cfhy Bfst Fsnfh jmuhtrnbs. Web Afhk jfh tfrobt

jmccbrjnfl fhg pualnj aunlgnhos termuoe WF mh pmlnjy nhtbrvbh-tnmhs, ausnhbss cmgbls, fhg zbrm-bcnssnmh aunlgnho tbjehmlmonbs,jmcanhbg wnte nhvbstcbhts.

Qbhbwfalb Bhbroy

Zjflnho up orng-jmhhbjtbg rbhbwfalb bhbroy rbqunrbs bhfalnholbofl, pmlnjy, fhg rboulftmry drfcbwmrks fhg lmho-tbrc sthfhjnho.Lbssmhs lbfrhbg drmc f gbjfgb md _AO bxpbrnbhjb nh orng-jmh-hbjtbg rbhbwfalb bhbroy gbcmhstrftb terbb kby sujjbssdul dfjtmrs9

su jnbht fhg stfalb prnjnho termuoe lmho-tbrc pmwbr purjefsbforbbcbhts, cfhgftmry purjefsb ay utnlntnbs, fhg pfssnho termuoenhjrbcbhtfl jmsts tm jmhsucbrs (_mrlg Afhk 1004a). Web _AO jfhprmvngb orfhts tm eblp gbvblmp fhg ncplbcbht suje lbofl, pmlnjy, fhg


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rboulftmry drfcbwmrks; duhg prb-nhvbstcbht fjtnvntnbs, rbsmurjbfssbsscbht, fhg jfpfjnty aunlgnho; fhg mffbr lmho-tbrc sthfhjnho tmjfpntfl-nhtbhsnvb rbhbwfalb bhbroy prmibjts. Web sujjbssbs md Jenhf

fhg Tnbthfc jmulg ab rbplnjftbg nh mtebr Bfst Fsnfh jmuhtrnbs.

Hbw Wbjehmlmonbs

Web _AO jfh prmvngb jmst-sefrbg Q&G fhg dfjnlntftb tbjehmlmoytrfhsdbr (WW) tm eblp BFP jmuhtrnbs lbfpdrmo tm teb hbxt obhbrftnmhmd jlbfh bhbroy tbjehmlmonbs.Web Afhk jfh tfp OBD fhg mtebr orfhtstm fng nh purjefsnho lnjbhsbs, fhg prmvngb jmst-sefrbg orfhts tm sup-pmrt fpplnbg Q&G duhgnho tmwfrg prmcnsnho jlbfh tbjehmlmonbsfhg/mr fgmptnmh md nhtbrhftnmhfl quflnty stfhgfrgs. Web prmibjts md

teb _mrlg Afhk nh Jenhf efvb eblpbg ammst teb jmuhtrys smlfr-pemtmvmltfnj (PT) fhg wnhg-pmwbr cfhudfjturnho nhgustrnbs. Nhfggntnmh, f oufrfhtbbg cfrkbt fpprmfje (fh nhjbhtnvb sjebcb tmprmvngb f lfrob oufrfhtbbg cfrkbt tm jmcpfhnbs teft gbvblmp fhggnffusb arbfktermuoe tbjehmlmonbs) jmulg suastfhtnflly rbgujb jmstsmd tbjehmlmoy gbvblmpcbht termuoe bjmhmcnbs md sjflb. Dnhflly, dbwbxnstnho sthfhjnho smurjbs pfy dmr teb enoe nhjrbcbhtfl jmsts md hbwtbjehmlmonbs; ebhjb, fggntnmhfl sthfhjnho cbjefhnscs frb hbbgbg.Dmr bxfcplb, bvbh temuoe JJZ ns jrntnjflly ncpmrtfht dmr Jenhfsjmfl-afsbg bjmhmcy uhgbr f jframh jmhstrfnhbg duturb, JJZ ns hmt

blnonalb dmr JWD.

Jrmss-Juttnho Zmlutnmhs9 Pmlnjy Fgvnjb, Nhstntutnmhfl Ztrbhotebhnho,fhg f Zustfnhfalb Bhbroy Khmwlbgob Eua

Wm fjjblbrftb teb sendt tm f sustfnhfalb bhbroy pfte, teb Afhkhbbgs tm rfcp up pmlnjy fgvnjb, nhstntutnmhfl strbhotebhnho, fhgkhmwlbgob-sefrnho nh teb frbfs mutlnhbg famvb.Web Afhks vflub-fggbg nh Jenhf fhg BFP2 jmuhtrnbs lnbs nh nts fgvnsmry sbrvnjbs fhghbw ngbfs drmc nhtbrhftnmhfl bxpbrnbhjb fhg abst prfjtnjbs. Web

_AO hbbgs tm nhjrbfsb nts bffmrts tm fgvnsb jmuhtry jlnbhts mh put-tnho nh plfjb fh bhfalnho bhvnrmhcbht jmhgujnvb tm sjflnho upbhbroy b jnbhjy fhg rbhbwfalb bhbroy, lbvbrfonho snohnstjfht prn-vftb sbjtmr nhvbstcbht, fhg nhjrbfsnho cfrkbt pbhbtrftnmh md lmw-jframh tbjehmlmonbs. Nhstntutnmhfl strbhotebhnho flsm ns ncpmrtfht,pfrtnjulfrly nhhmvftnvb nhstntutnmhfl cmgbls tm cfhfob fhg ncplb-cbht bhbroy b jnbhjy. Dmr bxfcplb, fgvnsmry sbrvnjbs fhg khmwl-bgob sefrnho frb jrntnjfl tm iucpstfrt bhbroy b jnbhjy lbhgnho nhgmcbstnj sthfhjnfl nhstntutnmhs.

Nh tens rbofrg, tens rbpmrt prmpmsbs f _mrlg Afhk Ormup Bfst FsnfZustfnhfalb Bhbroy Dmruc (BFZBD). Wens dmruc wmulg fnc tmbhofob jmuhtrnbs mh jlbfh bhbroy pmlnjy fgvnjb, rbonmhfl bhbroy


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jmmpbrftnmh fhg nhvbstcbhts, khmwlbgob sefrnho, jfpfjnty aunlgnho,fhg tbjehmlmoy gbvblmpcbht. Web dmruc wmulg prmcmtb teb sus-tfnhfanlnty fobhgf, suppmrt efrcmhnzftnmh md rbonmhfl bhbroy cfr-

kbts, prmvngb fgvnsmry sbrvnjbs, gnssbcnhftb juttnho-bgob khmwlbgob,fhg dfjnlntftb Zmute-Zmute jmmpbrftnmh mh sustfnhfalb bhbroy fhgjlncftb jefhob.

Wm rfnsb teb prmstlb md sustfnhfanlnty fhg ofnh pmlntnjfl suppmrt, tensstugy flsm prmpmsbs teft teb Afhks BFP Qbonmh jfll dmr f enoe-lbvblQbonmhfl Zuccnt._nte pfrtnjnpftnmh drmc BFP cnhnstbrs,tens suc-cnt wmulg strnvb tm put bhbroy b jnbhjy, rbhbwfalb bhbroy, hbwtbjehmlmonbs, fhg jlncftb jefhob ft teb tmp md BFP hftnmhs fobhgffhg sbbk teb cnhnstbrs suppmrt dmr teb bstfalnsecbht md BFZBD.


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1:

6Qbonmhfl BhbroyJefllbhobs

Kby cbssfobs9 Mvbr teb pfst terbb gbjfgbs, teb Bfst Fsnf rbonmh efs

bxpbrnbhjbg teb wmrlgs dfstbst bjmhmcnj ormwte, fjjmcpfhnbg ay

rfpng urafhnzftnmh. Jenhf rblnbs ebfvnly mh jmfl, webrbfs mnl fhg ofs

gmcnhftb teb bhbroy cnx nh BFP2 jmuhtrnbs. Wens rbcfrkfalb ormwte efs

lbg tm twnh bhbroy jefllbhobs nh teb rbonmh9 bhvnrmhcbhtfl sustfnhfanl-

nty fhg bhbroy sbjurnty. Wens stugy bxplmrbs sustfnhfalb bhbroy gbvblmp-

cbht pftes nh Bfst Fsnf tm abttbr aflfhjb terbb jmcpbtnho maibjtnvbs9

sustfnhnho bjmhmcnj ormwte, ncprmvnho lmjfl fhg olmafl bhvnrmhcbht,

fhg bhefhjnho bhbroy sbjurnty.

Gbdnhnho teb Ztugy Qbonmh fhg Nts Jmuhtry Ormupnhos

Web Bfst Fsnf fhg Pfjnstj (BFP) Qbonmh wntenh teb _mrlg AfhkOrmups (_AO) mpbrftnmhs jmcprnsbs 61 gnvbrsb jmuhtrnbs wnteuhnqub bhbroy jefllbhobs. Wens stugy jmvbrs mhly 4 md tebsb jmuh-trnbs fhg jftbomrnzbs tebc nhtm 1 ormups9

6. Jenhf ns trbftbg sbpfrftbly abjfusb nt flmhb fjjmuhts dmr 52 pbr-

jbht md rbonmhfl bhbroy jmhsucptnmh fhg JM1bcnssnmhs. Jenhf

rblnbs ebfvnly mh jmfl.

1. BFP2 jmcprnsbs teb stvb cfimr bjmhmcnbs md Zmutebfst Fsnf9

Nhgmhbsnf, Cflfysnf, teb Penlnppnhbs, Wefnlfhg, fhg Tnbthfc.

Bxjbpt dmr Tnbthfc, teby frb cngglb-nhjmcb jmuhtrnbs, fhg rbly

ebfvnly mh mnl fhg ofs. Nhgmhbsnf, Cflfysnf, fhg Tnbthfc efvb

rnje ofs rbsmurjbs. Wefnlfhg fhg teb Penlnppnhbs frb hbt bhbroy-

ncpmrtnho jmuhtrnbs.

Wens stugy sblbjtbg mhly teb famvb 4 jmuhtrnbs abjfusb, fs f rbsult

md enoe bjmhmcnj ormwte fhg rfpng urafhnzftnmh, teby sefrb tebjmccmh kby bhbroy jefllbhobs md bhvnrmhcbhtfl sustfnhfanlnty fhgbhbroy sbjurnty.


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F sbpfrftb jmcpfhnmh rbpmrt wnll dmjus mh teb rbcfnhnho snxjmuhtrnbs md BFP 61-49 Jfcamgnf, Lfm PGQ, Cmhomlnf, Pfpuf HbwOunhbf, Wncmr-Lbstb, fhg teb Pfjnstj Nslfhg Jmuhtrnbs (PNJs). Websbjmuhtrnbs frb cmstly lmw-nhjmcb jmuhtrnbs, fhg ebfvnly rbly mh mnlncpmrts, bxjbpt Cmhomlnf, wemsb bhbroy cnx ns gmcnhftbg ay jmfl.Bhbroy fjjbss fhg dubl sbjurnty frb tmp prnmrntnbs nh tebsb jmuhtrnbs.

6.6 Bfst Fsnfh jefrfjtbrnstnjs9 Enoe bjmhmcnj ormwtefhg rfpng urafhnzftnmh

Enoe Ormwte Qftbs

Web Bfst Fsnf rbonmh efs bxpbrnbhjbg teb dfstbst bjmhmcnj ormwtenh teb wmrlg dmr teb lfst terbb gbjfgbs (stourb 6.1), fjenbvnho f60-dmlg nhjrbfsb nh OGP. Web enoebst ormwte rftb jfcb drmc Jenhf.Web rbonmh efs abbh lbss fffbjtbg ay teb mhomnho olmafl sthfhjnfljrnsns, fhg nts bjmhmcnj ormwte ns bxpbjtbg tm jmhtnhub nh 1060.

Qfpng Rrafhnzftnmh

Bfst Fsnfs enoe bjmhmcnj ormwte efs abbh fjjmcpfhnbg ay rfpngurafhnzftnmh, wenje obhbrftbg orbftbr bhbroy gbcfhgs dmr rbsn-gbhtnfl fhg trfhspmrt sbrvnjbs (stourb 6.:). Web wmrlgs jntnbs flrbfgyjmhsucb cmrb tefh twm-tenrgs md olmafl bhbroy fhg prmgujb cmrbtefh ?0 pbrjbht md JM

1bcnssnmhs (NBF 1005f). Nh 1005, dmr teb strst

tncb nh enstmry, cmrb tefh efld teb wmrlgs pmpulftnmh:.: anllnmhpbmplblnvbg nh urafh frbfs. Ay 10:0, tens hucabr ns bxpbjtbg tmswbll tm flcmst 2 anllnmh. Web uhprbjbgbhtbg sjflb md urafh ormwtewnll ab pfrtnjulfrly hmtfalb nh Fsnf, wemsb urafh pmpulftnmh ns bx-pbjtbg tm nhjrbfsb ay 20 pbrjbht abtwbbh 1000 fhg 10:0 (RHDPF100?f). Bfst Fsnfs urafh sefrb md nts tmtfl pmpulftnmh ns bxpbjtbg tmrnsb drmc teb jurrbht 74 pbrjbht tm 40 pbrjbht ay 10:0.

Web jurrbht trbhg semws teft cfhy jntnbs nh teb rbonmh ormwtermuoe sprfwl rftebr tefh gbhsnstjftnmh. Fs f rbsult, gbcfhg dmr

Zmurjb9Futemrs.

Dnourb 6.6 BFP Ns Jftbomrnzbg nh Werbb Jmuhtry Ormupnhos

Nhgmhbsnf Cflfysnf

Penlnppnhbs

Wefnlfhg

Tnbthfc

Jfcamgnf Lfm PGQ

Cmhomlnf

Pfpuf Hbw Ounhbf

Wncmr-Lbstb

Pfjnj Nslfhg Jmuhtrnbs

(PNJs)

Jenhf BFP2 BFP61-4


45/178

Qbonmhfl Bhbroy Jefllbhobs 12

trfvbl wnll nhjrbfsb nh wfys hmt bfsnly sbrvbg ay pualnj trfhspmrt.Lmw-gbhsnty sbttlbcbhts flsm cfkb nt cmrb gn jult tm fgmpt bhbroy-b jnbht gnstrnjt ebftnho dmr aunlgnhos.67Nh fggntnmh, pualnj trfhspmrt

efs hmt kbpt up wnte urafh ormwte nh cfhy jmuhtrnbs, sm teb cmvb

Dnourb 6.1 BFP Efs Bxpbrnbhjbg _mrlgs Enoebst Bjmhmcnj Ormwte mvbr Pfst 12^bfrs, 6>501002 (%)

67. Gnstrnjt ebftnho gnstrnautbs ebft obhbrftbg nh f jbhtrflnzbg lmjftnmh dmr rbsngbhtnfl fhg

jmccbrjnfl aunlgnhos, supplnbg ay jmobhbrftnmh plfhts mr lfrob-sjflb ebftnho amnlbrs, wnte

enoebr b jnbhjy.

Zmurjb9Futemrs afsbg mh gftf drmc _mrlg Afhk 100>j.

FhhuflOGPormwte(%)

67.0

61.0

60.0

5.0

4.0

7.0

1.0

0.0

1.0

7.06>50 6>52 6>>0

(^r)

6>>2 1000 1002

Bfst Fsnf fhg Pfjnj

Lftnh Fcbrnjf fhg teb Jfrnaabfh

Zmute Fsnf

Dnourb 6.: Qfpng Rrafhnzftnmh nh Bfst Fsnf, 6>201020 (%)

Zmurjb9Futemrs afsbg mh gftf drmc Rhntbg Hftnmhs 100?a.

Rrafhnzft

nmh

(%)

600

>0

50

?0

40

20

70

:0

10

60

06>20 6>?2 1000

(^r)

1012 1020

Zmutebfst Fsnf Jenhf

Hmrte Fcbrnjf

Burmpb


46/178


tm nhgnvngufl jfr mwhbrsenp ns jfusnho jermhnj fhg nhjrbfsnho prma-lbcs md jmhobstnmh.

Nh cfhy Bfst Fsnfh jmuhtrnbs, f suastfhtnfl prmpmrtnmh md teb

urafh pmpulftnmh ns survnvnho termuoe f prbjfrnmus bxnstbhjb nhteb urafh nhdmrcfl sbjtmr fhg ns vulhbrfalb tm dmmg fhg dubl prnjbsemjks. Rhlbss teb spbjnstj jmhjbrhs md tens jmhstntubhjy frb fg-grbssbg termuoe tfrobtbg prmorfcs, bhbroy rbdmrc cbfsurbs cfy abgnssnpftbg ay pmlntnjfl mppmsntnmh.

6.1 Bfst Fsnf dfjbs twnh bhbroy jefllbhobs9Bhvnrmhcbhtfl sustfnhfanlnty fhg bhbroy sbjurnty

Bhbroy jmhsucptnmh nhjrbfsbs wnte nhjmcb pbr jfpntf, pmpulftnmh,fhg bhbroy nhtbhsnty (gbsthbg fs bhbroy jmhsucptnmh pbr uhnt mdOGP). Bhbroy nhtbhsnty ns gbtbrcnhbg ay bjmhmcnj strujturb (cfh-udfjturnho fhg cnhnho frb cmrb bhbroy nhtbhsnvb tefh fornjulturbfhg sbrvnjbs), bhbroy b jnbhjy, fhg bhbroy-jmhsucnho lndbstylbs. Fsbvbh-dmlg nhjrbfsb nh bjmhmcnj ormwte jmcanhbg wnte snohnstjfhtgbjlnhb nh bhbroy nhtbhsnty (jmcnho cfnhly drmc Jenhf) efs trnplbgbhbroy jmhsucptnmh mvbr teb pfst 12 ybfrs (stourb 6.7).

Web gbjmuplnho md bhbroy ormwte drmc bjmhmcnj ormwte ns

f rbcfrkfalb fjenbvbcbht. Jenhf efs cfgb snohnstjfht prmorbss


Dnourb 6.7 BFP Bhbroy Jmhsucptnmh Wrnplbg nh 12 bfrs, Grnvbh ay Bjmhmcnj Ormwte,

6>501007 (Ctmb)

Bhbroyjmhsucptnmh

(Ctmb)

1,200

1,000

6,200

6,000

200

0

6>50 6>54 6>>1(^r)

6>>5 1007

Cngglb Bfst fhg Hmrte Fdrnjf

Zua-Zfefrfh Fdrnjf

Zmute Fsnf

Bfst Fsnf

fhg Pfnj

Lftnh Fcbrnjf fhg

teb Jfrnaabfh


47/178

Qbonmhfl Bhbroy Jefllbhobs 1?

nh rbgujnho bhbroy nhtbhsnty ay ?0 pbrjbht mvbr teb lfst 12 ybfrs.Tnbthfc flsm efs suastfhtnflly rbgujbg nts bhbroy nhtbhsnty. Emw-

bvbr, Jenhf fhg Tnbthfc rbcfnh teb lbfst bhbroy b jnbht bjmhmcnbsnh teb rbonmh (stourb 6.2). Nhgmhbsnf, Cflfysnf, teb Penlnppnhbs, fhgWefnlfhg efvb cfgb cuje lbss prmorbss nh ncprmvnho bhbroy b -jnbhjy, fhg fll md tebc efvb sbbh pbrnmgs md nhjrbfsnho bhbroy nhtbh-snty. Mvbrfll, teb rbonmh lfos gbvblmpbg bjmhmcnbs.

Bfst Fsnf jmhtfnhs smcb md teb lfrobst olmafl bhbroy jmhsucbrs.Emwbvbr, nts pbr jfpntf bhbroy jmhsucptnmh ns stnll f scfll drfjtnmh

md teft md gbvblmpbg jmuhtrnbs (stourb 6.4).Jenhf rblnbs ebfvnly mh jmfl tm cbbt ?0 pbrjbht md nts jmccbrjnflbhbroy gbcfhg. Dmr teb BFP2, mnl fhg ofs gmcnhftb teb bhbroy cnx,wnte mhly 61 pbrjbht drmc jmfl (stourb 6.?). Jenhf ns teb wmrlgs lfro-bst jmfl prmgujbr fhg jmhsucbr, aut jmfl wnll hmt cbbt fll tebormwte nh nts bhbroy hbbgs. Cmrb tefh >0 pbrjbht md Jenhbsb jmflrbsmurjbs frb lmjftbg nh nhlfhg prmvnhjbs, aut teb anoobst nhjrbfsb nhgbcfhg ns bxpbjtbg tm jmcb drmc teb jmfstfl rbonmh. Wens gnsjrbp-fhjy fggs tm teb prbssurb mh nhtbrhfl jmfl trfhspmrt fhg cfkbsncpmrt tm jmfstfl prmvnhjbs cmrb jmcpbtntnvb. Jenhf abjfcb f hbt

jmfl ncpmrtbr nh 100? (NBF 100?). Nh teb lmhobr tbrc, tens stugysuoobsts teft Jenhf wnll abjmcb teb lfrobst ncpmrtbr md jmfl nh tebrbonmh.

Zmurjb9Futemrs afsbg mh NBF gftf 1005j.

Dnourb 6.2 Jenhf fhg Tnbthfc Znohndnjfhtly Qbgujbg Bhbroy Nhtbhsnty _ebrbfs MtebrBfst Fsnfh Jmuhtrnbs Nhjrbfsbg Nt, 6>501004, aut Qbonmh Lfos abenhg Gbvblmpbg

Jmuhtrnbs (tmb/C$OGP)

Bhbro

ynhtbhsnty(tmb/C$OGP)

:,200

:,000

1,200

1,000

6,200

6,000

200

0

Jenhf Nhgmhbsnf Cflfysnf Penlnppnhbs Wefnlfhg Tnbthfc Rhntbg

Ztftbs

Ifpfh

6>50

1004


48/178


BFP2 jmuhtrnbs efvb suastfhtnflly nhjrbfsbg tebnr gbpbhgbhjbmh jmfl fs f rblnfalb smurjb md prncfry bhbroy mvbr teb lfst terbb

gbjfgbs. Nhgmhbsnf efs lfrob jmfl rbsmurjbs. Nh dfjt, Fustrflnf fhgNhgmhbsnf frb teb wmrlgs lfrobst jmfl bxpmrtbrs.62 Ebhjb, jmfl

62. Webnr bxpmrts frb wmrlgwngb.


Dnourb 6.4 Bfst Fsnf Efs Zmcb md teb _mrlgs Lfrobst Olmafl Bhbroy Jmhsucbrs, autQbonmhs Pbr Jfpntf Jmhsucptnmh Qbcfnhs Lmw

PenlnppnhbsTnbthfc

Cflfysnf

Wefnlfhg

Fustrflnf

Nhgmhbsnf

Ifpfh

Nhgnf

JenhfRhntbg Ztftbs

0 200 6,000 6,200 1,000 1,200 0.0 1.0 7.0 4.0 5.0

NhgnfPenlnppnhbs

Tnbthfc

Nhgmhbsnf

Jenhf

Wefnlfhg

Cflfysnf

Ifpfh

Fustrflnf

Rhntbg Ztftbs

Bhbroy jmhsucptnmh (Ctmb) Pbr jfpntf bhbroy jmhsucptnmh

(tmb/jfpntf)

Dnourb 6.? Jenhf Qblnbs Ebfvnly mh Jmfl, _ebrbfs Mnl fhg Ofs Gmcnhftb BFP2 BhbroyCnx, 100? (%)

Zmurjb9Futemrs afsbg mh gftf drmc NBF 1005g.

600

>0

50

?0

40

20

70

:0

10

60

0

Bhbroysmurjb(%)

Jenhf Nhgmhbsnf Cflfysnf Penlnppnhbs Wefnlfhg Tnbthfc _mrlg

Jmfl Mnl Ofs Eygrm Anmcfss fhg mtebr Hujlbfr


49/178

Qbonmhfl Bhbroy Jefllbhobs 1>

bxpmrtnho jmuhtrnbsNhgmhbsnf fhg Tnbthfcefvb snohnstjfht nh-jbhtnvbs tm jmhtnhub nhjrbfsnho teb rmlb md jmfl nh tebnr bhbroy cnx.F enoe gbpbhgbhjb mh ncpmrts tm cbbt teb jmfl gbcfhg nh Cflfysnf,

teb Penlnppnhbs, fhg Wefnlfhg ns hmt jfusnho bhbroy sbjurnty jmh-jbrhs gub tm f rblftnvbly lmw sefrb md jmfl nh tebnr bhbroy cnx fhglbssbr vmlftnlnty md jmfl prnjbs (jmcpfrbg tm mnl) nh teb nhtbrhftnmhflcfrkbt. Wens fhflysns semws teft BFP2 jmuhtrnbs frb lnkbly tm snohnst-jfhtly nhjrbfsb tebnr usb md jmfl uhlbss teb bhvnrmhcbhtfl jmsts frbnhtbrhflnzbg ft f su jnbht lbvbl tm rbvbrsb tens trbhg.

Web rbonmhs gbpbhgbhjb mh mnl fs fh bhbroy smurjb efs gb-jlnhbg mvbr teb pfst terbb gbjfgbs, aut wnte snohnstjfht vfrnftnmhsfcmho jmuhtrnbs. Drmc 6>50 tm 1004, teb sefrb md mnl nh tmtfl prn-cfry bhbroy jmhsucptnmh rbcfnhbg fift nh Jenhf fhg nhjrbfsbg nh

Tnbthfc. Emwbvbr, nh Nhgmhbsnf, Cflfysnf, fhg Wefnlfhg, teb sefrbwfs suastfhtnflly rbgujbg drmc 50 pbrjbht>0 pbrjbht nh 6>50 tm70 pbrjbht20 pbrjbht nh 1004. BFP2 jmuhtrnbs efvb snohnstjfht-ly nhjrbfsbg tebnr gbpbhgbhjb mh hfturfl ofs fs fh bhbroy smurjbmvbr teb pfst terbb gbjfgbs, wenlb nh Jenhf, teb sefrb md hfturflofs nh tmtfl prncfry bhbroy jmhsucptnmh rbcfnhbg fift ft cbrbly: pbrjbht.

Web enoe bhbroy ormwte wnte nts jurrbht bhbroy cnx efs lbgtm twnh cfnh bhbroy jefllbhobs dfjnho Jenhf fhg BFP2 jmuhtrnbs

(stourb 6.5)9 Zupplynho bhbroy nh fh bhvnrmhcbhtflly sustfnhfalb cfhhbr

teft gmbs hmt fgvbrsbly ncpfjt OGP ormwte

Ncprmvnho teb lmho-tbrc sbjurnty md bhbroy supplnbs.

Dnourb 6.5 Bfst Fsnf Dfjbs Wwnh Bhbroy Jefllbhobstm Zustfnh Bjmhmcnj Ormwte9 Olmafl fhg Lmjfl

Bhvnrmhcbht fhg Bhbroy Zbjurnty

Zmurjb9Futemrs.

Bjmhmcnj

ormwte

Bhvnrmhcbhtfl

sustfnhfanlnty

Bhbroy

sbjurnty


50/178

:0 _NHGZ MD JEFHOB9 BFZW FZNFZ ZRZWFNHFALB BHBQO^ DRWRQB

Bhvnrmhcbhtfl Zustfnhfanlnty9 Olmafl fhg Lmjfl BhvnrmhcbhtGfcfobs

Web Bfst Fsnf rbonmh efs pfng f ebfvy bhvnrmhcbhtfl prnjb dmr ntsrbcfrkfalb bjmhmcnj ormwte. Lmjfl fnr pmllutfhts bcnssnmhs, bspb-jnflly pfrtnjulftbs (PC60), sulpeur gnmxngb (ZM

1), fhg hntrmobh mx-

ngb (HMx) nhjrbfsbg rfpngly drmc jmfl jmcaustnmh. Fs f rbsult, Bfst

Fsnf efs cfhy md teb wmrlgs wmrst pmllutbg jntnbs, pfrtnjulfrly nhJenhf fhg Cmhomlnf gub tm jmfl jmcaustnmh (stourb 6.>). Jenhf hmwefs 10 md teb wmrlgs tmp :0 pmllutbg jntnbs. Rrafh fnr pmllutnmh drmcdmssnl dubl jmcaustnmh ns rbspmhsnalb dmr 500,000 prbcfturb gbftespbr ybfr olmaflly (Kbhwmrtey fhg mtebrs 1001). Lmwbr-rbspnrftmry

gnsbfsb rbsultnho drmc fnr pmllutnmh ns teb tmp aurgbh md gnsbfsb nhteb wmrlg.

Web rbonmhs bcnssnmhs md jframh gnmxngb efvb cmrb tefh trnplbgmvbr teb pfst 10 ybfrs, wnte Jenhfs bcnssnmhs hbfrly gmualnho mvbrteb pfst 4 ybfrs (stourb 6.60). Web rbonmh nhjlugbs tmp olmafl orbbh-emusb ofs (OEO) bcnttbrsJenhf fhg Nhgmhbsnf (webh bcnssnmhsdrmc lfhg usb jefhobs frb jmuhtbg). Hbvbrteblbss, tebnr bcnssnmhspbr jfpntf frb lmwbr tefh temsb md gbvblmpbg jmuhtrnbs (stourb 6.66).Web gbvblmpbg jmuhtrnbs flsm frb rbspmhsnalb dmr fpprmxncftbly twm-tenrgs md teb juculftnvb bhbroy-rblftbg JM

1hmw nh teb ftcmspebrb.64

Ebfvy rblnfhjb mh jmfl jmcaustnmh fhg vbenjlb bcnssnmhs rbsult-nho drmc rfpng urafhnzftnmh frb teb cfnh grnvbrs md teb bhvnrmhcbh-tfl gfcfob. Web sjflb md tebsb bcnssnmh nhjrbfsbs efs rfnsbg cfimr

Dnourb 6.> Bfst Fsnf Efs Cfhy md _mrlgs Cmst Pmllutbg Jntnbs, 1002 (o/c:)

Zmurjbs9Futemrs afsbg mh gftf drmc Hftnmhfl Aurbfu md Ztftnstnjs md P.Q. Jenhf 1004; _EM 1004.

_fsenhotmh, GJ

Imefhhbsauro

Afhokmk

Cfhnlf

Cbxnjm Jnty

Ifkfrtf

Efhmn

Hbw Gblen

Abninho

Wfnyufh

Gftmho

Kfndbho

LndbhPfhzeneuf

Rlffhafftfr

0 20

_EM

stfhgfrg

600 620

PC60 (o/c:)

Jenhf fhg Cmhomlnfefvb teb cmst

pmllutbg jntnbs nh teb

wmrlg gub tm jmfl

jmcaustnmh

100 120 :00

64. _QN 1002.


51/178


52/178


Bhbroy Zbjurnty9 Ormwnho Qblnfhjb mh Mnl fhg Ofs Ncpmrtsfhg Dubl Prnjb Tmlftnlnty

Lncntbg mnl fhg ofs rbsmurjbs.Web Bfst Fsnf rbonmh efs f vbry lmwsefrb md teb wmrlgs mnl fhg ofs rbsmurjbshmt bhmuoe tm cbbt tebrbonmhs duturb hbbgs (stourb 6.61). Cbfsurbg nh rblftnmh tm jurrbhtprmgujtnmh (teb rbsbrvbs tm prmgujtnmh rftnm), teb rbonmhs mnlrbsmurjbs frb mhb-tenrg md teb wmrlg fvbrfob. Web rbonmhs ofs rb-sbrvbs tm prmgujtnmh rftnm frb lbss tefh efld md teb wmrlg fvbrfob(tfalb 6.6). Mh f pbr jfpntf afsns, teb rbonmhs mnl fhg ofs rbsbrvbs frbmhly 60 pbrjbht md teb wmrlg fvbrfob. Onvbh tebsb jnrjucstfhjbs, ofsprmgujtnmh nh teb rbonmh ns lnkbly tm pbfk fhg tebh dfll abdmrb 10:0.

Ofs rbsmurjbs, teb lbfst jframh nhtbhsnvb dmssnl dubl, vfry orbftly

wntenh teb rbonmh. Nhgmhbsnf efs teb lfrobst ofs rbsbrvbs fhg rb-smurjbs. Nhgmhbsnf fhg Cflfysnf frb 1 md teb rbonmhs lfrobst bxpmrt-brs md ofs, cbbtnho 70 pbrjbht20 pbrjbht md teb rbonmhfl gbcfhgtermuoe lnqubstbg hfturfl ofs (LHO) bxpmrts. Tnbthfc flsm efs lfrobpmtbhtnfl, fltemuoe ybt uhprmvbh, ofs rbsmurjbs fhg ns sbld-su jnbhtnh ofs supply. Jenhf fhg Wefnlfhg frb ofs ncpmrtbrs. Web Penlnppnhbsefs lncntbg ofs supply fhg wmulg hbbg tm ncpmrt ofs nh teb duturb.

Mppmrtuhntnbs dmr ofs trfgb vnf pnpblnhb wntenh teb rbonmh frb lnc-ntbg aut bxpfhgnho. Znhofpmrb ncpmrts drmc Nhgmhbsnf; fhg Wefn-lfhg drmc Cyfhcfr fhg, nh teb duturb, Cflfysnf. Wefnlfhg flsm cfy

abjmcb fh ncpmrtbr drmc Jfcamgnf mhjb teb lfttbrs ofs stblgs frbgbvblmpbg. Jenhf ns abjmcnho f snohnstjfht ncpmrtbr drmc JbhtrflFsnf fhg flsm cfy stfrt lfrob-sjflb ncpmrts drmc Qussnf. Emwbvbr,

Dnourb 6.61 Bfst Fsnfs Mnl fhg Ofs Qbsbrvbs Frb _bll ablmw _mrlg Fvbrfobs

Zmurjb9Futemrs afsbg mh gftf drmc AP 100>.

Aruhbn

Nhgmhbsnf

Fustrflnf

TnbthfcCflfysnf

Jenhf

Rhntbg Ztftbs

Qussnfh Dbgbrftnmh

Rhntbg Frfa

Tbhbzublf

Kuwfnt

Nrfq

Nrfh

Zfugn Frfanf

0 600

(anl afrrbls)

6.61(f) Mnl prmvbh rbsbrvbs 6.61(a) Ofs prmvbh rbsbrvbs

(trnllnmh ju c)

100 :00 0.0 60.0 10.0 :0.0 70.0

Wefnlfhg

Aruhbn

Pfpuf Hbw Ounhf

TnbthfcNhgnf

Cflfysnf

Jenhf

Fustrflnf

Nhgmhbsnf

Rhntbg Ztftbs

Zfugn Frfanf

Vftfr

Nrfh

Qussnfh Dbgbrftnmh 7:.:

1>.4

12.2

?.4

4.?

:.1

1.2

1.2

1.7

6.6

0.4

0.7

0.7

0.:

Bfst Fsnf fjjmuhts

dmr 1.:% md teb wmrlgs

prmvbh mnl rbsbrvb


53/178

Qbonmhfl Bhbroy Jefllbhobs ::

teb aulk md ofs trfgb nh teb bhtnrb Fsnf Pfjnstj rbonmh6?ns nh teb dmrcmd LHO, fhg tens ns lnkbly tm jmhtnhub.

Ofs gbcfhg efs abbh ormwnho rfpngly nh teb rbonmh ft fpprmxn-cftbly ? pbrjbht pbr ybfr. Ofs fjjmuhts dmr mhly ?.? pbrjbht md tebrbonmhfl bhbroy cnxlmw jmcpfrbg tm f wmrlgwngb fvbrfob md 17pbrjbht. Emwbvbr, tens fvbrfob engbs cfimr rbonmhfl gnffbrbhjbs.Nh Nhgmhbsnf, Cflfysnf, fhg Wefnlfhg, ofs cfkbs up 10 pbrjbht70pbrjbht md prncfry bhbroy supply. Ay jmcpfrnsmh, ofs jmcprnsbsmhly : pbrjbht md Jenhfs bhbroy supply. Onvbh nts mwh lncntbg ofs

rbsmurjb, dmr Jenhf tm snohnstjfhtly bxpfhg nts sefrb md ofs nh tmtflbhbroy, teb jmuhtry nhbvntfaly wnll abjmcb f cfimr ncpmrtbr, wenjewnll put fggntnmhfl prbssurb mh teb rbonmhs lncntbg rbsmurjbs.

Dubl swntjenho drmc jmfl tm ofs ns pfrtnjulfrly ncpmrtfht nh blbj-trnjnty obhbrftnmh. Web jurrbht pmwbr obhbrftnmh cnx nh Bfst Fsnf ns?: pbrjbht jmfl; > pbrjbht ofs; 67 pbrjbht eygrmblbjtrnj; fhg f lnttlbmvbr 6 pbrjbht bfje dmr mnl, hujlbfr pmwbr, fhg rbhbwfalbs. Emwbvbr,tens rbonmhfl pnjturb ns ebfvnly gmcnhftbg ay Jenhf, mvbr 50 pbrjbhtmd wemsb pmwbr ns obhbrftbg ay jmfl. Nh BFP2 jmuhtrnbs, jmfls sefrbmd pmwbr obhbrftnmh ns mhly 16 pbrjbht, cuje scfllbr tefh teb 2?

pbrjbht sefrb md ofs.Jurrbhtly, dmr afsb lmfg pmwbr obhbrftnmh, jmfl-strbg plfhts frb

lbfst jmst nh sthfhjnfl tbrcs. Cbfhwenlb, ofs-strbg plfhts cfy sthgtebcsblvbs nhjrbfsnholy uhjmcpbtntnvb, snhjb ofs prnjbs frb bxpbjt-bg tm nhjrbfsb nh rbfl tbrcs dfstbr tefh jmfl prnjbs. Jmfl-strbg plfhtsflsm mffbr f abttbr ebgob fofnhst mnl prnjb rnsk tefh ofs-strbg plfhts,abjfusb ofs prnjbs jmrrblftb strmholy wnte mnl prnjbs, aut jmfl prnjbsgm hmt. Webrbdmrb, tm arnho famut f orbftbr jefhob nh dubl sefrbs,strc pmlnjnbs ay omvbrhcbhts, suje fs teb nhjmrpmrftnmh md bhvnrmh-cbhtfl bxtbrhfl jmsts nhtm jmfl prnjnho, wnll ab rbqunrbg.

6?. Nhjlugnho teb cfimr enoe-nhjmcb, ncpmrtnho bjmhmcnbs md Ifpfh, teb Qbpualnj md Kmrbf,

fhg Wfnwfh, Jenhf.

Wfalb 6.6 Ofs Qbsbrvbs, Prmgujtnmh, fhg Jmhsucptnmh nh Bfst Fsnf (ajc)

Ofs Qbsbrvbs Prmgujtnmh Jmhsucptnmh Ncpmrts

Jenhf 1722 ?4 56 2

BFP2 4277 6?: 66? 24

Nhgmhbsnf :657 ?0 :5 :1

Cflfysnf 1:5? 4: :6 :1

Penlnppnhbs 661 : : 0

Wefnlfhg :07 1> :? 5

Tnbthfc 22? 5 5 0

Zmurjb9Futemrs afsbg mh gftf drmc AP 100>.


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Mnl fhg ofs ncpmrts.Mvbr tncb, Jenhf fhg Nhgmhbsnf efvb abjmcbcmrb vulhbrfalb tm mnl. Znhjb 6>>2 fhg 1000, rbspbjtnvbly, teby efvbabjmcb hbt mnl ncpmrtbrs (stourb 6.6:). Cflfysnf fhg Tnbthfc efvbcfnhtfnhbg f stfalb lbvbl md mnl sbld-su jnbhjy. Mvbr teb pfst twmgbjfgbs, Wefnlfhg efs gbjrbfsbg nts gbpbhgbhjb mh mnl ncpmrts, fhgteb rmlb md mnl efs gncnhnsebg nh teb Penlnppnhbs bhbroy cnx.

Jmcpfrbg tm nts mnl vulhbrfanlnty, teb rbonmh ns cuje lbss vulhbr-falb tm ofs (stourb 6.67). Web rbfsmh ns teft ofs stnll rbprbsbhts f rblf-tnvbly scfll sefrb md teb bhbroy cnx nh Jenhf, teb Penlnppnhbs, fhg


Dnourb 6.6: Qblnfhjb mh Mnl Ncpmrts Efs Ormwh nh Cmst Bfst Fsnfh Jmuhtrnbs mvbr tebLfst 12 ^bfrs, 6>501004 (%)

Mnlncpmrts/mnlsupply(%)

600

20

0

20

600

620

100

120

:00Jenhf Cflfysnf Penlnppnhbs Wefnlfhg TnbthfcNhgmhbsnf

6>50

1004

Dnourb 6.67 Bfst Fsnf Jmhtfnhs Olmafl Lbfgnho Ofs Bxpmrtbrs fhg Ns Lbss Tulhbrfalb

tm Ofs Ncpmrts, 6>501004 (%)


O

fsncpmrts/ofssupply(%)

20

0

20

600

620

100

120Jenhf Cflfysnf Penlnppnhbs Wefnlfhg TnbthfcNhgmhbsnf

6>50

1004


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Qbonmhfl Bhbroy Jefllbhobs :2

Tnbthfc. Nhgmhbsnf fhg Cflfysnf frb teb wmrlgs lbfgnho ofs

bxpmrtbrs. Nh tebsb twm jmuhtrnbs, ofs fjjmuhts dmr f snohnstjfhtsefrb md teb tmtfl prncfry bhbroy supply. Mhly Wefnlfhg efs sncnlfrpfttbrhs md mnl fhg ofs vulhbrfanlnty. Websb stourbs nhgnjftb snohnst-jfht rmmc dmr teb pmssnalb bxpfhsnmh md ofs usb nh teb rbonmh nh rb-spmhsb tm bhbroy sbjurnty fhg bhvnrmhcbhtfl jmhjbrhs, aut uhgbrteb jmhstrfnhts md lmjflly fvfnlfalb rbsmurjbs fhg lmho-tbrc cfronhfljmsts md ofs prmgujtnmh fhg trfhspmrt.

Dubl prnjb vmlftnlnty.Nts lncntbg mnl fhg ofs rbsmurjbs ncply teft tebrbonmh wnll rbly nhjrbfsnholy mh mnl fhg ofs ncpmrts tm cbbt nts ormw-nho bhbroy hbbgs. Web Bfst Fsnfh jmuhtrnbs frb flrbfgy snohnstjfhtbhbroy trfgbrs fhg nhjlugb smcb md teb wmrlgs lfrobst bxpmrtbrs fhgncpmrtbrs. Webnr bhbroy trfgnho, nh turh, cfkbs tebsb jmuhtrnbscmrb vulhbrfalb tm nhtbrhftnmhfl dubl prnjb vmlftnlnty, wenje cfhy mdtebc sthg pmlntnjflly gn jult tm pfss mh tm jmhsucbrs (stourb 6.62).

Dnourb 6.62 Mnl fhg Ofs Prnjbs Enoely Tmlftnlb nh Pfst Gbjfgb, 6>>>100> ($/OI)

Zmurjbs9Futemrs jfljulftnmhs afsbg mh gftf drmc NBF dmr mnl, ettp9//tmhtm.bnf.gmb.omv/ghfv/pbt/pbt]prn]wjm]

k]w.etc; Guafn Dftfe jrugb; OlmaflJMFL dmr jmfl, ettp9//www.olmafljmfl.jmc/gbdfult.jdc; HB_J nhgbx (Hbw-

jfstlb, Fustrflnf); fhg NBF fhg Pbtrmlbuc Fssmjnftnmh md Ifpfh, ettp9//www.pfi.or.ip/bholnse/nhgbx.etcl, dmr

Ifpfh LHO.

$/OI(hmcnhflprnjb)

12

10

62

60

2

0

Ifh >> Ifh 06 Ifh 0: Ifh 02 Ifh 0? Ifh 0>

Ofs (LHO Ifpfh)

Mnl (Guafl Dftfe)

Jmfl (Hbwjfstlb)


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1BhbroyZjbhfrnms

Kby cbssfobs9Web stugy uhgbrlynho tens rbpm

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Winds of Change: East Asia's Sustainable Energy Future