44
repeatedly or repeatedly or persistently takes persistently takes part in firing it, part in firing it, some growth some growth process or process or metabolic change metabolic change takes place in one takes place in one or both cells so or both cells so that A’s that A’s efficiency as one efficiency as one of the cells of the cells firing B is firing B is increased” increased” Hebb 1949 Hebb 1949

When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

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Page 1: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

““when an axon of cell A when an axon of cell A excites cell B and excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some takes part in firing it, some growth process or growth process or metabolic change takes metabolic change takes place in one or both cells so place in one or both cells so that A’s efficiency as one of that A’s efficiency as one of the cells firing B is the cells firing B is increased”increased”

Hebb 1949Hebb 1949

Page 2: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

Hebbian plasticityHebbian plasticity

Page 3: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

AplysiaAplysia

californicacalifornica

dotata di circa 20000 neuroni...

Page 4: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

abituazione del riflesso di abituazione del riflesso di retrazione della branchiaretrazione della branchia

Page 5: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

facilitazione facilitazione presinaptica nella presinaptica nella sensibilizzazione sensibilizzazione del riflesso di del riflesso di retrazione della retrazione della branchiabranchia

Page 6: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

condizionamento classicocondizionamento classico

Page 7: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

apprendimentoapprendimento

apprendimento non associativoapprendimento non associativo esposizione ripetuta a un singolo tipo di esposizione ripetuta a un singolo tipo di

stimolostimolo esempi:esempi: abituazioneabituazione sensibilizzazionesensibilizzazione

apprendimento associativoapprendimento associativo relazione fra stimoli o relazione fra stimolo e relazione fra stimoli o relazione fra stimolo e

rispostarisposta esempi:esempi: condizionamento classicocondizionamento classico condizionamento operantecondizionamento operante

Page 8: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

squire & knowltonmemoria

dichiarativa(esplicita)

non dichiarativa(implicita)

fatti eventi

ippocampolobo temporale mediale

diencefalo

memoriaepisodica

memoriasemantica

Page 9: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

hippocampus

Page 10: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

patient HM

Page 11: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

squire & knowltonmemoria

dichiarativa(esplicita)

non dichiarativa(implicita)

fatti eventi

priming

apprendimentoassociativoelementare

apprendimentonon associativo

risposteemotive

muscolaturascheletrica

ippocampolobo temporale mediale

diencefalo

striatocorteccia motoria

cervelletto

neocorteccia

amigdala

cervelletto

vie riflesse

abilitàabitudini

Page 12: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

declarative declarative memorymemory

proceduralproceduralor reflexive or reflexive

memorymemory

explicit explicit memorymemory

implicit implicit memorymemory

knowledgeknowledge skills and skills and habitshabits

Two forms of memoryTwo forms of memory

Page 13: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

L’apprendimento nel sistema visivoL’apprendimento nel sistema visivo

Page 14: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

Cartelli stradaliCartelli stradali

Page 15: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

pedonipedoni

Page 16: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

Basi neuronali dell’associazione fra stimoli Basi neuronali dell’associazione fra stimoli visivivisivi

studio di registrazione di singole unità neuronali studio di registrazione di singole unità neuronali nella corteccia visiva inferotemporale del primate, nella corteccia visiva inferotemporale del primate, durante l’apprendimento durante l’apprendimento

Page 17: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

Visual Paired Associate LearningVisual Paired Associate Learning

• In this task, monkeys In this task, monkeys are required to learn are required to learn that two stimuli belong that two stimuli belong together.together.

• They are given a They are given a sample stimulus and sample stimulus and then choose the paired then choose the paired stimulus in order to stimulus in order to receive a food reward.receive a food reward.

sample

associatedistracter

rewarddelay choicesample

time

Page 18: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

Responses are Similar to Paired StimuliResponses are Similar to Paired Stimuli

bg691102

20 Hz

Predictor

Choicepair 3 pair 4 pair 5

One neuron’s responses to pairs of stimuli

predictor choice predictor choice predictor choice

Page 19: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

Correlation analysis on neuron from previous slide

11 17 23 29 34 4011

17

23

29

34

40

46

Predictor (Hz)

Cho

ice

(Hz)

r = 0.85

Actual correlation

-1 1

r value

Per

cent

of

occu

rren

ces

0

05

10

15

20

25Shuffled correlations

bg691102

r = 0.85z = 2.31

0

Page 20: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

Neuronal Correlates of Paired Associate LearningNeuronal Correlates of Paired Associate Learning

Stronger correlations for familiar stimuli

Familiar

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

-1.0 1.0Pearson correlation r

(n = 121)Mean r = 0.145

Novel

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Per

cent

of

neur

ons

(n = 66)Mean r = -0.002

-1.0 1.0Pearson correlation r

0.0 0.0

Erickson & Desimone (1999), Journal of Neuroscience

Page 21: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

imparare a identificare e discriminare stimoli imparare a identificare e discriminare stimoli con rapidità e accuratezza progressivamente con rapidità e accuratezza progressivamente crescenticrescenti

Page 22: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

pedonipedoni

Page 23: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

RadiografiaRadiografia

Page 24: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one
Page 25: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

apprendimento percettivoapprendimento percettivo

enfasi sulla ripetizione di un compito enfasi sulla ripetizione di un compito estremamente semplice dal punto di vista estremamente semplice dal punto di vista cognitivo, ma difficile dal punto di vista cognitivo, ma difficile dal punto di vista percettivo.percettivo.

alla caccia di un aumento di sensibilità del alla caccia di un aumento di sensibilità del sistema verso gli stimoli utilizzati, non di un sistema verso gli stimoli utilizzati, non di un miglioramento nella strategia.miglioramento nella strategia.

Page 26: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

un tipico compito di apprendimento percettivoun tipico compito di apprendimento percettivo

Page 27: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

curve di curve di apprendimentoapprendimento

Page 28: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

manipolazione delle proprietà dello stimolomanipolazione delle proprietà dello stimolo

Page 29: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

specificità di apprendimentospecificità di apprendimento

Page 30: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

V1

PG Cortex

Rostral STS

DP

VIP

LIP

7a

PP

MSTc

MSTp

FSTPO

V3A

MT

TPO

PGa

IPa

TEa

TEm

STP

V1 V2

V3V4

TEO

VTFTE

TG

36,35

MTp

PG

TE

46

8

45

12

11,13

LIP,VIP,DP,7a

V2,V3,V4,MT,MST

TEO,TE

TE,TG

Prefrontal Cortex

TF7a

28 HIPP

TF

36,35,28

TE

STP

PARIETAL - "WHERE"

OCCIPITAL

TEMPORAL - "WHAT"

FRONTAL

dove viene “appreso” il compito?dove viene “appreso” il compito?

Page 31: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

dimensioni dei campi recettividimensioni dei campi recettiviV1V1

V2V2

V4V4

TEOTEO

TETE

Page 32: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

campi recettivi “dorsali”campi recettivi “dorsali”

MTMTMSTMST

Page 33: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

compiti utilizzati in esperimenti di APcompiti utilizzati in esperimenti di AP

stereopsi e stereoacuitàstereopsi e stereoacuità iperacuitàiperacuità frequenze spazialifrequenze spaziali direzione di movimentodirezione di movimento orientamentoorientamento discriminazione di tessiturediscriminazione di tessiture

Page 34: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

texture-defined targettexture-defined target

Page 35: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

leftward shift of leftward shift of psychometric psychometric curvescurves

Page 36: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

specificità per...specificità per...

posizione retinotopica del targetposizione retinotopica del target orientamento degli elementi del backgroundorientamento degli elementi del background occhio utilizzato durante l’addestramentoocchio utilizzato durante l’addestramento

Page 37: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

dinamica temporale dell’apprendimentodinamica temporale dell’apprendimento

rapido miglioramento iniziale...rapido miglioramento iniziale... ...seguito da miglioramento ...seguito da miglioramento

lento e progressivolento e progressivo stabilità nel tempo della capacità stabilità nel tempo della capacità

acquisita con la praticaacquisita con la pratica latenza fra latenza fra trainingtraining e e

miglioramento nelle prestazionimiglioramento nelle prestazioni

Page 38: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

compiti utilizzati in esperimenti di APcompiti utilizzati in esperimenti di AP

stereopsi e stereoacuitàstereopsi e stereoacuità iperacuitàiperacuità frequenze spazialifrequenze spaziali direzione di movimentodirezione di movimento orientamentoorientamento discriminazione di tessiturediscriminazione di tessiture

Page 39: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

long-term, experience-dependent changes long-term, experience-dependent changes in adult primary visual cortexin adult primary visual cortex

““We suggest [...] local, retinal input-dependent We suggest [...] local, retinal input-dependent modifications of the neuronal connections between modifications of the neuronal connections between orientation-selective cells and gradient-sensitive orientation-selective cells and gradient-sensitive cells in area 17”cells in area 17”

Page 40: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

discorsodiscorso

nella ricerca del substrato neuronale nella ricerca del substrato neuronale dell’apprendimento, un punto cruciale è:dell’apprendimento, un punto cruciale è:

quale livello di elaborazione quale livello di elaborazione contienecontiene la la rappresentazione dello stimolo necessaria e rappresentazione dello stimolo necessaria e sufficiente per la sua identificazione?sufficiente per la sua identificazione?

può tale livello essere può tale livello essere trasferitotrasferito??

Page 41: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

V1

PG Cortex

Rostral STS

DP

VIP

LIP

7a

PP

MSTc

MSTp

FSTPO

V3A

MT

TPO

PGa

IPa

TEa

TEm

STP

V1 V2

V3V4

TEO

VTFTE

TG

36,35

MTp

PG

TE

46

8

45

12

11,13

LIP,VIP,DP,7a

V2,V3,V4,MT,MST

TEO,TE

TE,TG

Prefrontal Cortex

TF7a

28 HIPP

TF

36,35,28

TE

STP

PARIETAL - "WHERE"

OCCIPITAL

TEMPORAL - "WHAT"

FRONTAL

dove viene “appreso” il compito?dove viene “appreso” il compito?

Page 42: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

alla ricerca della “migliore” alla ricerca della “migliore” rappresentazione dello stimolorappresentazione dello stimolo

V1?V1?

V2?V2?

Page 43: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

alla ricerca della “migliore” alla ricerca della “migliore” rappresentazione dello stimolorappresentazione dello stimolo

V4?V4?

Page 44: When an axon of cell A excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one

face expression recognitionface expression recognition

TE?TE?