What is biology?1 Internet

Collecting Biological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Ecology2 Design Your Own

How can one population affect another? . . . . . 58

3 Investigate Succession in a Jar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4 Investigate How can you determine the size of an animal population? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

5 Internet Researching Information on Exotic Pets . . . . . 126

The Life of a Cell6 Design Your Own

Does temperature affect an enzyme reaction?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

7 Investigate Observing and Comparing Different Cell Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

8 Investigate Where is mitosis most common?. . . . . . . . . . . 214

9 InternetWhat factors influence photosynthesis? . . . . . 238

Genetics10 Internet

How can phenotypes and genotypes of plants be determined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

11 Investigate RNA Transcription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

12 Design Your Own What is the pattern of cytoplasmic inheritance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

13 Investigate Modeling Recombinant DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Change Through Time14 Investigate

Determining a Rock’s Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

15 InternetNatural Selection and Allelic Frequency . . . . . 414

16 Investigate Comparing Skulls of Three Primates . . . . . . . . 436

17 Investigate Making a Dichotomous Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi18 Design Your Own

How sensitive are bacteria to antibiotics? . . . 496

19 Design Your Own How do Paramecium and Euglenarespond to light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

20 InternetDoes temperature affect yeast metabolism?. . . 544

Working in the lab is an enjoyable part of biology. BIOLABS giveyou an opportunity to do the work of a biologist and develop

your own plans for studying a question or problem. Whether you’redesigning experiments or following well-tested procedures, you’ll havefun doing these lab activities.

xivTesting enzyme reaction, p. 164

Two rabbit phenotypes, p. 415

(t)Photodisc, (b)Matt Meadows

Plants21 Design Your Own

How can you make a key for identifying conifers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

22 Internet Researching Trees on the Internet. . . . . . . . . . 598

23 InternetDetermining the Number of Stomata on a Leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

24 Investigate Examining the Organs of a Flower . . . . . . . . . 658

Invertebrates25 Internet

Zebra Fish Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

26 Investigate Observing Planarian Regeneration . . . . . . . . . 714

27 Design Your Own How do earthworms respond to their environment?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

28 Design Your Own Will salt concentration affect brine shrimp hatching? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756

29 Investigate Observing and Comparing Echinoderms . . . . . 776

Vertebrates30 Investigate

Making a Dichotomous Key for Amphibians. . . 810

31 Design Your Own Which egg shape is best? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834

32 InternetAdaptations in Breeds of Dogs . . . . . . . . . . . . 852

33 Investigate Behavior of a Snail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874

The Human Body34 Design Your Own

Does fatigue affect the ability to perform an exercise? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910

35 Investigate The Action of the Enzyme Amylase on Breakfast Cereals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936

36 Design Your Own What drugs affect the heart rate of Daphnia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964

37 Investigate Measuring Respiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988

38 Investigate What hormone is produced by an embryo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016

39 Internet Information on Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042

xv

Cones, p. 571

Female spruce cone, p. 571

(l)Scott Nielsen/DRK Photo, (r)Michel Viard/Peter Arnold, Inc.

What is biology?1.1 Observe

Predicting Whether Mildew Is Alive . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2 InvestigateTesting for Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.3 Observe and InferHatching Dinosaurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Ecology2.1 Experiment

Salt Tolerance of Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.2 Observe and InferDetecting Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

3.1 ObserveLooking at Lichens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.2 Compare and ContrastMarine Plankton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.1 Make and Use TablesFruit Fly Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

4.2 Use NumbersDoubling Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

5.1 Measure Species DiversityField Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

5.2 InvestigateConservation of Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

The Life of a Cell6.1 Experiment

Determine pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

6.2 Apply ConceptsInvestigate the Rate of Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

7.1 Measure in SIMeasuring Objects Under a Microscope . . . . . 173

7.2 ExperimentCell Organelles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

8.1 Formulate ModelsCell Membrane Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

8.2 Compare and Contrast Seeing Asters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

9.1 Experiment Separating Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

9.2 Formulate ModelsUse Isotopes to Understand Photosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

9.3 PredictDetermine if Apple Juice Ferments . . . . . . . . . 236

Genetics10.1 Observe and Infer

Looking at Pollen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

10.2 Formulate ModelsModeling Crossing Over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

11.1 PredictTranscribe and Translate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

11.2 Make and Use TablesGene Mutations and Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

12.1 Analyze InformationIllustrating a Pedigree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

12.2 Observe and InferDetecting Colors and Patterns in Eyes . . . . . . 327

13.1 Apply ConceptsMatching Restriction Enzymes to Cleavage Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

13.2 Use NumbersStoring the Human Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Do you often ask how, what, or why about the living world around you?Sometimes it takes just a little time to find out the answers for your-

self. These short activities can be tried on your own at home or with helpfrom a teacher at school. When you’re feeling inquisitive, try a MINILAB.

xvi Freshwater pond, p. 36Marc Epstein/DRK Photo

xvii

Change Through Time14.1 Observe and Infer

Marine Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

14.2 Organize DataA Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

15.1 Formulate ModelsCamouflage Provides an Adaptive Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

15.2 Collect DataDetecting a Variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

16.1 InferHow useful is an opposable thumb?. . . . . . . . 425

16.2 Analyze InformationCompare Human Proteins with Those of Other Primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

17.1 ClassifyUsing a Dichotomous Key in a Field Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

17.2 Classify Using a Cladogram to Show Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, andFungi18.1 Measure in SI

Measuring a Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

18.2 ObserveBacteria Have Different Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . 490

19.1 Observe and InferObserving Ciliate Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

19.2 ObserveGoing On an Algae Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

20.1 Observe and InferGrowing Mold Spores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

20.2 ClassifyExamining Mushroom Gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

Plants21.1 Apply Concepts

Examining Land Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

21.2 Compare and ContrastLooking at Modern and Fossil Plants . . . . . . . 566

22.1 ExperimentIdentifying Fern Sporangia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

22.2 Compare and ContrastComparing Seed Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

23.1 ObserveExamining Plant Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

23.2 Compare and ContrastObserving Leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

24.1 ExperimentGrowing Plants Asexually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

24.2 ObserveLooking at Germinating Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

Invertebrates25.1 Observe and Infer

Observing Animal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . 675

25.2 Observe and InferCheck Out a Vinegar Eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

26.1 ObserveWatching Hydra Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

26.2 ObserveObserving the Larval Stage of Trichinella . . . . 712

27.1 Compare and ContrastIdentifying Mollusks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726

27.2 Interpret Scientific DiagramsA Different View of an Earthworm . . . . . . . . . 730

28.1 Compare and ContrastLobster Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743

28.2 Compare and ContrastComparing Patterns of Metamorphosis . . . . . 754

29.1 Observe and InferExamining Pedicellariae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

29.2 ObserveExamining a Lancelet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

xvii

Color-enhanced TEMMagnification: 180 000�

Polio virus, p. 476

Anthophyte leaves, p. 446

(t)Runk-Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, (b)Oliver Meckes/e.o.s./Gelderblom/Photo Researchers

xviii

Vertebrates30.1 Observe and Infer

Structure and Function of Fishes’ Gills . . . . . . 795

30.2 Compare and ContrastFrog and Tadpole Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . 806

31.1 Compare and ContrastComparing Feathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827

31.2 Compare and ContrastFeeding the Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

32.1 Compare and ContrastAnatomy of a Tooth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

32.2 ObserveMammal Skeletons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

33.1 ExperimentTesting an Isopod’s Response to Light . . . . . . 860

33.2 ExperimentSolving a Puzzle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870

The Human Body34.1 Compare

Examine Your Fingerprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

34.2 InterpretExamining Muscle Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . 907

35.1 Interpret DataEvaluate a Bowl of Soup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927

35.2 ObserveCompare Thyroid and Parathyroid Tissue . . . . 934

36.1 ExperimentDistractions and Reaction Time . . . . . . . . . . . . 948

36.2 Analyze InformationInterpret a Drug Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959

37.1 ExperimentChecking Your Pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981

37.2 ExperimentTesting Simulated Urine for Glucose . . . . . . . . 987

38.1 Observe and InferExamining Sperm, Egg, and Early Embryonic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006

38.2 Make and Use GraphsMaking a Graph of Fetal Size . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010

39.1 ExperimentTesting How Diseases Are Spread . . . . . . . . . 1028

39.2 Observe and InferDistinguishing Blood Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035

Color-enhanced LMMagnification: 16�Parathyroid and thyroid

tissue, p. 934

Tadpoles, p. 803

What is biology?1.1 Analyze Information

Are promotional claims valid?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.2 Make and Use GraphsWhat can be learned from a graph? . . . . . . . . . 20

Ecology2.1 Interpret Data

How does an abiotic factor affect food production? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.2 Apply ConceptsHow can you organize trophic level information? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.1 Interpret Scientific IllustrationsHow do you distinguish between primary and secondary succession? . . . . . . . . . 68

3.2 Analyze InformationHow does oxygen vary in a tide pool? . . . . . . . 72

4.1 PredictHow rapidly can bacteria reproduce? . . . . . . . . 95

4.2 Make and Use GraphsHow is world population changing? . . . . . . . . 101

5.1 Interpret DataDoes species extinction correlate to land area? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

5.2 Think CriticallyWhy are conservation efforts sometimes controversial? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

The Life of a Cell6.1 Interpret Scientific Illustrations

What can be learned by studying the nucleus of an atom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

6.2 Use NumbersWhy does ice float? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

7.1 Recognize Cause and EffectIs the plasma membrane a selective barrier?. . . 176

7.2 Interpret the DataWhat organelle directs cell activity? . . . . . . . . 180

8.1 Draw ConclusionsWhat happens to the surface area of a cell as its volume increases?. . . . . . . . . . . 203

8.2 Observe and InferHow does the length of the cell cycle vary? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

8.3 Interpret DataHow does the incidence of cancer vary?. . . . . 212

9.1 Recognize Cause and EffectWhy is fat the choice? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

9.2 Acquire InformationCellular respiration or fermentation? . . . . . . . 235

Genetics10.1 Analyze Information

Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

10.2 Interpret Scientific IllustrationsCan you identify homologous chromosomes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

11.1 Interpret the DataWhat does chemical analysis reveal about DNA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

11.2 Formulate ModelsHow many nitrogenous bases determine an amino acid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

11.3 Make and Use TablesWhat type of mutation results in sickle-cell anemia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

12.1 Apply ConceptsWhat are the chances? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

12.2 PredictHow is coat color in rabbits inherited? . . . . . . 318

12.3 Draw a ConclusionHow is Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy inherited?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

Sharpen up your pencil and your wit because you’ll needthem to solve these PROBLEM-SOLVING LABS. These labs

offer a unique opportunity to evaluate another scientist’sexperiments and data without lab bench cleanup.

xixxix

13.1 Design an ExperimentWhen is a test cross practical?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

13.2 Think CriticallyHow might gene transfer be verified? . . . . . . 347

13.3 Apply ConceptsHow is identification made from a DNA fingerprint? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Change Through Time14.1 Think Critically

Could ferns have lived in Antarctica? . . . . . . . 372

14.2 Interpret DataCan a clock model Earth’s history? . . . . . . . . . 384

15.1 Interpret DataHow can natural selection be observed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

16.1 Use NumbersHow do primate infants and adults compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

16.2 Apply ConceptsHow similar are Neandertals and humans? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

17.1 Draw a ConclusionIs the red wolf a separate species? . . . . . . . . . 447

17.2 Use GraphsHow many species are there in each kingdom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi18.1 Analyze Information

What type of virus causes disease?. . . . . . . . . 480

18.2 HypothesizeCan you get food poisoning from eating home-canned foods? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

19.1 Draw a ConclusionHow do digestive enzymes function in paramecia?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

19.2 Recognize Cause and EffectWhy is the number of red tides increasing? . . 514

19.3 PredictWhat changes occur during a slime mold’s life cycle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

20.1 Analyze InformationWhy are chestnut trees so rare? . . . . . . . . . . . 534

20.2 Think CriticallyWhat’s inside a lichen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

Plants21.1 Analyze Information

How do gametophytes and sporophytes compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

21.2 Apply ConceptsWhat trend in size is seen with gametophyte and sporophyte generations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

22.1 Interpret DataDo bryophytes grow in South Texas? . . . . . . . 578

22.2 Apply ConceptsIs water needed for fertilization? . . . . . . . . . . 584

23.1 Apply ConceptsWhat happens if vascular tissue is interrupted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

23.2 Draw ConclusionsWhat factors influence the rate of transpiration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

23.3 Draw a ConclusionHow do plant stems respond to light? . . . . . . 624

24.1 Make and Use TablesWhat characteristics do mosses, ferns, and conifers share? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

24.2 Interpret Scientific IllustrationsHow do flowers differ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

xx

Guinea pig, p. 339

Mak-1

Invertebrates25.1 Interpret Scientific Diagrams

How important is the first cell division in frog development? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676

25.2 ClassifyIs symmetry associated with other animal traits? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

26.1 Apply ConceptsWhy are there more species of marine sponges than freshwater sponges? . . . 695

26.2 Interpret DataWhat ocean conditions limit the number of coral species? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704

26.3 PredictWhich came first? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707

26.4 Interpret DataCan nematodes control weevil damage to plants? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

27.1 Observe and InferHow do freshwater clams reproduce? . . . . . . 724

27.2 ClassifyWhen is it an annelid?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

28.1 Use NumbersHow many are there? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746

29.1 Design an ExperimentWhat makes sea cucumbers release gametes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768

29.2 Interpret Scientific IllustrationsWhat does a slice through an invertebrate chordate show? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775

Vertebrates30.1 Think Critically

Why is having a lateral line system important?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796

31.1 Analyze InformationWhere are the most endangered bird species? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

32.1 Analyze InformationWhich animal has the longest digestive system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

33.1 Design an ExperimentIs hibernation an innate or learned behavior? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

33.2 Interpret DataDo birds learn how to sing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872

The Human Body34.1 Recognize Cause and Effect

How does your body respond to too much heat? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896

34.2 Make and Use TablesHow does bone density differ between the sexes?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903

34.3 Compare and ContrastHow are skin, bone, and muscle cells different? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906

35.1 SequenceHow is digestion affected if the gallbladder is removed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922

35.2 Use NumbersWhat is BMI? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928

35.3 Interpret DataHow does exercise affect levels of insulin and glucagon?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 932

36.1 Interpret and AnalyzeWhen are loud sounds dangerous to our hearing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954

36.2 Formulate ModelsHow do different drugs affect the levels of neurotransmitters in synapses?. . . . . . . . . . . . 957

37.1 Interpret DataHow do inhaled and exhaled air compare? . . . 973

37.2 Analyze InformationHow are electrocardiograms analyzed? . . . . . 983

38.1 Apply ConceptsWhat happens when the menstrual cycle is not exactly 28 days? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003

38.2 Interpret DataHow can pregnant women reduce certain birth defects? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011

39.1 Design an ExperimentHow does the herpes simplex virus spread? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027

39.2 Analyze InformationGet a shot or get the disease?. . . . . . . . . . . . 1040

xxi

Orange sea cucumber, p. 768

Chapter1 Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2 The Carbon Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3 A Tropical Rain Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

4 Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

6 Action of Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

7 Comparing Animal and Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . 186

8 Chromosome Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

9 The Calvin Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229The Citric Acid Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

10 Chromosome Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

11 Copying DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

12 The ABO Blood Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

13 Gel Electrophoresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

14 The Fossilization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

17 Life’s Six Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

18 A Typical Bacterial Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

19 A Paramecium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

20 The Life of a Mushroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

22 Pine Needles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

23 A Plant’s Body Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

24 Identifying Organs of a Flower . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

25 Cell Differentiation in Animal Development . . . 678

26 A Sponge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694A Cnidarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699A Planarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708

27 A Snail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723An Earthworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

28 A Spider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749A Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752

29 A Sea Star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766A Tunicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

30 A Bony Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801A Frog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804

31 An Amniotic Egg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

32 A Mammal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846

34 The Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894A Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908

35 Your Mouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919

36 The Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953

37 Your Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982

38 Sex Cell Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001

39 Immune Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034

As you study biology, you will discover that someconcepts are better explained by detailed illustra-

tions. The INSIDE STORY features display elaborate dia-grams with step-by-step explanations of complex struc-tures or processes in biology. They are designed to help you remember some important details of biology.

xxii

Snail, p. 723

Gibbon, p. 422

xxiii

Conservation of Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Conservation of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Salinity and Density of a Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Environmental Impact of Generating Electricity . . . . . . . . 118Wave Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Chemical Bonding and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . 148The Structure of Water Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Density of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Lenses and the Refraction of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Solubility and the Nature of Solute and Solvent . . . . . . . . 177Conservation of Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Gamma Radiation as a Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296Movement of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Classify Everyday Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Interaction of Light and Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Movement of Landmasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564Forces Exerted by Seedlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655Newton’s Third Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727Polarized Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744Buoyancy and Density of Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800Newton’s Third Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828Movement of Heat Through Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841Teeth as Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843Movement of Heat from the Skin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897Joints and Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899Wave Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904Muscles Doing Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907Physical and Chemical Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918Nerve Impulses and Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

in Everyday Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971

Physical Science Connections

It may not have occurred to you that biology is connected to allyour courses. In the connections, learn how biology is connected to

art, literature, and other subjects. Learn more at bdol.glencoe.com.

Connection to MathA Solution from Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Mathematics and Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Connection to PhysicsHydraulics of Sea Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

X Rays—The Painless Probe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912

Connection to HealthSkin Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Medicines from Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

Connection to ChemistryPolymers for People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Plant Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Painkiller Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

Connection to Earth ScienceThe Land Bridge to the New World. . . . . . . . . 438

Mollusks as Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736

Connection to ArtPhotographing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Red Poppy by Georgia O’Keeffe . . . . . . . . . . . 628

Connection to LiteratureOur National Parks by John Muir . . . . . . . . . . . 86

The Lives of a Cell by Lewis Thomas. . . . . . . . 190

Connection to Social StudiesQueen Victoria and Royal Hemophelia . . . . . . 332

The Dangers of Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546

Chapter1 Scientific Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060

3 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062

7 Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064

13 Selective Breeding of Cats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066

16 Primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068

17 Kingdoms of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070

18 Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074

21 Plants for People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076

28 Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080

31 Dinosaurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084

32 Placental Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086

36 Evolution of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090

Some topics of biology deserve more attention than oth-ers because they’re unusual, informative, or just plain

interesting. Here are several features that FOCUS ON thesefascinating topics. Learn more at bdol.glencoe.com/news.

Chapter1 Nature Preserve Interpreter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Science Reporter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

6 Weed/Pest Control Technician . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

9 Biochemist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

11 Genetic Counselor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

13 Forensic Analyst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

17 Biology Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

18 Dairy Farmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

22 Lumberjack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

24 Greens Keeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652

25 Marine Biologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

27 Microsurgeon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732

31 Wildlife Artist/Photographer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822

32 Animal Trainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

36 Pharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958

37 Registered Nurse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974

38 Midwife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014

xxiv

W hat can you do with a knowledge of biology? Why is biology so important to you? Knowing about

biology can start you on a journey into any one of theseexciting careers. Learn more at bdol.glencoe.com/careers.

Wildlife photographer, p. 822

Johnny Johnson/DRK Photo

Chapter1 Organic Food: Is it healthier? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2 The Everglades—Restoring an Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

14 The Origin of Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

18 SuperBugs Defy Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

22 Environment: Keeping a Balance. . . . . . . . . . . 600

26 Why are the corals dying?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

28 Gypsy Moths Move Westward . . . . . . . . . . . . 758

31 Illegal Wildlife Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836

32 What should be the role of modern zoos? . . . 854

35 Evaluate the Promise of Weight Loss as aPromotional Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938

37 Finding Transplant Donors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990

39 Destroy or Preserve? The Debate over Smallpox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044

Chapter6 The “Good” News and the “Bad” News

About Cholesterol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

11 Scanning Probe Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

13 New Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

17 Molecular Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

19 The Diversity of Diatoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

24 Hybrid Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

25 Mighty Mouse Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

33 Tracking Sea Turtles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876

36 Scanning the Mind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966

38 Human Growth Hormone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018

How does biology impact our society? How does biology affect whatyou eat, the world around you, and your future? Take this opportunity

to understand the many different sides of issues, and learn how biotechnol-ogy may affect your life. Learn more at bdol.glencoe.com/biology_societyand bdol.glencoe.com/biotechnology.

Healthy coral reef, p. 716