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What is a Spreadsheet?
• A spreadsheet consists of the following items– A worksheet divided into rows and columns
• 256 vertical columns & 65,535 horizontal rows
• Columns identified by letters (A, B, C, and so on)
• Rows are numbered (1, 2, 3, …)
– Cells An intersection of a row and column• Identified by their column letters followed by their row
numbers
– Numbers
– Labels
– Formulas
Anatomy of the WindowTitle bar
Workbookname RibbonMenu bar
Formula bar
Status Bar
Sheet tabs
Current sheet
Row heading
Active cell Columnheadings
Gridlines
Scroll bars
Entering Information into a cell
• Select cell where you want to type data
• Type a number, label, or formula
• Do any of the following– Press Enter– Click Green Check Mark next to formula bar– Press an arrow key to select a different cell– Click a different cell
Excel Concepts• Cell reference how we refer to a specific
cell.– A10 or Data!A10 or [Book2.xls]Sheet1!A10 or
C:\MyData\ [Book2.xls]Sheet1!A10
• Range A rectangular group of one or more cells– Referenced by top left cell separated from
bottom right reference by a colon.
More Concepts
• Selection– Range of cells, highlighted– Fill handle
• Formatting– The manner in which a cell entry is displayed
can be changed by formatting the cell.– Font, background, number of decimals,
scientific notation, horizontal and vertical positioning, borders
Examples• Filling in a Series of Numbers or a list of
dates
• Entering and Copying a Formula– All formulas begin with (=)– 3 + 4 * 2 11 or 14?– Refer to values in cells
• Copy vs. Move formula
Arithmetic Operator Order
• Negation (-)
• Exponentiation (^)
• Multiplication and division (*,/)
• Addition and subtraction (+,-)
Formatting your worksheet• Manually formatting your cells
– Number– Alignment– Font– Boarder– Patterns– Protection
More Formatting• Conditional Formatting
• Removing Formatting– Eraser too (Under editing)Clear Formats
• Adjusting column widths and row heights– With the mouse
Common Formula CalculationsOperator What it does Example Result
+ Addition =5+3.4 8.4
- Subtraction =54.2-2.1 52.1
* Multiplication =1.2*4 4.8
/ Division =25/5 5
% Percentage =42% 0.42
^ Exponentiation =4^3 64
= Equal =6=7 False
> Greater than =7>2 True
< Less than =9<8 False
>= Greater than or equal to
=45>=3 True
<= Less than or equal to =40<=2 False
<> Not equal to =5<>7 True
& Text concatenation =“Bo the ” & “Cat” Bo the Cat
Using cell references in formulas• Referencing a single cell
• =B5+B6
• AutoSum Σ– Sum, Average, Count, Max, Min
• Referencing two or more cells– Contiguous range =SUM(D3:D5)– Noncontiguous range SUM(D3,G5,X7)
Copying formulas• Excel changes the formula cell reference
automatically when for each row or column– Ctrl+C then Ctrl+V
• Editing a formula
• Ctrl+` to show all formulas
• Absolute, Relative, & Mixed References– $A$1, $A1, A$1, A1
Naming cells and ranges
• Name box
• Jumping to a named cell (downward-pointing arrow)
• Acts as an absolute reference
Picking a Function to Use
• Entering a Function Directly– Example =Sin(A1), =Pi(), =Degrees(A1),
=Radians(A1)
• Insert function button– Function Palette
• Entering Formulas by Pointing
Finding where a formula gets its data
• Formula Auditing toolbar– Tracing Precendents– Tracing Dependents– Adding Comments
Printing a Worksheet• Using Print Preview• Printing part of a worksheet
– Highlight cells that you want to print– Page LayoutPrint AreaSet Print Area
• Page Setup– Under print preview
• Portrait, Landscape, Fit to …
– Margins– Header/Footer
Modifying Worksheets
• Insert/Delete rows and columns
• Link worksheets w/ formulas
• Split a worksheet (under view tab)
Formulas• Editing a formula
• Ctrl+` to show all formulas
• Absolute, Relative, & Mixed References– $A$1, $A1, A$1, A1– Using named cells in formulas (names are
absolute references)
Picking a Function to Use
• Insert function button– Function Palette
• Function Arguments– =Pi()– =COS(Pi()) =SQRT(A2/2)– =ROUND(A2,2)– =SUM(A1:A10) or =SUM(A1:A10,B3,B4)
• Entering Formulas by Pointing
Commas separate each argument
Trig Functions
• Trig functions (always in radians)– RADIANS, DEGREES, SIN, COS, ATAN, …
• Exponential Functions– EXP, LN, LOG
• Rounding Functions– ABS, CEILING, EVEN, FLOOR, INT,
MROUND, ODD, ROUND, ROUNDDOWN, ROUNDUP, TRUNC
Errors in Formulas• ###### Column is too narrow• #DIV/0! Formula divides a number by zero.
Black cells have a value of zero• #NAME? Formula containes a function name
or cell that Excel does not recognize• #REF! Formula refers to a cell that is not valid• #VALUE! Formula refers to a cell that Excel
cannot use in calculation• Circular Reference Formula refers to the cell
containing the formula