8
a global assessment microplastics in the ocean Small pieces of plas-c, commonly referred to as microplas-cs, were first described in the early 1970s and are widespread in the ocean. Larger items made of plas-c, such as bags, rope and fishing nets, can have obvious direct impacts on marine life and society. But the effects of microplas-cs are more difficult to quan-fy. sources, fate & effects Microplas-c fragments from a beach in Hawaii © NOAA Marine Debris Programme Microplas-c fragments from the western North Atlan-c, collected using a towed plankton net © Giora Proskurowski , SEA This assessment should provide government, commerce, industry and society with a more reliable basis on which to base decisions.

WG40 brochure layout_v2

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

a g

lob

al a

sses

smen

t microplastics in the ocean

Small  pieces  of  plas-c,  commonly  referred  to  as  microplas-cs,  were  first  described  in  the  early  1970s  and  are  widespread  in  the  ocean.    

Larger  items  made  of  plas-c,  such  as  bags,  rope  and  fishing  nets,  can  have  obvious  direct  impacts  on  marine  life  and  society.  But  the  effects  of  microplas-cs  are  more  difficult  to  quan-fy.  

sources, fate & effects

Microplas-c  fragments  from  a  beach  in  Hawaii    ©  NOAA  Marine  Debris  Programme  

Microplas-c  fragments  from  the  western  North  Atlan-c,  collected  using  a  towed  plankton  net  ©  Giora  Proskurowski  ,  SEA  

This  assessment  should  provide  government,  commerce,  industry  and  society  with  a  more  reliable  basis  on  which  to  base  decisions.  

what are microplastics? Plas-cs  have  become  indispensible  in  many  areas  of  modern  life,  used  for  clothing,  storage,  transporta-on,  packaging,  construc-on  and  a  host  of  consumer  goods.  One  of  plas-c’s  greatest  proper-es,  its  durability,  is  also  one  of  the  main  reasons  that  plas-cs  present  a  threat  to  the  marine  environment.  The  risk  increases  as  long  as  plas-c  con-nues  to  enter  the  ocean.  The  term  microplas-cs  was  introduced  within  the  last  decade  to  describe  small  pieces  of  plas-c  found  in  the  ocean,  commonly  defined  as              <  5mm  in  diameter.  

Text  box  Secondary    microplas-cs  

The  first  scien-fic  paper  describing  small  plas-c  fragments,  found  floa-ng  in  the  northwest  Atlan-c,  was  published  in  1972.  However,  the  aWen-on  of  the  scien-fic  community  was  aroused  about  a  decade  ago.  Since  then  there  has  been  an  enormous  increase  in  publica-ons  about  many  different  aspects  of  microplas-c  distribu-on  and  behaviour.    

Year

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Num

ber o

f pub

licat

ions

0

10

20

30

40

50

Plastic pellets Microplastics

©  Sarah  Gall  

One  dis-nct  category  of  microplas-cs  are  plas-c  pellets.  These  represent  one  of  the  main  ways  of  transpor-ng  plas-cs  between  plas-cs  producers  and  companies  conver-ng  plas-cs  into  products.  Accidental  spillages  and  poor  handling  mean  that  plas-c  pellets  are  common  on  beaches,  especially  near  ports  and  industrialised  regions.  Plas-c  pellets  ©  Hideshige  Takada  

Plas-c  pellets  and  plas-c  par-cles  manufactured  for  par-cular  applica-ons,  such  as  cosme-c  products  and  abrasives,  are  oXen  called  ‘primary’  microplas-cs.  Microplas-cs  produced  as  a  result  of  fragmenta-on  from  larger  items  are  called  ‘secondary’  microplas-cs.  The  dis-nc-on  is  important  as  it  can  be  used  to  pin-­‐point  sources  and  target  reduc-on  measures.  

Microplas-cs  in  lips-ck    ©  Heather  Leslie  

scope:

Ø  key  sources  and  types  of  microplas-cs  

Ø  weathering  and  fragmenta-on  processes  

Ø  global  distribu-on  in  the  surface  ocean  using  observa-ons  and  circula-on  models  

Ø  physical  and  chemical  effects  on  marine  organisms  

Ø  social  aspects,  including  public  awareness  

Ø  key  challenges  and  recommenda-ons  

 

Ø  materials  science  Ø  marine  ecology  Ø  physiology  Ø  ocean  physics  Ø  ecotoxicology  Ø  chemistry  Ø  science-­‐policy    Ø  public  awareness  and  

communica-on    

expertise:

the origins of microplastics

GESAMP  was  asked  to  conduct  a  global  assessment,  based  on  published  informa-on,  of  the  sources,  fate  and  effects  of  microplas-cs  in  the  marine  environment.  GESAMP  (The  Joint  Group  of  Experts  on  the  Scien-fic  Aspects  of  Marine  Protec-on)  is  an  Inter-­‐Agency  body  of  the  United  Na-ons,  set  up  in  1969  to  provide  authorita-ve  and  independent  advice.  The  scope  was  defined  by  agreed  Terms  of  Reference  and  the  assessment  carried  out  by  a  Working  Group  (2012-­‐2014)  with  experts  from  a  wide  range  of  disciplines,  working  on  a  pro-­‐bono  basis.  

Plas-c,  a  type  of  synthe-c  polymer,  may  be  derived  from  fossil-­‐fuels  or  biomass.  Global  produc-on  is  dominated  by  a  few  well-­‐known  materials,  but  a  huge  range  of  plas-cs  with  differing  composi-ons  and  proper-es  are  manufactured  each  year.  Some  microplas-cs  are  manufactured  to  fulfill  par-cular  func-ons,  such  as  industrial  abrasives  or  in  domes-c  cleaning  and  cosme-c  products  such  as  toothpaste.  

The  forma-on  of  ‘secondary’  microplas-cs,  by  fragmenta-on  of  larger  ‘macro-­‐size’  debris,  is  influenced  by  a  combina-on  of  environmental  factors  and  the  proper-es  of  the  polymer.  

 

PE  –  polyethylene  PP  –  polypropylene  PS  –  polystyrene  PVC  –  polyvinyl  chloride  

PET  –  polyethylene  terephthalate  PU  –  polyurethane  SBR  –  styrene  butadiene  rubber  

the assessment

EPS  buoys  ©  Korea  Na-onal  Marine  Debris  Monitoring  program;  EPS  microplas-cs  -­‐  ©  Peter  Kershaw  

The  produc-on  of  microplas-cs  by  the  fragmenta-on  of  larger  plas-c  items  is  most  effec-ve  on  beaches,  with  high  UV  irradia-on  and  physical  abrasion  by  waves.  Once  submerged,  cooler  temperatures  and  reduced  UV  means  fragmenta-on  becomes  extremely  slow.  

Macro-­‐sized  debris  accounts  for  the  larger  por-on  of  plas-c  in  the  ocean  by  mass  (kg  km-­‐2)  but  micro-­‐debris  the  larger  propor-on  by  number  (items  km-­‐2)  

Example  of  regional  difference  in  source  and  fate:  large-­‐scale  use  of  expanded  polystyrene  (EPS)  buoys  for  aquaculture  in  Korea  

Generating microplastics

One  62  litre  buoy  

7,600,000  microplas-cs    

(2.5  mm  diameter)  

7.6  x  1021  nanoplas-cs  

(250  nm  diameter)  

v  Different  sizes  of  plas-c  par-cle  or  larger  plas-c  objects  need  different  types  of  equipment  to  sample  them  in  the  ocean  and  different  analy-cal  techniques  in  the  laboratory.  Size  also  determines  the  likely  impact  on  ocean  life  and  human  ac-vi-es  such  as  fisheries.  

Par-cles  in  the  size  range  1  nm  to  <  5  mm  were  considered  microplas-cs  for  the  purposes  of  this  assessment.  

Sampling  and  isola-on:  

Ø  Mega-­‐  &  macro  -­‐sizes  direct  observa-on  

Ø  Meso-­‐size  sieving  

Ø  Micro-­‐size  towed  plankton  nets  

Ø  Nano-­‐size  filtra-on    

Ø  Mega-­‐  &  macro–sizes  (entanglement)  whales,  seals,  dolphins,  turtles,  fish,  birds  

Ø  Meso-­‐size  unknown  

Ø  Micro-­‐size  unknown  

Ø  Nano-­‐size  unknown    

Ø  Macro–size  whales,  seals,  dolphins,  turtles  &  birds  

Ø  Meso-­‐size  birds,  fish  &  invertebrates  

Ø  Micro-­‐size  fish,  invertebrates  &  other  filter  feeders  

Ø  Nano-­‐size  invertebrates  &  other  filter  feeders  

Direct  external  effects:  

Direct  &  indirect  internal  effects  (inges-on):  

size is important

making sense of size

FT-­‐IR  Fourier-­‐transform  infra-­‐red  spectroscopy,  Ramon  spectroscopy,    SEM  scanning  electron  microscopy,  TEM  transmission  electron  microscopy,  AFM  atomic  force  microscopy,  AFM-­‐IR  infra-­‐red  spectroscopy  

Ø  Commonly  the  term  ‘microplas-cs’  is  used  to  describe  plas-c  par-cles  <  5  mm  in  diameter,  which  includes  par-cles  as  small  as  10  nanometres.    

Ø  Microplas-cs  may  be  manufactured  for  par-cular  industrial  or  domes-c  applica-ons.  These  are  referred  to  as  ‘primary’  microplas-cs,  and  they  can  be  released  inadvertently  into  the  ocean.  

Ø  Microplas-cs  also  occur  as  a  result  of  the  fragmenta-on  of  larger  plas-c  objects  (termed  ‘secondary’  microplas-cs).  

Ø   Plas-cs  are  discarded  and  enter  the  ocean  as  a  result  of  many  different  land-­‐  and  sea-­‐based  ac-vi-es,  but  there  are  no  reliable  es-mates  of  the  quan--es  involved,  at  a  regional  or  global  scale.  

Ø  Microplas-cs  are  distributed  throughout  the  ocean,  occurring  on  shorelines,  in  surface  waters  and  seabed  sediments,  from  the  Arc-c  to  Antarc-c.  They  may  accumulate  at  remote  loca-ons  such  as  mid-­‐ocean  gyres,  as  well  as  close  to  popula-on  centres,  shipping  routes  and  other  major  sources.  

Ø  Microplas-cs  have  been  found  inside  the  bodies  of  a  wide  variety  of  marine  organisms  including  invertebrates,  fish,  birds  and  mammals.    

Ø  Plas-cs  oXen  contain  chemicals  added  during  manufacture  and  can  absorb  and  concentrate  contaminants  such  as  pes-cides  from  the  surrounding  seawater.  There  is  emerging  evidence  of  transfer  of  chemicals  from  ingested  plas-cs  into  -ssues.    

Ø  Very  small  (nano-­‐size)  microplas-cs  have  been  shown  to  cross  cell  membranes,  under  laboratory  condi-ons,  causing  -ssue  damage.  

Ø  Ingested  microplas-cs  can  affect  the  physiology  of  the  host  organism  and  poten-ally  compromise  its  fitness.  

Ø  Public  and  private  sector  awareness  of  the  poten-al  nega-ve  ecological,  social  and  economic  impacts  of  microplas-cs  is  much  less  developed  than  for  macro-­‐liWer.  

Ø  Effec-ve  engagement  and  educa-on  at  all  levels  of  society  (public,  government  and  private  sector)  is  an  essen-al  tool  to  raise  awareness  and  promote  posi-ve  behaviour  change.  

 

con

clu

sio

ns

Key ch

alleng

es & reco

mm

end

ation

s Action-orientated recommendations:

Challenge 1 – to reduce the entry of plastics and microplastics into the marine environment

Iden-fy  the  main  sources  and  categories  of  plas-cs  and  microplas-cs  entering  the  ocean:  

•  modelling,  social  and  economic  indicators,  observa-ons  

Challenge 2 – overcoming social, technical & economic barriers

U-lise  end-­‐of-­‐life  plas-c  as  a  valuable  resource  as  an  important  part  of  an  overall  waste  reduc-on  strategy:  

•  promo-ng  reduc-on,  re-­‐use  and  recycling  and  the  circular  economy    

Challenge 3 – influencing perceptions and behaviour, to complement legislation

Promote  greater  awareness  of  the  impacts  of  plas-cs  and  microplas-cs  in  the  marine  environment:    

•  u-lize  exper-se  from  the  social  sciences  

Recommendations to improve a future assessment

Challenge 4 – assessing the risk from nano-plastics

Consider  par-cles  in  the  nano-­‐size  range  in  when  assessing  the  impact  of  plas-cs  in  the  sea:  

•   include  exper-se  from  a  wider  range  of  disciplines,  including  pharmacology  and  mammalian  toxicology;  encourage  greater  research  focus,  including  method  development  

Challenge 5 – assessing the importance of plastics and microplastics as a vector for the transfer of organisms

Evaluate  the  poten-al  significance  of  plas-cs  and  microplas-cs  as  a  vector  for  organisms  

Challenge 6 – quantifying the chemical exposure risk from ingested microplastics

Evaluate  the  poten-al  pathways  and  rates  of  chemical  transfer  and  ecotoxicological  risk:  

•  include  exper-se  on  field  &  laboratory  studies,  animal  behaviour,  physiology  and  the    gut  environment  for  target  species  

ww

w.g

esamp

.org

The  assessment  report:  This  brochure  summarises  the  findings  of  GESAMP  Working  Group  40,  on  Sources,  fate  &  effects  of  microplas6cs  in  the  marine  environment  –  a  global  assessment.  The  full  assessment  is  scheduled  for  publica-on  in  early  2015,  in  the  GESAMP  Reports  &  Studies  Series,  available  at  www.gesamp.org  .  The  lead  Agency  for  the  Working  Group  was  the  Intergovernmental  Oceanographic  Commission  (IOC)  of  UNESCO,  with  the  GESAMP  Secretariat,  based  at  the  Interna-onal  Mari-me  Organiza-on  (IMO),  providing  organisa-onal  support.  

Contributors  to  Working  Group  40:  Tony  Andrady,  Courtney  Arthur,  Joel  Baker,  Henk  Bouwman,  Sarah  Gall,  Valeria  Hidalgo-­‐Ruz,  Peter  Kershaw  (Chair),  Angela  Koehler,  Kara  Lavender  Law,  Heather  Leslie  (Vice-­‐Chair),  Sabine  Pahl,  Jim  Potemra,  Peter  Ryan,  Won  Joon  Shim,  Hideshige  Takada,  Richard  Thompson,  Alexander  Turra,  Dick  Vethaak  &  Kayleigh  Wyles  

Acknowledgements:  The  following  Agencies  provided  in-­‐kind  or  financial  support:  IOC,  IMO,  UNIDO,  UNEP,  NOAA.  In  addi-on,  the  American  Chemistry  Council  (ACC)  and  Plas-cs  Europe  (PE)  provided  generous  financial  support,  without  which  the  Working  Group  could  not  have  func-oned.    Ashley  Carson  (ACC),  Keith  Christman  (ACC),  Roberto  Gomez  (PE)  and  Ralph  Schneider  (PE)  provided  encouragement  and  technical  advice  on  the  plas-cs  industry  and  related  maWers.    The  assessment  report  was  reviewed  by  Jesús  Gago,  François  Galgani,  Chelsea  Rochman,  Mar-n  Thiel  and  Members  of  GESAMP,  who  provided  very  helpful  cri-cisms  and  sugges-ons.  

   GESAMP  (The  Joint  Group  of  Experts  on  Scien-fic  Aspects  of  Marine  Protec-on)  is  an  inter-­‐Agency  Body  of  the  United  Na-ons,  comprised  of  a  group  of  independent  scien-sts  providing  advice  to  UN  Agencies  on  a  wide  variety  of  ocean  maWers.    

For  more  informa-on:    www.gesamp.org    [email protected]