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Westward MigrationWestward Migration Americans began moving westAmericans began moving west
More economic opportunitiesMore economic opportunities Wheat, corn, mining, railroadsWheat, corn, mining, railroads
Farm mechanization made it easierFarm mechanization made it easier Steel plow, windmills, mechanical reaperSteel plow, windmills, mechanical reaper
Comstock LodeComstock Lode First silver ore foundFirst silver ore found
East was growing quickly, needed foodEast was growing quickly, needed food Others went west for Others went west for religious reasonsreligious reasons
Mormon TrailMormon Trail First led by First led by Joseph SmithJoseph Smith (New York) (New York) Led into Utah by Led into Utah by Brigham YoungBrigham Young
Comstock Lode near Reno, NV
Silver and precious minerals also discovered in Creede, CO
Oregon TrailOregon Trail
Mormon TrailMormon Trail
Homestead ActHomestead Act 1862 1862 US gov’t encouraged westward migrationUS gov’t encouraged westward migration Offered 160 acres of land to settlers and Offered 160 acres of land to settlers and
had to farm for 5 yearshad to farm for 5 years Not enough land due to droughtNot enough land due to drought
Cost $10 registration feeCost $10 registration fee Encouraged white settlers to move westEncouraged white settlers to move west
Most were old immigrantsMost were old immigrants Women, ex-slaves were allowed to Women, ex-slaves were allowed to
homesteadhomestead Encourage westward migrationEncourage westward migration
Morrill Land GrantMorrill Land Grant 1862 1862
US federal gov’t gave western lands US federal gov’t gave western lands to statesto states
States sold landStates sold land Money was used to build agriculture Money was used to build agriculture
and technical collegesand technical colleges Examples: Virginia Tech and NC StateExamples: Virginia Tech and NC State
Encourage westward migrationEncourage westward migration
Pacific Railways Act (1862)Pacific Railways Act (1862)
Law that granted Law that granted government lands to government lands to corporations – mainly corporations – mainly railroad companiesrailroad companies
Gov’t wanted to Gov’t wanted to promote construction promote construction of transcontinental of transcontinental railroadrailroad
Encourage westward Encourage westward migrationmigration
Difficulties of Living in the WestDifficulties of Living in the West
Harsh conditionsHarsh conditions Drought, prairie fires, tornadoes, locustsDrought, prairie fires, tornadoes, locusts
Remote, solitary lifeRemote, solitary life Worked 68 hours weekWorked 68 hours week
Very difficult for womenVery difficult for women Same work as menSame work as men Gained suffrage here firstGained suffrage here first
Homesteaders Living in a SoddieHomesteaders Living in a Soddie
Impact of White SettlersImpact of White Settlers
Native Americans were displacedNative Americans were displaced Conflict began between Native tribes and white Conflict began between Native tribes and white
settlers and, eventually, US Armysettlers and, eventually, US Army More railroads were builtMore railroads were built New States were added to UnionNew States were added to Union
Most gave women suffrageMost gave women suffrage Last state- Last state- Oklahoma Land RushOklahoma Land Rush
Settlers rushed in to get the last free land in USSettlers rushed in to get the last free land in US Boomers & Sooners – Boomers & Sooners – white settlers who attempted to live white settlers who attempted to live
in Oklahoma before it was open to settlement (forced out in Oklahoma before it was open to settlement (forced out by US Army)by US Army)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxaJY8UZxn4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxaJY8UZxn4
RailroadsRailroads
First transcontinental railroad completed in 1869First transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 Union Pacific & Central PacificUnion Pacific & Central Pacific Promontory Point, UtahPromontory Point, Utah
Built mainly by Irish and Chinese immigrantsBuilt mainly by Irish and Chinese immigrants Further displaced Native AmericansFurther displaced Native Americans
Could no longer follow the buffalo – white Could no longer follow the buffalo – white hunters devastated buffalo populationhunters devastated buffalo population
30 million buffalo dead within a 10-year period30 million buffalo dead within a 10-year period Native American vs. White use of buffaloNative American vs. White use of buffalo
Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad
The Indian WarsThe Indian Wars
““[We] have been taught to hunt and [We] have been taught to hunt and live on game. You tell us that we must live on game. You tell us that we must learn to farm, live in one house, and learn to farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should living beyond the great sea should come and tell you that you must stop come and tell you that you must stop farming, and kill your cattle, and take farming, and kill your cattle, and take your houses and lands, what would you your houses and lands, what would you do? Would you not fight them?”do? Would you not fight them?”
-quoted in -quoted in Bury My Heart at Wounded KneeBury My Heart at Wounded Knee
Plains IndiansPlains Indians
Sioux- lived on northern plainsSioux- lived on northern plains Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokee, Choctaw, Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokee, Choctaw,
Chickasaw, Seminole, and CreekChickasaw, Seminole, and Creek All eventually forced to relocate from ancestral All eventually forced to relocate from ancestral
lands in the 1830s lands in the 1830s Where were the relocated? Under what act? Where were the relocated? Under what act?
Which president?Which president? Different lifestylesDifferent lifestyles
Followed buffalo herdsFollowed buffalo herds Some were sedentarySome were sedentary
Reservation SystemReservation System
Indians were placed here by federal gov’t Offered annual payments in lieu of land Occasionally, federal gov’t failed to
make payments or reduced the size of reservation
Indians resisted, led to war
Conditions on reservations
Native American lands- ca. 1819Native American lands- ca. 1819
Native American lands – ca. 1864Native American lands – ca. 1864
Native American lands – ca. 1894Native American lands – ca. 1894
Conflicts between Whites and Conflicts between Whites and Native AmericansNative Americans Conflicts result from fed. gov’t
continued restriction of Native American lands and rights
Sand Creek Massacre 1864 First major conflict General S.R. Curtis – “I
want no peace till the Indians suffer more.”
Sent Col. John Chivington to attack Natives at the Sand Creek reserve in Colorado – 200 warriors and 500 women and children
Over 150 Natives killed – mostly women and children
Buffalo Soldiers Buffalo Soldiers
African American Troop Regiment African American Troop Regiment Created during the Civil WarCreated during the Civil War Fights in the Indian WarsFights in the Indian Wars African Americans now fighting for a African Americans now fighting for a
country that recognizes them as country that recognizes them as peoplepeople
Battle of Little Big Horn - 1876Battle of Little Big Horn - 1876
Native Americans joined forcesNative Americans joined forces Sitting Bull and Crazy HorseSitting Bull and Crazy Horse
Fought against General Custer at Little Big Fought against General Custer at Little Big HornHorn
Native Americans massacred all American Native Americans massacred all American TroopsTroops
Only major Native American victoryOnly major Native American victory This battle was the exception rather than the This battle was the exception rather than the
rulerule Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee clipBury My Heart at Wounded Knee clip
Little Big HornLittle Big Horn
Sitting BullColonel George A. Custer
Chief JosephChief Joseph Leader of Nez Perce Leader of Nez Perce
(Oregon)(Oregon) Sent to OK after Little Sent to OK after Little
Big HornBig Horn Wanted to return to Wanted to return to
OregonOregon Refused permissionRefused permission
Denied food and waterDenied food and water Attempted to Attempted to escape escape
to Canadato Canada Captured by US Army Captured by US Army
before making it before making it
Chief Joseph cont.Chief Joseph cont.
““It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little children are freezing to death. My people, children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.”fight no more forever.”
Save the IndiansSave the Indians
Carlisle Indian School Assimilation
Forced Native Americans to integrate (become part of) white society
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee clip
Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor dramatized the federal government's
mistreatment of Native Americans in the west Raised awareness of the plight of the Native
Americans Similar to which book before the Civil War?
Helen Hunt Jackson
Dawes ActDawes Act
18871887 Result of Jackson’s bookResult of Jackson’s book Would create Indian farmersWould create Indian farmers
Gave each family 160 acres of landGave each family 160 acres of land Dealt with individual Indians, not tribeDealt with individual Indians, not tribe Sold remaining land and purchased farm equipmentSold remaining land and purchased farm equipment Become citizens in 25 yearsBecome citizens in 25 years
Most Indians lost property within one Most Indians lost property within one generationgeneration Received the poor landReceived the poor land
Ghost DanceGhost Dance
Led by Wovoka Led by Wovoka – a – a spiritual leader & spiritual leader & shamanshaman
Believed that Believed that Native Native American ancestors American ancestors would be resurrectedwould be resurrected
Ancestors would help Ancestors would help Natives ‘obtain their Natives ‘obtain their rightful place and regain rightful place and regain land lost to white man’land lost to white man’
Scared American Scared American soldierssoldiers
Ghost DanceGhost Dance
Wounded Knee MassacreWounded Knee Massacre
18911891 Last conflict between Whites and Last conflict between Whites and
Native AmericansNative Americans Indians were fired upon at Wounded Indians were fired upon at Wounded
Knee by US soldiersKnee by US soldiers Women, children and elderly were all Women, children and elderly were all
killedkilled Ends Native American resistanceEnds Native American resistance
A mass grave used after the Battle of Wounded Knee
Summary- results for NativesSummary- results for Natives
Helen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt Jackson-A Century of -A Century of DishonorDishonor Gained support for Native Gained support for Native
AmericansAmericans Led to the Led to the Dawes ActDawes Act
Land for Native AmericansLand for Native Americans Called for assimilationCalled for assimilation
Native Americans should act, dress etc. like Native Americans should act, dress etc. like White AmericansWhite Americans
CowboysCowboys
New cities New cities caused a caused a need for beefneed for beef Individuals out west began to raise cattleIndividuals out west began to raise cattle First, started to drive cattle to major cities, First, started to drive cattle to major cities,
then cattle would be loaded onto trainsthen cattle would be loaded onto trains Later, ranches Later, ranches would be builtwould be built
Cowboys were hiredCowboys were hired Most owned their own horsesMost owned their own horses Open range ended because of barbed wireOpen range ended because of barbed wire
Cows could be fenced in thanks to Joseph Glidden’s Cows could be fenced in thanks to Joseph Glidden’s inventioninvention
Cattle Trails, 1870s-1890sCattle Trails, 1870s-1890s
Ranches and CowboysRanches and Cowboys
FarmersFarmers
Faced many problems Faced many problems after they after they moved Westmoved West DroughtDrought InsectsInsects Difficult conditions Difficult conditions – prairie fires, – prairie fires,
tornadoes, etc.tornadoes, etc. New technology helped someNew technology helped some
Steel PlowSteel Plow Mechanical ReaperMechanical Reaper WindmillWindmill
Famers continuedFamers continued
Blamed problems on railroadsBlamed problems on railroads Had to transport goods on trainsHad to transport goods on trains Railroads charged high ratesRailroads charged high rates
Even higher for short haul versus long haulEven higher for short haul versus long haul Penalized the farmerPenalized the farmer
Farmers wanted government to Farmers wanted government to regulate railroadsregulate railroads Lower freight chargesLower freight charges Government did not respond Government did not respond
Money ProblemsMoney Problems FarmersFarmers also faced also faced problems with creditproblems with credit
Stayed in debtStayed in debt Borrowed money to plant crops every yearBorrowed money to plant crops every year Could not always repay bankCould not always repay bank If not, bank foreclosed on propertyIf not, bank foreclosed on property
Farmers wanted more money printed and put Farmers wanted more money printed and put into circulationinto circulation Money during and after the Civil WarMoney during and after the Civil War
Spongebob clipSpongebob clip Demanded the silver standardDemanded the silver standard
Print money based on silver standardPrint money based on silver standard Would increase the cost of farm goodsWould increase the cost of farm goods
The GrangeThe Grange
Farmers organized Farmers organized The GrangeThe Grange
Led by Oliver KelleyLed by Oliver Kelley Intended to address Intended to address
the social and the social and educational needs of educational needs of isolated farmersisolated farmers
Officially asked Officially asked government to government to address farmers needsaddress farmers needs
Was not successfulWas not successful
Populist Party – “The People’s Populist Party – “The People’s Party”Party”
Organized in Organized in 18921892 Based on Based on populismpopulism – giving the – giving the people more of people more of
a voice in gov’ta voice in gov’t, helping farmers and other , helping farmers and other workersworkers
Met in Omaha, NebraskaMet in Omaha, Nebraska Omaha PlatformOmaha Platform
8 Hour workday8 Hour workday Silver StandardSilver Standard Direct Election of SenatorsDirect Election of Senators
Won elections in state government, sent Won elections in state government, sent representatives to Congressrepresentatives to Congress
Populists and Democrats MergePopulists and Democrats Merge
Populist party merged with Populist party merged with DemocratsDemocrats in Election of 1896 in Election of 1896
Democrats Democrats argued the same issues argued the same issues as Populistsas Populists
Nominated William Jennings Bryan Nominated William Jennings Bryan for presidentfor president Campaigned across AmericaCampaigned across America Gave Gave “Cross of Gold” speech“Cross of Gold” speech
““you cannot crucify man on a cross of gold”you cannot crucify man on a cross of gold” Advocated the silver standardAdvocated the silver standard
William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan
Election of 1896 and 1900Election of 1896 and 1900 Bryan ran against William McKinley (R)
Bryan campaigned across US on train Whistle stop campaign Called for bimetallism – US money based on both
gold and silver McKinley ran the “Front Porch” campaign
Voters came to see him on his front porch In favor of the gold standard – US money based
solely on gold
McKinley wins both elections Marks the end of the Populist Party
Election of 1896Election of 1896
Election of 1900Election of 1900