UNIT 3: Living Systems Guide

Word Parts/meaning of word, if any

Definition Picture example if any

Organ

System

Tissue

Exoskeleton

Exo-Outer

Metabolism

Trait

Gametes

Complete Metamorphosis

Incomplete Metamorphosis

Root word: Morph-form or structure

OLS Lesson 1: From Cells to Organ

Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts

How do cells specialize (how do cells “know” to become a muscle cell or a nerve cell)?

How do the organ systems of an organism work together to keep the organism alive?

Words to know:

Cells- the basic unit of life, of which all living things are made; some organisms are made up of only one cell

Tissues- a group of cells that work together to perform a certain function

Organs- a body part that does a special job within a body system; a group of different tissues that work together to perfom a specific function

System- a collection of organs (each made of multicellular tissues) that together perform a major function

All systems in an organism must work together to keep the organism alive.

What happens when a system is weakened?

Levels of Organization:

CellsTissuesOrgansSystemsOrganism

How do cells “know” to become a certain type of cell?

Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts

Words to know:

Exoskeletons- the hard, outside body covering of an arthropod

Cartilage- a tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue

Joint- a point where two bones meet and that generally makes movement possible

Ligament- a sheet or band of tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones at a joint or supporting an organ (Connects bone to bone)

Muscle- a body tissue made up of cells that can contract and produce motion

Skeleton- the bony framework that supports the soft tissues and protects the internal organs of vertebrates

Tendon- a band of tough tissue that connects a muscle with a bone ( Connects muscle to bone)

• Describe the structure and function of muscular and skeletal systems.

Key Points:

For many animals, the skeletal and muscular systems work together to maintain the animal’s form and let the animal move.

Animals with _________________ have skeletons on the outside of their body. Examples: crabs and insects

3 Types of muscle:

Skeletal Muscle: _________________________

Cardiac Muscle: _______________________________

Smooth Muscle: _______________________________________

________________________________________

OLS Lesson 2-3: Muscular and Skeletal Systems

OLS Lesson 4-5: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Essential Questions Main Concepts

How do multicellular organisms transport materials to all of their cells?

Words to know:

Respiratory System -brings oxygen into the organism and to remove carbon dioxide

Lungs - the main organ of the respiratory system in many vertebrates

Gills - found in aquatic vertebrates, used to obtain oxygen from water

Alveoli - small sacs in the lung where gas exchange takes place

• Describe the function and structures of the respiratory and circulatory systems

• Identify the organs and structures of the respiratory and circulatory systems in other organisms

The function of the respiratory system is to:

___________________________________ ___________________________________

All animals breathe in _________and breathe out ________________

Frogs and most amphibians breathe through their ___________. Some organisms, like fish, use __________ to transport oxygen

in their blood Illnesses that weaken the respiratory system: _____________

__________________________________________________ Leaves have tiny openings on the leaf surface for gas exchange.

The structures of the respiratory system are:

• Blood- fluid portion of the circulatory system

• Heart-main organ of the circulatory system

• Arteries- vessels that carry blood away from the heart

• Veins- vessels that carry blood toward the heart

• Capillaries-the smallest vessels in a closed system

• Ventricles-heart chamber that pumps blood into the arteries

• Atrium-heart chamber that receives blood from the veins

1. Mouth and nose

2. Pharynx

3. Trachea

4. Lungs

5. Bronchi

6. Bronchioles

7. Diaphragm

8. Alveoli-where Oxygen exchange happens via DIFFUSION

The function of the circulatory system:

• Transports ________ and ___________ to cells and removes waste from them

• 3 main components of the circulatory system for most animals:

• _______________________

• _______________________

• ________________________

Two types of systems:

• Open Circulatory System- Many invertebrates (insects, spiders, snails, crabs, clams); cells are in contact with bloodlike fluid that brings in nutrients and removes waste products

• Closed Circulatory System- Many animals , earthworms, squid, octopuses, and vertebrates; where the blood stays enclosed and travels in blood vessels

• Plants also have a circulatory system that carries water and nutrients to cells.

OLS Lesson 6: Digestive and Excretory Systems

Essential Questions/Words to Know Main ConceptsWords to know:

anus : opening through which undigested food remnants exit a digestive system

bladder : organ that stores liquid waste before it leaves the body; the bladder can stretch to hold about a pint of urine

esophagus (ih-SAH-fuh-guhs) : a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

kidneys : paired organs that clean the blood, producing urine from waste

large intestine : in the digestive system, the long organ that removes excess water from undigested food

liver : organ that produces bile, stores glycogen, and removes toxins from the body

metabolism: the sum of all chemical processes that take place in an organism necessary to sustain life

mouth : an opening through which food enters a digestive system

small intestine : in the digestive system, the long muscular tube where most digestion takes place

Key Points:

Function of the digestive system: ________________________ ____________________________________________________

Pathway of human digestion:

Mouth- esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine expelled through anus

Two types of digestive systems:

• Incomplete Digestive System- a single opening where food enters and undigested food exits ex. Hydra, jellyfish, flatworm

• Complete Digestive System -tube-like form, mouth at one end where food enters, and an anus where undigested food exits ex. Earthworm, humans and most animals

Function of Excretory System: ________________________ ___________________________________________________

Example of waste products: ________ _________ _________

Main organs are the ________________.

The liver converts ammonia into urea and then the kidneys remove urea from the blood and send it to the ureter and the bladder for urination

stomach : the pouch-like body part below the esophagus, which stores and processes chewed food

Path of waste products through the Kidneys:

Capillaries->Tubules->Ureter tubes->Bladder->Uretha

Sweating is part of excretion as well

Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts

How do organisms defend themselves from disease?

Words to know:

Pathogens-something that causes disease, such as a virus or bacterium

Immune System-the body system that recognizes and destroys pathogens

Antigens-a foreign molecule that can trigger an immune response

Antibodies-proteins that help fight infection; specialized white blood cells make antibodies to protect the body against disease.

Key Points:

• First line of defense located at body openings and includes ________, _____________, ____________, and _________ __________________________

Example: _________________________________________

• Also Good Bacteria – in the intestines and on the skin- produce protective chemicals forming a disease-free environment

• The purpose of the immune system is to recognize and destroy disease-causing organisms called ________________________ ( second line of defense-antigen-antibody response)

• Examples of pathogens: _____________,_____________,______________,_________________

• Immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to ______________________invaders

• Most important cells are the ______ ____________ cells

• Immunization can protect you against diseases such as ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________

OLS Lesson 7: Immune System:

OLS Lesson 8 How Systems Work Together

Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts

How do the organ systems of an organism work together to keep the organism alive?

Words to know:

Nervous System-Control center the brain, spinal cord, and nerves—which analyzes the information and delivers chemical messages and instructions to all parts of the body.

Endocrine System- produces and secretes hormones that help control many body functions, including growth, metabolism, sexual development, and reproduction.

Reproductive System- The reproductive system makes it possible for an organism to pass its genes on to new organisms.

• Compare major features and functions of systems and how they work together

Key Points:

How are the respiratory system, the digestive system, and the circulatory system connected? _____________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

If the heart stopped beating, how would that affect the rest of the organism? What would the body be deprived of? _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OLS Lesson 11-12: Continuation of a Species and Cells for Reproduction

Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the methods that different organisms use to reproduce?

Words to know:

Reproduction: The process how living things make other living things identical or similar to themselves

Asexual Reproduction: - single organism produces a new, identical organism ( examples: bacteria, amoebas, hydras, and some plants)

Sexual Reproduction :-process of two sex cells joining together to form a new organism, resulting in greater GENETIC VARIATION (advantage) Example: Most vertebrates

Gametes: Female and male sex cells (Egg and sperm)

Meiosis-type of cell division that forms gametes

(the daughter cells will have half the number of chromosomes as

the parent cell)

• Seeds are formed when a sperm from a pollen grain fertilizes an egg contains plant embryo

• Spores are reproduction cells used by mosses and ferns (also Fungi). Very light so they can travel to more distant locations

Objectives (Turn these into questions):

• Recognize that reproduction is essential for the ______________________ _____ _ _________________

• Recognize that organisms reproduce sexually and have differentiated cells

• Compare and contrast the structure and function of the sperm and egg cells, and between seeds and spores in plant reproduction ( advantages and disadvantages)

OLS Lesson 13: Life Cycles

Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts

Do all living things grow the same way?

What are the different changes an organism experiences during its lifetime?

Words to know:

Life Cycle: the changes an organism experiences during its life, characterized by distinct stages

Metamorphosis: Life cycle with distinct changes in which insect go through

Living things grow, develop, and reproduce. These changes are characterized by distinct changes called a life cycle.

Invertebrate Life cycles:

Incomplete Metamorphosis: insect hatches from an egg and the newly hatched insect looks like a miniature version of the adult insect(example: _____________________)

Complete Metamorphosis: : insect changes its looks as it progresses through different stages(example: ______________________)