hcawhite.weebly.com€¦ · Web viewExplain the difference between atoms, molecules, and compounds. Atoms: simplest form of matter which retains properties. Molecules: two or more

SC PASS 7th Grade Review

Matter and Elements1. What is matter? Anything which has mass and takes up space2. Draw a diagram of an atom. Label protons, neutrons, and electrons.3. What is the charge of an electron? Of a proton? Of a neutron?

4. Where can protons and neutrons be found in an atom? Where are the electrons? Protons and neutrons in the middle (the nucleus), electrons orbit the nucleus5. What is an element? What does the atomic number of an element indicate? Pure Substances with only one type of atom. The atomic # of an element is the number of protons it has6. What is an isotope? Different masses of atoms of the same element7. What is an ion? How do atoms become ions? An electrically charged atom or molecule. Atoms become ions by gaining or losing electrons8. The vertical columns of the periodic table are called Groups. The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called Periods.9. What are valence electrons? Electrons on the outermost electron shell of the atom10. What do valence electrons have to do with chemical bonding? What is the octet rule? Valence electrons are transferred or shared to form chemical bonds. The octet rule states that atoms want a full valence electron shell to be stable11. Compare and contrast covalent and ionic bonds. Ionic- electrons transferred, occurs between metals and non-metals Covalent bonds: electrons shared, occurs between two non-metals12. Explain the difference between atoms, molecules, and compounds. Atoms: simplest form of matter which retains properties Molecules: two or more atoms chemically bonded together

Compounds: molecules with 2 or more elements13. What is a heterogeneous mixture? What does it look like? A mixture which has no set distribution of parts- you can see the different parts14. What is a homogenous mixture? What does it look like? A evenly mixed mixture with even distribution of parts, you can’t see the different parts15. List 3 examples of heterogeneous mixtures and 3 examples of homogenous mixtures.Het. Trail mix, salad, soil Hom. Air, sugar water, steel16. Describe metals. Generally hard and solid at room temp. Metallic luster, Malleable and ductile Majority of elements17 Describe non-metals. Usually gasses at room temp. with a few solids and one liquidOther than Noble Gas Group, generally very reactive18. Describe metalloids. Brittle, solid at room temp., Usually look like a metal, but are brittle and unmalleable, “stair step” elements19. What type (metal, metalloid, and nonmetal) of element are most of the elements? metals20. What is the Law of Conservation of Matter? Matter cannot be created or destroyed, in a chemical reaction the mass of the reactants always equals the mass of the products


21. List the four states of matter in order from lowest energy to highest energy. Describe each state’s volume and shape and the movement of molecules at each state.Solid: particles barely vibrate, definite shape, definite volume Liquid: particles move past one another but don’t fill their container, definite volume, no definite shape (takes the shape of the container) Gas: particles move very quickly and fill any container they occupy, no definite shape, no definite volume Plasma: particles move so quickly electrons get stripped off the atoms22. Explain how physical changes are different than chemical changes. Physical changes do not form different types of matter Chemical changes: changes original matter into different form of matter23. What is a physical property? describe matter’s ability to change its physical form without altering its chemical structure23. what is a chemical property? describe the ability of substances to change into other substances24. explain the process of nuclear fusion. Smaller elements combine to form larger elements25. explain the process of nuclear fission. Large elements breakdown into smaller elements

Density and Reaction MathPart A: Answer the following word problems using the density formula. Make sure to show your work and have units on your answer!

Formulas: D = m/v m = Dv v = m/d

(density = mass divided by volume)

(mass = density times volume)

(volume = mass divided by density)

1. What is the density of a rock which has a mass of 200g and a volume of 10cm3? 20 g/cm3

2. Iron has a density of 7.87g/cm3. What is the mass of an iron cannonball with a volume of 1000 cm3? 7870 g

3. Water has a density of 1g/mL. What is the mass of 100mL of water? 100 g

4. Air has a density of 0.001g/cm3. What is the mass of 1000cm3 of air? 1 g

5. 100cm3 of a gas has a mass of 1g. What is the density of that gas? 0.01 g/ cm3


Part B: Determine the missing atom(s) or molecule(s) in the chemical reaction. Circle the correct letter choice of molecule. Use the atom # chart to find the answer

6. H2O + Na → ______ + H Element # on Reactant side # on product side H

a. NaOH Ob. NaH20 Nac. Na2OH

7. _______ + 3O2 → 2FeO3 Element # on Reactant side # on product side Fe

a. 3Fe Ob. 2Fe c. Fe2O2

8. O2 + 2H2 → ______ Element # on Reactant side # on product side H

a. H2O Ob. 2H2O2 c. 2H2O

Part C: Determine the mass of the products of these chemical reactions given the mass of the reactants.

9. 250 grams of chlorine gas (Cl2) reacts with 75 grams of hydrogen gas (H2). What mass of hydrogen chloride (HCl) is produced? 325 g

Reaction: Cl2 + H2 → 2HCl

10. 1 gram of elemental carbon (C) reacts with 14 grams of elemental sulfur (S8). What is the mass of carbon disulfide (CS2) produced? 15 g

Reaction: 4C + S8 → 4CS2


Body Systems and Life Functions Test Study GuideList all functions and major parts of each body system.

System Functions Major PartsSkeletal System Structure, protection, aids in

body movement, produces blood cells in bone marrow

Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage

Muscular System Body movement Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue

Cardiovascular Sys.Aka- Circulatory Sys

Transport molecules: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, cell products

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood cells

Respiratory System Breathing (moving oxygen in, moving carbon dioxide out)

Nose, mouth, trachea (windpipe), Lungs, diaphragm

Digestive System Breaks down food into molecule body can absorb. Gets rid of solid waste

Esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Excretory SystemAka- Urinary Sys.

Collects waste in kidney, removes liquid waste through bladder

Kidney> ureter> bladder>excretion

Nervous System Process info, controls other systems, receives sensory info (signals with electricity)

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, nerve cells

Integumentary Sys.(Skin)

Protects from water loss, injury, and infection. Remove waste. Gather sensory info. Produces vitamin D

Skin, hair, nails

Immune System Protects body from pathogens (bacteria, viruses, other microbe infections)

White Blood CellsAnti-bodies

Lymphatic System Holds lymph- maintains fluidsStore white blood cells for immune response

Lymph - Lymph nodesImmune cells

Endocrine System Chemical messaging to other systems

Glands, hormones

Reproductive Reproduce the Gametes


System organismBody Systems and Life Functions:1. How do all body systems work together to perform human life functions? Special cells, tissues, organ all do their part to support the life of the human2. What is a cell process? The CELL must undergo certain processes in order to ensure the survival of the organism as a whole.

3. List which kingdoms are multicellular and which are unicellular. Multicellular: Plants, Animals, FungiUnicellular: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista4. What are the 5 main things all living things do? Display organization (cells, tissues, etc.)Develop and growHave the ability to respond to the environmentCan reproduceTake in and use materials and energy5. Compare and contrast how multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms preform their life functions. Multicellular organisms use organs to do different functions. Unicellular organisms must do all their processes inside their 1 cell6. Explain diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion: molecules move from high concentration to low concentration Osmosis: water moves from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration Active transport: cells use energy to move molecules7. What types of organisms do photosynthesis? Where does each organism carry out the process?Plants: in chloroplastProtists: in chloroplastCyanobacteria: in the cytoplasm8. list the chemical equation for photosynthesis (in reaction form or statement form) Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Energy = Sugar + Oxygen9. list the chemical equation for cellular respiration (in reaction form or statement form)Sugar + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + energy10. Where do eukaryotic organisms do cellular respiration? In mitochondria11. What do organisms use the energy from cellular respiration for? To do life processes12. define microorganism. Organisms too small to see without a microscope. True : some microorganisms are harmful and some are helpful. 13. true or false: bacteria live in our body and help us14. What two biologically necessary functions do bacteria do to help us and all other life on the planet?Photosynthesis and Decomposition15. What type of organism did we get penicillin from? Mold16. True or false: bacteria can cause disease17. List 2 examples of pathogen bacteria. Strep throat, pneumonia 18. Describe the function of the following organelles or cell structures: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, cytoplasm, nucleolus, ribosomes, chromosomes, centrioles, cell wall, cytoskeletonOrganelle:Nucleus


Holds DNA.

Usually the largest, most visible organelle in the cell

DNA codes for proteins which assemble all other cell parts.

Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum

network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.

It moves materials around the cell, generates membranes, and modifies proteins

Smooth E.R= No Ribosomes

Rough E.R. = attached ribosomes

.Organelle: Chloroplast

are only in plant cells and plant-like Protista, although cyanobacteria do have chlorophyll

Contain the pigment chlorophyll which starts the process of photosynthesis to make sugar (food)

Chloroplasts have 2 cell membranes and their own DNA

Organelle: Mitochondria

releases energy (ATP) from food by doing the process of cellular respiration

Known as “The Powerhouse of the Cell”

Every type of cell has a different amount of mitochondria depending on how much energy the cell needs

Just like chloroplasts, mitochondria have 2 cell membranes and their own DNA

Organelle: Golgi Apparatus

responsible for sorting and correctly shipping the proteins produced by ribosomes

are stacks of membrane-covered sacs

Sometimes called the golgi body or just simply the golgi

Uses vesicles

Organelle: Vesicles

small membrane-bound sac that surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell

Vesicles moving materials in start from the cell membrane and move to the golgi

Vesicles moving materials out originate at the golgi and fuse with the cell membrane to release the materials outside the cell

Organelle: Lysosomes


• contain enzymes which break down food molecules, wastes, and worn out cell parts.

• Lysosomes are typically associated with animal cells, however plants do have similar structures

Organelle: Vacuoles

Membranes in the cytoplasm where food, water, and biomolecules are stored

Plant cells have a special vacuole which is very large and stores water (called Central Vacuole) which helps keep the cell wall rigid

Cell Solvent: Cytoplasm

watery gel inside the cell membrane which holds the organelles and dissolves biological molecules

Cell Structure:Nucleolus

- The nucleolus assembles ribosomes

- It is inside the nucleus

Cell Structure:Ribosomes

- Make proteins from DNA code

- Found in the cytoplasm and on the E.R.

Cell Structure: Chromosomes

Made up of DNA wrapped around proteins

Chromosomes carry genetic code; genes

Genes decide the cells traits and activities (heart cell, eye cell - such as color).

Cell Structure: Cell Wall

Cell walls provide rigid structure and support

Animal cells DO NOT have cell walls

Materials:

– Plants: cellulose

– Fungi: Chitin

– Bacteria: peptidoglycan

Cell Structure Centrioles (centrosome)


Makes microtubules (cytoskeleton)

Helps with cell division in animals and fungi (plants don’t have them although they have similar structures)

Cell Structure: Cytoskeleton

Provides structural support to cells

Also transports vesicles and materials around the cell using motor proteins

Types:

– Microtubules made of tubulin protein

– Microfilaments made of the protein actin

– Intermediate fibers also composed of protein

19. Which two organelles/structures do animal cells never have? Animal cells will never have a cell wall or chloroplasts

Ecology1. What is the difference between biotic things and abiotic things? Abiotic= non-living Biotic= living or once living2. What are the six levels of organization within ecosystems? Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere3. Draw a diagram from smallest to largest level to illustrate these levels of organization.

4. What is a soil profile? The properties of all the soil horizons of an area5. Define this soil quality terms: Composition: the contents of the soil (water, air, minerals, humus, organisms)Texture: the ratio of sand, silt, clay, and organic materialsParticle size: the size of soil particles Permeability: how well does the soil drain water?pH: how acid or basic the soil is6. Explain how soil quality affects the characteristics of an ecosystem using evidence from soil profiles. Generally speaking, the higher humus content, the better the soil


7. Give 3 examples of ecosystems. For each ecosystem explain how the soil profile of that ecosystem relates to the organisms found there.Desert: little to no humus, dry Deciduous Forest: well balanced soilTropical Rain forest: poor soil, very little humus due to rapid nutrient cyclingGrasslands: best soil, large amounts of humus8. Define carrying capacity. The number of organisms an ecosystem can support in a population9. Why can’t populations of organisms exceed carrying capacity? Resources run out, limiting factors control how many organisms an ecosystem can hold10. List 5 different resource availability limiting factors which can determine an ecosystem’s carrying capacity. Food, Water, light, living space, air11. List and explain 2 different natural hazards which may affect the size of a population of organisms. Earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, wildfire (all of which can kill organisms or destroy their habitat12. Define each of these ecological interactions. Name 2 specific examples for each interaction.

- Competition When individuals or populations fight for the same resources- Mutualism both organisms get a benefit from the relationship- Commensalism one organism benefits, the other is unaffected- Parasitism one organism benefits, the other is harmed but not killed- Predator-Prey relationship a consumer feeds on a producer or a consumer feeds on another

consumer13. What is a symbiotic relationship? A long-term relationship where two species live closely together and at least one benefits directly from the relationship14. Define these terms which describe how organisms get their energy and materials.

- Producer makes food from sunlight, Consumer must eat other organisms to get energy and materials, Decomposer breaks down (feeds on) dead organisms and returns nutrients to the soil , Herbivore, eats only plants ( a primary consumer)Carnivore, eats only meatOmnivore Eats plants and meat15. What is a trophic level? each energy level of the food web16. Draw a diagram of an energy pyramid.

17. What percentage of energy is transferred up each trophic level? 10%18. What is an invasive species and what effect do they have on an ecosystem? A non-native, artificially introduced species which outcompetes native species.

Can lead to: Local extinction Habit destruction Ecological disruption


19. What is an apex predator and what happens when an apex predator is removed from an ecosystem? are consumers that are at the top of the food chain. Nothing eats them while they are alive. Removing an apex predator negatively effects the ecosystem because everything else reproduces out of control20. What happens to an ecosystem when producers are removed? The ecosystem collapses21. List and describe 3 techniques used to combat invasive species.

Eradication (difficult) Introduction of a predator (often becomes invasive itself) Preventative Measures (best option, but difficult to enforce

22. List and explain 3 examples of how humans are negatively affecting the environment. Pollution, habitat destruction, global warming, draining resources

Genetics 1. What is genetics? The study of genes and heredity2. What is heredity? The passing of genes from parent to offspring3. What is the carrier of genetic traits? DNA4. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid5. What is a chromosome? Condensed form of DNA wrapped around proteins6. What is a gene? units of heredity which occupy specific locations on chromosomes and code for a particular protein

7. What is an allele? Different forms of the same gene8. What is genotype? How is it written in a Punnett Square? The actual genes an organism has, represented on a Punnett Square as two letters (Aa)9. What is phenotype? The observable characteristic an organism has10. Explain the difference between dominant and recessive alleles. Dominant is always expressed. Recessive must have 2 recessive alleles to be expressed. Dominant outshadows recessive11. What types of alleles does a homozygous dominant organism have? Two dominant alleles12. What types of alleles does a homozygous recessive organism have? Two recessive alleles13. What types of alleles does a heterozygous organism have? One dominant allele, on recessive allele14. Who is “the father of genetics”? What type of organism did he study? Mendel, pea plants15. What does a Punnett Square show? How parent alleles combine in offspring16. Define incomplete dominance. when one allele is only partially dominant17. Define codominance. when two dominant alleles are expressed equally18. What is polygenic inheritance? occurs when multiple genes affect the phenotype19. What are the three parts of the nucleotides which make up DNA strands? Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base20. What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA? Include their abbreviation letterAdenine AThymine TGuanine G


Cytosine C

21. What type of attraction holds the nitrogenous bases of the two strands of DNA together? Hydrogen bonds22. What is Chargaff’s Rule? A always matches to T, C always matches to G23. What is the name of the protein which replicates DNA? DNA polymerase24. What is a mutation? A random change in the genetic code25. What molecule does DNA code for? proteins26. Describe the entire process of protein being created from DNA code. 1. DNA is transcribed to RNA in the nucleus 2. RNA leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome 3. RNA is translated into protein by the ribosome

Genetics Study Guide Part 21. How do organisms grow? By adding cells2. What is the cell cycle and what are the two main parts of the cell cycle? Sequence of phases in a cell’s life cycle3. What is mitosis? What is cytokinesis? Mitosis = nucleus division Cytokinesis = cell division4. What is the longest part of the cell cycle and when does it happen? Interphase, between cell divisions5. During what stage of interphase is the DNA replicated? S Phase6. List the 4 phases of mitosis and explain what happens in each phase.Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolvesMetaphase: spindle fibers (microtubules) pull chromosomes the center of the cell (the metaphase plate)Anaphase: the chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cellTelophase: nuclear membrane reforms around both sets of chromosomes, DNA unwinds, cytokinesis begins7. How are gametes made? Meiosis8. What does meiosis do to the chromosome number? Cuts it in half9. What is the difference between diploid and haploid? Diploid = 2 copies of each chromosome, Haploid = 1 copy of each chromosome10. Explain the process of meiosis. How many cell divisions occur? How many DNA replications occur? A diploid cell replicates its chromosomes and undergoes cell division. The DNA is not copied again but a second cell division occurs. Results in 4 haploid cells11. What is selective breeding? Does it directly modify the DNA of organisms? Breeding only the most beneficial organisms, doesn’t directly modify the DNA12. What is recombinant DNA technology used to do? Put the DNA/genes of one organism into another13. When did we first develop recombinant DNA technology? 1970s14. What is the most modern type of recombinant DNA technology called? Why is it so revolutionary? CRISPER/Cas9 its cheap and highly specific15. Organisms which have genes from other organisms are called genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or transgenic organisms16. What are the six steps of creating a recombinant bacteria?

1. Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid).2. Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction enzymes”.3. Cut the DNA from another organism with “restriction enzymes”.


4. Combine the cut pieces of DNA together with another enzyme and insert them into bacteria.5. Reproduce the recombinant bacteria.6. The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria.

17. List two benefits of recombinant bacteria. Using bacteria to make medical products, bacteria engineered to eat oil spills18. List three examples of uses of GMO plants. disease-resistant and insect-resistant cropsMore nutritious fruit Herbicide resistant crops19. What are the steps to make a genetically modified plant?1.Create recombinant bacteria with desired gene.2. Allow the bacteria to “infect" the plant cells.3. Desired gene is inserted into plant chromosomes.20. How are transgenic animals made? (3 steps)1. gene is prepared in the lab2. gene is inserted into egg cell using recombinant DNA technology3. egg is implanted into surrogate to be born21. List 4 examples of transgenic animalsMice – used to study human immune system

Chickens – more resistant to infections

Cows – increase milk supply and leaner meat 4. Glowing rabbits!22. Explain how clones are created.Cells taken from animal to be cloned, nucleus is removedNucleus is removed from an unfertilized egg cellNucleus of animal to be cloned is injected into the empty egg cellThe egg is then implanted into a surrogate and the clone is born, genetically identical to the donor animal23. What are the steps of gel electrophoresis and what can the results be used for?Cut” DNA sample with restriction enzymes.2. Run the DNA fragments through a gel.3. Bands will form in the gel.4. Everyone’s DNA bands are unique and can be used to identify a person.5. DNA bands are like “genetic fingerprints”.Used to identify people by their “genetic fingerprints”24. What is gene sequencing? Determining the exact sequence of all the base pairs of an organisms genome25. What is the main application of gene sequencing?Medical research of genetic disorders

Punnett Square Practice: Standard Mendelian, Incomplete, Codominance


Students will receive the answers to this part of the study guide in classCross the following parents using a Punnett Square and list the percentage probability of genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring. List the letter genotype (Xx) along with homozygous dominant, heterozygous, etc.

In pea plants, the trait for seed shape is controlled by standard Mendelian inheritance. The allele for round seeds (R) is dominant to the allele for wrinkled seed (r)

1. A heterozygous plant (Rr) crossed with a homozygous recessive (rr) plant

2. A homozygous dominant plant (RR) crossed with a homozygous recessive plant (rr)

3. A heterozygous plant (Rr) with a homozygous dominant plant (RR)

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:


4. A wrinkled seed plant crossed with a wrinkled seed plant

5. A heterozygous plant (Rr) crossed with a heterozygous plant (Rr)

In certain cows, the two alleles for fur color are Red (R) and White (W). These two alleles are codominant. In this case, there is no recessive allele. Cows with a Codominant genotype (RW) are red and white spotted.

6. A red cow crossed with a white cow

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:


7. A Spotted cow crossed with a spotted cow

In seals, the gene for whisker length displays an incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance. The allele for long whiskers (L) are incompletely dominant to the allele for short whiskers (l). The heterozygous genotype has medium whiskers.

8. A heterozygous father seal with a homozygous dominant seal

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:


9. A long whiskered seal crossed with a short whiskered seal

10. A heterozygous seal crossed with a medium whiskered seal

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:

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hcawhite.weebly.com€¦ · Web viewExplain the difference between atoms, molecules, and compounds. Atoms: simplest form of matter which retains properties. Molecules: two or more