Waste management - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysiapkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet... · Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Open dumps pose the following

Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues

and assessment

Waste management

Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob

Program Geologi, UKM

2 UKM Pakarunding Sdn.

Bhd

Satellite images of Landfill sites in

Selangor

AIR HITAM SANITARY LANDFILL (CLOSED)River

JERAM SANITARY LANDFILL

River

River


Bhd

Satellite images of Landfill sites in

Selangor

BUKIT TAGAR SANITARY LANDFILLSG. SEDU LANDFILL


Bhd

Kelana Jaya Landfill


and assessment

Concepts of waste management

• (1) DILUTE AND DISPERSE

– Small amount of waste

– few factories and sparse population

• (2) CONCENTRATE AND CONTAIN

– Not always achieved : leakage

• (3) RESOURCE RECOVERY

– Converted waste to useful materials

– Waste = resources ; waste-to-energy

– Eg: old computers – “NEW” gold mining


and assessment

Dilute and disperse


and assessment

SOLID WASTE

• Types of solid waste:--– (1) Light industrial

waste

– (2) Construction waste

– (3) Demolition waste

– (4) Garbage (home) and rubbish (paper, etc)

– (5) Street refuse

Cinders = Residue of coal or wood/ashes

• Solid waste:

– 7.2 million tons/year OR 18,900 tons/day

(year 2002; 21million of population).

SOLID WASTE


and assessment

Hazardous waste

• Toxic - cause injury or death if swallowed, absorbed, or inhaled.

• Flammable - can be ignited by a flame, spark, ignition source or hot surface under almost all temperature conditions.

• Corrosive - a chemical or its vapors that can burn or destroy living tissues at the site of contact, and deteriorate or wear away the surface of a material.

• Explosive - violently bursting when exposed to pressure or heat.

E-waste


and assessment


and assessment

Method of disposal

• 1. Onsite disposal

• 2. Composting

• 3. Open dumps

• 4. Sanitary landfills

• 5. Incineration


and assessment

1. On-site disposal

• Mechanical grinding of kitchen food

waste – “Flintstone”

• The garbage is ground and flushed into

a kitchen sink


and assessment

2. Composting

• Biochemical process :Organic materials decompose to humus like material

• Excellent method to recycle material

• to enrich soils

• Reduce the amount of material sent to local landfills.


and assessment

Composting


and assessment

3. Open dumps

• Oldest and most common way

• Wherever land is available; no safety,

health hazards, aesthetic degradation

• Pile of waste – ignite and burn

• Health hazard

– Breeding pests, polluting air, contaminating

surface and groundwater

• Still common in developing countries

(Malaysia ?? – 20 years behind !!)

• Illegal dumps associated with

scheduled waste

– 2002 to 2006: 107 cases

– 60% in the state of Selangor (the most

developed state in Malaysia)

Geo-Environmental Engineering

2008 :: Kyoto University, Japan ::

June 12-14, 2008

Illegal dumps

Toxic waste that was illegally dumped at Kg.

Sungai Gatom, in Labis, Johor.

Januari 2006

Geo-Environmental Engineering

2008 :: Kyoto University, Japan ::

June 12-14, 2008

Example of illegal dumping of toxic waste in Malaysia


and assessment

Open dumps pose the following health,

safety, and environmental threats:

• Fire and explosion

• Inhalation of toxic gases

• Injury to children playing on or around the dump site

• Disease

• Contamination of streams, rivers and lakes

• Contamination of soil and groundwater

• Contamination of drinking water

• Damage to plant and wildlife habitats

• Decrease in the quality of life to nearby residents


and assessment

Open dumps


and assessment

OPEN DUMPS

Liquids produced in landfill

Contaminate stream and groundwater

Debris and odors

Decomposing

wastes burn and

produce fires and

smoke

Birds and disease carrying

rodents and insects

Rodent – rats, mouse, squirrel


and assessment

LANDFILL

OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND

NIMBY – Not in my back yard

NIABY (Not In Anyone's Backyard)

BANANA -Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything

NOTE (Not Over There, Either)

NOPE (Not On Planet Earth)


and assessment

April 2007

A total of 261 landfills; 111 were

closed.

From 150 active landfills, 10 are

sanitary (engineered)

MHLG – Ministry of Housing and Local Government

Landfill in Malaysia


and assessment

What Happens to Trash in a Landfill?

• Stay there for a very long time.

• Inside a landfill: little oxygen and little

moisture. --trash does not break down very

rapidly.

• 40-year-old newspapers have been found

with easily readable print.

• Landfills are not designed to break down

trash, merely (only) to bury it.

• When a landfill closes, the site must be

monitored and maintained for up to 30 years!


and assessment


and assessment

What is landfill? (1)

• Pleasant term for a garbage dump

• Located in a cavity in the ground.

• When full, it may be covered up and

look like part of the land.

• Today's landfills are sanitary

• Special technology to eliminate

methane gas and toxic leachate.


and assessment

Sanitary landfill

Method of solid waste disposal that

functions without creating a hazard to

public health or safety

(Definition by American Society of Civil

Engineering, ASCE)

A method of disposing of solid wastes on land without

creating nuisances or hazards to public health or

the environment.

Using the principles of engineering the solid waste is

confined to the smallest practical area, reduced

to the smallest practical volume, and covered

with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each

day’s operation (daily cover), or at more frequent

intervals as may be necessary.


and assessment

Sanitary landfill

The Technical Guideline for Sanitary Landfill, Design and Operation. MHLG, Malaysia 2006


and assessment

Sanitary landfill

• Emerged in 1930s

• Two types: area landfill & depression

landfill

• Refuse is deposited, compacted and

covered

• Potential hazards:

– (1) Leachate (i.e. waste juice !!)

– (2) Landfill gas

Classification of sanitary landfills levels

Level 0 – open dumps

Level 1 – controlled tipping

Level 2 – sanitary landfill with a bund and

daily cover soil

Level 3 – sanitary landfill with leachate

recirculation system

Level 4 – sanitary landfill with leachate

treatment facilities


and assessment

Sg. Sabai, Hulu Selangor.

Kyoto JapanAmpar Tenang Landfill

31 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd

Level of sanitary landfill system

Level Description

Level O Open dumpsite

Level I Controlled tipping

Level II Sanitary landfill with bund and daily

cover

Level IIII Sanitary landfill with leachate

recirculation system

Level IV Sanitary landfill with leachate

treatment facilities and MORE

Size of RISK

• Monitoring

• Water quality

• Liner facility

Lower impact, fewer

countermeasures for

closure.

New facility should be designed to

achieve minimum Level 3 landfill


and assessment

Sanitary Landfill

Advantages Disadvantages

1. Most Economic method

2. Low initial investment

3. Operation in a short time

period

4. All types of waste – all in

one (MMA !!!)

5. Completed sites – other

purposes

1. Not suitable in densely

populated area

2. Require daily maintenance

3. Methane and other gases

4. Leachate – problem for

years


and assessment

LEACHATE (1)

• A liquid: result of water seeping into

and through the wastes.

• The water dissolves part of the

organic and inorganic matter.

• Exit the bottom of the landfill --

contaminants to the groundwater

and/or surface water.


and assessment

• Strength and nature depend on:--

– (1) the composition of waste

– (2) length of time – contact with

waste

– (3) amount of water in waste

LEACHATE (2)


and assessment

1. Leachate

The values are expressed in mg/L.


and assessment

LEACHATE


and assessment

• 45% to 60% methane (Colorless; odorless, explosive)

• 40% to 60% carbon dioxide.

• Small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen,

ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen, carbon

monoxide

• Nonmethane organic compounds

(NMOCs) such as trichloroethylene,

benzene, and vinyl chloride

Landfill gas (1)Biogas


and assessment

Landfill gas (2)

Evolution of gas in landfill


and assessment

Initial decomposition of waste

via aerobic biological processes

(air pockets in fill)

O2

exhausted soon the aerobic

biodegradation started

anaerobic

Stage 1: acid formation (complex arganic

acetic acid, propionic acid, pyruvic acid)

Stage 2: methane formation (methanogenesis)

CO2 is a main gas

produce during aerobic stage

Weeks or months

CH4 & CO2 are main gaseous end products at anaerobic stage

End ratio: CH4 (55%) CO2 (45%)

Achieved after 2-3 years


and assessment

• Methane is highly explosive when mixed with air at a volume between its LEL of 5% and its UEL of 15%.

• At concentrations below 5% and above 15%, methane is not explosive.

LEL – Lower explosion limit

UEL – Upper explosion limit

Landfill gas (3)


and assessment

??


and assessment


and assessment


and assessment

1999

An 8-year-old girl was burned on her arms and legs when playing in an

Atlanta playground. The area was reportedly used as an illegal

dumping ground many years ago. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution 1999)

1994 While playing soccer in a park built over an old landfill in North Carolina, a

woman was seriously burned by a methane explosion.

1987 Off-site gas migration is suspected to have caused a house to explode in

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (EPA 1991)

1984 Landfill gas migrated to and destroyed one house near a landfill in Akron,

Ohio.Ten houses were temporarily evacuated. (EPA 1991)

1983 An explosion destroyed a residence across the street from a landfill in

Cincinnati, Ohio. Minor injuries were reported. (EPA 1991)

Landfill Gas Explosions


and assessment

The basic parts of a landfill

• Bottom liner system

– separates trash and leachate from groundwater

• Cells (old and new)

– The trash is stored within the landfill

• Storm water drainage system

– collects rain water that falls on the landfill

• Leachate collection system

– collects water that has percolated through the landfill itself and contains leachate

• Methane collection system

– collects methane gas that is formed during the breakdown of trash

• Covering or cap

– seals off the top of the landfill


and assessment

The cross-section of a municipal solid waste

landfill


and assessment

Cross section of a landfill

Landfill liner

• Natural landfill liner of clayey material

• Potential for leakage accumulation

• Soil type determine the rate of leakage

flow

• Clayey material has very small flow rate

and retard the movement of leakage


and assessment

Compacted clay and geomembrane


and assessment

Geomembrane (HDPE)

Compacted clay soil

Bukit Tagar Landfill


and assessment

Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL)


and assessment

Bottom lining systems for municipal waste landfills from different regulations

and recommendations

JAPAN

K<

1x1

0-8

m/s

ec

>0.5m

(Kamon, 2001)

MALAYSIA

Landfill liner


and assessment

Landfill monitoring


and assessment

Landfill monitoring

Idealised diagrams showing map view (a) and cross section (b) of a landfill with a

double liner of clay and plastic and a leachate collection system.

Recommended monitoring parameters and frequency for medias

Monitoring

media/parameters

Item and parameters Frequency Location

Preliminary site inspection Surrounding environment

Facility condition

Nuisance condition

Once before

monitoring

-

Leachate pH, BOD, COD, Nitrogen

(ammonia, nitrate, nitrite),

ORP, EC, TOC

4 times/ year 1 point / leachate

pond

Landfill gas O2, N2, CH4, CO2, H2S,

temperature

2 times/year 2 points/site

Land subsidence Topographic height of the

top of landfill

Once/year 1 point/landfill

block

Groundwater Groundwater benchmark

parameters

once./year 3 points/site

Surface water Effluents standard

parameters

Once/year 2 points/stream

(Guideline for safe closure and rehabilitation of MSW landfill sites, MHLG 2006)

Hydrological Monitoring

-- Placement Of Monitoring Wells

Sg Labu

Pusat Serenti

Groundwater flow


Bhd

Ampar Tenang Landfill

IRPA Research Project on Groundwater Contamination (2004)

BH1

BH7

BH3

BH6

BH2

BH4

BH5


Bhd

Various types of monitoring wells

Air Hitam Landfill Jeram Landfill Kundang Landfill

Bukit Tagar Landfill

Ampar Tenang Landfill

(source: Bukit Tagar environmental report) (source: Kelana Jaya Landfill report)

#1

ASTM D5787 - 95(2009) Standard Practice for Monitoring Well Protection

Kelana Jaya ex-Landfill

•Fence (lock)

•Concrete base

•Buffer zone

•well head


Bhd

Ampar Tenang Landfill UpstreamDownstream


and assessment

INCINERATOR (1)

• Burning waste in large furnaces (900-1000oC)

• Segregated and burnt ASH.

• Ash floats in hot air -- FLY ash.

• Ash that is left in the furnace after burning –BOTTOM ash

• Fly and bottom ash --- high concentrations of dangerous toxins such as dioxins and heavy metals.

• Disposing of this ash is a problem.

• The ash that is buried at the landfills leaches the area and cause severe contamination.


and assessment

• Reduce volume of waste --- 75 to 95%

• 2 advantages

– (1) Reduce the volume of waste

– (2) Generating electrical power

• Consider as treatment; not disposal

INCINERATOR (2)


and assessment

Apparatus to purify gases


and assessment

Incinerator

(Kyoto Uni, Japan)


and assessment


and assessment

Geology and landfill


and assessment

THE NATURAL HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING

• You want the geology to do two contradictory things for

you.

– (i) To prevent the wastes from escaping, you want rocks as

tight (waterproof) as possible.

– (ii) Yet if leakage occurs, you want the geology to be as

simple as possible so you can easily predict where the wastes

will go. Then you can put down wells and capture the escaped

wastes by pumping.

• Fractured bedrock is highly undesirable beneath a

landfill because the wastes cannot be located if they

escape.

• Mines and quarries should be avoided because they

frequently contact the groundwater.


and assessment


and assessment

Which one is better for landfill?

(a) (b)


and assessment

27th August 2009 – Peperiksaan Pertengahan Semester

12.15-1.15pm

satu jam sahaja

Tempat: makmal peta

TAMATT ha nk y o u f o r y o ur a t t e n t ion…

Documents

Waste management - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysiapkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet... · Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Open dumps pose the following