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dwzwy-geologi-2010
Water
(hydrology)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Zuhairi Yaacob
Program Geologi
UKM
12/17/2010
Air dan agama• Islam
– Air Zam Zam
– Air sembahyang
– Air “tawar”
• Hindu– Sungai Ganges
• Kristian– Air suci “holy water”
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Kitaran air
3
"Allah, Dialah yang mengirim angin lalu angin itu menggerakkan awan dan
Allah membentangkannya di langit menurut yang dikehendakiNya, dan
menjadikannya bergumpal-gumpal: lalu kamu lihat hujan keluar dari celah-
celahnya. Maka apabila hujan itu turun menimpa hambaNya yang
dikehendakiNya menjadikan mereka gembira. (Surah Ar-Rum: 48)
Air bawah tanah
(hujan)
(pemejalwapan)
(evapo-transpirasi)
(resapan)(aliran bawah tanah))
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Taburan air di bumi
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• Hidrogeologi
– Kajian air di bawah permukaan
– Geologi
– Hidrogeologist
• Hidrologi
– Kajian air permukaan sahaja
– Kejuruteraan awam dan environmental
scientist
5
2 jenis bidang kajian air
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Water resources in Malaysia
33
5
62
Groundwater utilization by sector
Industrial
Agricultural
Domestic
3
97
Water use by source
Groundwater
Surface water
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GROUNDWATER
Groundwater is water located beneath the ground
surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of
lithologic formations.
Geologists
Hydrologists
Soil scientistsgeographers
Ecologists
Geotech Engineers
Mining engineerssanitary engineers
Petroleum reservoir analysts
Groundwater
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Slide from Mohd Hatta Abd. Karim (JMG)
b m3 = billion cubic meter
m m3 = million cubic meter
MLD = million liter per day
MGD = million gallon per day
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
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Aquifer and confining layers
Aquifer
– saturated permeable geologic unit that can transmit significant quantities of water .
– eg. Sandstone, gravel, fractured rocks
Aquiclude
– a zone of earth material that will hold water but not transmit it fast enough to be pumped from a well
– poor aquifer; few formation fit aquiclude
Aquitard
– the less permeable beds in a stratigraphic sequence
– Eg. Clay, shale, dense rock
9
@ Aquifuge
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Hydraulic conductivity
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• 2 jenis akuifer
– Unconfined aquifer (Tak terkekang)• There is no confining layer restricting
the upper surface of the zone
– Confined aquifer (Terkekang)• There is a confining layer restricting the
upper surface of the saturation zone. – exist where the groundwater is bounded
between layers of impermeable substances like clay or dense rock.
• Artesian condition (artesian well)
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• Groundwater
recharge (in)• adds water to the
aquifer
• Groundwater
discharge (out)• removes groundwater
from an aquifer
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Groundwater
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Sumber air tanah
• Faktor akuifer yang baik?
–Kuantiti
–Kualiti
• Sumber air tanah terbaik di dunia ialah
air zam-zam
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Apa yang mengawal kuantiti?
–Porositi (rongga) – menentukan
jumlah air yang boleh disimpan
–Saiz akuifer – ketebalan dan keluasan
–Ketertelapan – mempengaruhi kadar
recharge dan keupayaan untuk dipam
Ketertelapan (permeability) – keupayaan sesuatu
medium tanah untuk mengalirkan air melaluinya
Cth:
Pasir – ketertelapan tinggi (2 x 10-2 m/sec)
Lempung / lodak – ketertelapan rendah (1 x 10-9 m/sec)
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Kualiti air
• Kualiti akuifer– Air tanah mengandungi
pelbagai jenis bahan kimiainorganik dalam pelbagaikepekatan
– Kimia air dipengaruhi olehjenis batuan atau akuiferyang menakung air tersebut
– Cth: air bawah tanah dikawasan batu kapurberbeza dengan air tanah dikawasan granite
– Analisis kualiti air (water quality)
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Interaksi air / batuan / gas
Air tawar tanpa bahan terlarut selain
dari hasil sentuhan dengan udara
dan mineral (air tulen)
Disebabkan oleh hanya sedikit komponen
udara dan pepejal dalam air tulen,
ketidakseimbangan wujud dan tindakbalas
perlarutan berlaku yang membekalkan
komponen kepada air
CaCO3 (calcite) + H+ -- Ca2+ + HCO3-
CH2O (organic matter) + O2 CO2 (gas) + H2O2/17/2010
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Water quality parameter
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1) Alkalinity
2) Ammonia (NH3)
3) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) BOD ; COD
4) Fecal Coliform Bacteria
5) Flow
6) Hardness
7) Nitrate (NO3)
8) Nitrite (NO2)
9. pH
10.Phosphorus
11.Specific Conductance
12.Temperature
13.Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
14.Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
15.Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
16.Turbidity
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Chemical composition of water in relation to rocks
Rock type Dominant ions
Granite, rhyolite Na2+, HCO3-
Gabbro, basalt Ca2+, Na2+, HCO3-
Sandstone, arkose,
graywacke
Ca2+, Mg2+, Na2+, HCO3-
Siltstone, clay, shale Ca2+, Mg2+, Na2+, HCO3-, SO4
2-, Cl-
Limestone, dolomite Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-
Slate, schist, gneiss Ca2+, Na+, HCO3-
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Typical Groundwater Dissolved Constituents
• Major Ions
Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-/CO3, SO4
2-, Cl-
• Total concentration >90% !!
• Minor/Trace
Fe, Mn, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, As, Se,
NH4, Co, Cu, Hg
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Plot groundwater quality
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Stiff Diagram
Piper Diagram
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Semua unit dalam Meq/L
National Guidelines for Raw Drinking Water Quality from the
Ministry of Health, MOH or KKM (Revised December 2000)
Parameter unit value
Sulphate mg/l 400
Hardness mg/l 500
Nitrate mg/l 10
Coliform MPN 10
Manganese mg/l 0.2
Chromium, hexavalent mg/l 0.05
Zinc mg/l 1.5
Arsenic mg/l 0.05
Selenium mg/l 0.01
Chloride mg/l 250
Phenols mg/l 0.002
TDS mg/l 1500
Iron mg/l 1
Copper mg/l 1
Lead mg/l 0.1
Cadmium mg/l 0.005
Mercury mg/l 0.001
Ministry of Health, Malaysiadwzwy-2009
dwzwy-geologi-2010
Multiparameter water quality meter
The YSI Multiparameter water
quality meter can provide
data on:-
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Temperature
• Conductivity
• Salinity
• pH (acidity)
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Total Solids (residue)
• Solids – (1) suspended (insoluble solids) or (2) dissolved (soluble solids)
• The solids remain after evaporating the water
• 1. Total suspended solids (TSS) – filterable solids
– Silt, clay, metal oxides, sulfides, algae, bacteria, fungi
• 2. Total dissolved solids (TDS) – nonfilterable solids
– Would pass through 0.45 um filter
– Dissolved minerals and salts
– Major contributors: carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, phosphate and nitrate salts.
– Taste problems – high TDS levels
• TDS ----- salinity ----- specific conductivity
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TDS
• Simple groundwater classification based on TDS
Category TDS (mg/l)
Fresh water 0-1000
Brackish water 1000-10 000
Saline water 10 000-100 000
Brine water >100 000
Note: water with 2000-3000 mg/l TDS – too salty to drink
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Oxygen-demanding waste
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
– The amount of oxygen used for bacterial decomposition
– Measure in water quality management
– Measured as mg/l of O2 consumed over 5 days at 20oC
– High BOD; high level of decaying organic matter in water
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BOD Level
(in ppm)Water Quality
1 - 2
Very Good
There will not be much organic
waste present in the water
supply.
3 - 5 Fair: Moderately Clean
6 - 9
Poor: Somewhat Polluted
Usually indicates organic matter
is present and bacteria are
decomposing this waste.
100 or greaterVery Poor: Very Polluted
Contains organic waste.
Biochemical oxygen demand (keperluan oksigen biokimia)
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DO (dissolved oxygen) @
oksigen terlarut
• Kandungan oksigen yang larut dalam
air @ yang berada dalam air (unit mg/L
atau ppm)
• Bukan kandungan atom Oksigen dalam
molekul air!!
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DO Level
(in ppm atau mg/L)Water Quality
0.0 - 4.0
Poor
Some fish and
macroinvertebrate populations
will begin to decline.
4.1 - 7.9 Fair
8.0 - 12.0 Good
12.0 +
Retest
Water maybe artificially
aerated.
Water pollution; DO < 5mg/L
OKSIGEN TERLARUT (DISSOLVED OXYGEN)
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COD (chemical oxygen demand)
• Kandungan oksigen yang diperlukan
untuk tindakbalas kimia atau proses
kimia dalam air. (unit mg/L atau ppm)
• Contoh: tindakbalas luluhawa mineral
dalam air yg menggunakan oksigen.
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Air Permukaan (surface water)
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Not so bad ??
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ASMA (Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd)
Langat Basin
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Item No. Item Description Qty. Unit price (RM) Total Value (RM)
Manual Water Quality Data at:
1. Sungai Buloh (1B01), Sg Klang (1K02,1K05,1K06),Sg Damansara (1K13), 20 135 2700.00
Sg Penchala (1K14), Sg Langat 1L01, 1L02), Sg Btg Labu (1L08),
Sg Semenyih(1L09), Sg Btag Benar (1L12,IL20),Sg Buan (1L21),
Sg Btg Nilai (1L22,1L23), Sg Jijan (1L25), Sg Air Hitam (1SR02),
Sg Btg Kali (1SR03), Sg Kerling (1SR06), Sg Sembah (1SR09)
Parameter: Complete
Period:2009
TOTAL 2700.00
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Agensi berkaitan air di Malaysia
Pahang-Selangor Raw Water
Transfer (PPAMPS)
Interstate Water Transfer To
Meet Future Water Demand
For Selangor And Wilayah
Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur
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JBA – Jabatan Bekalan Air
SPAN – suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
JPS – Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia
MWA – Malaysia Water Association
SYABAS - Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd.
NAHRIM - National Hydraulic Research Institute of
Malaysia
DOE & ASMA
TAMAT
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