Lecture 5: STANDARD & GUIDELINES IN …pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/STAG3112/WePapers.com...•Malaysia has its own soil and groundwater quality standard. ... • Fire

STAG3342::drwzwy::Geologi UKM

Lecture 5: STANDARD & GUIDELINES IN CONTAMINATED LAND

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob

Program Geologi, UKM

2/13/2011

• Soil and groundwater pollution in the past has not been identified as key environmental issue in

Malaysia.

• Currently there is no specific law to deal with soil and groundwater contamination in Malaysia

• Malaysia has its own soil and groundwater quality standard. (DOE soil standard: completed end of

2009)

Introduction

STAG3342::drwzwy::Geologi UKM2/13/2011

Water Quality Standard


Collect groundwater samples

Analysis

Exceed Max Cont Levels (MCLs)

Remedial action is necessary Water is clean

Below Max Cont Levels (MCLs)

2/13/2011

maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)

Regulations / Standards / Guidelines

Country Standards/Guidelines

United Kingdom a) The Interdepartmental Committee on the Redevelopment of

Contaminated Land, ICRCL -- 1976

b) The Dutch List (initially known as the "A B C List" but now

modified to the New Dutch List)

c) The Kelley Indices (Gasworks)

Australia The Environment Protection & Heritage Council

a draft National Environment Protection Measure (NEPM) for

contaminated land management (9 volumes)

Netherlands Soil Protection Act [Wet bodembescherming] (WBB) 1996

USA CERCLA or Superfund: Comprehensive Environment Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act

ASTM - American Society for Testing Materials

MALAYSIA Belum ada !!; Sedang diusahakan oleh DOE & SIRIM


Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127)

The Environmental Quality Act 1974 came in to force since 1975. However, there is no specific regulation with respect to soil and groundwater contamination.

MANAGEMENT FOR SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION


Transfer of responsibility from local authorities to the Department of National Solid Waste Management in the Ministry of Housing and Local Government

Technical guideline #1 Technical guideline #2

Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Act 2007


1. SIRIM BHD – ASTM, New Zealand

– GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING EARLY ACTION FOR SITE REMEDIATION - DMS 07z008r0 ( Project 1- completed and under MS publication stage )

– PRACTICE FOR ASSESSMENT OF ATTAINING CLEAN UP LEVEL FOR SITE CLOSURE - DMS 07z031r0 (Project 2 - under Public Comment stage for 2 months ( 1 Jun 08- 31 July 08) )

2. Department of Environment, DOE (consultant - ENSR Asia)

– A Study on Criteria and Standard for Managing and Restoring Contaminated Land in Malaysia

– Status: In progress (expected date line: December 2008)

NEW MALAYSIAN STANDARD FOR REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED LAND



June 2009

• Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines No. 2: Assessing and Reporting Contaminated Sites

Department of Environment

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia


•Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines No. 1: Malaysian Recommended Site Screening Levels for Contaminated Land

2/13/2011


Parameter Unit Value

A B

Temperature ºc 40 40

pH - 6.0-9.0 5.5-9.0

BOD5 mg/l 20 50

COD mg/l 50 100

Suspended solid mg/l 50 100

Mercury mg/l 0.005 0.05

Cadmium mg/l 0.01 0.02

Chromium,hexavalent mg/l 0.05 0.05

arsenic mg/l 0.05 0.1

cyanide mg/l 0.05 0.1

lead mg/l 0.1 0.5

Chromium, trivalent mg/l 0.2 1

copper mg/l 0.2 1

Manganese mg/l 0.2 1

Nickel mg/l 0.2 1

tin mg/l 0.2 1

Zinc mg/l 1 1

Boron mg/l 1 4

Iron mg/l 1 5

Phenols mg/l 0.001 1

Chlorine mg/l 1 2

Sulphide mg/l 0.5 0.5

Oil and grease mg/l nd 10

Effluent Quality (Sewage and

Industrial Effluents) Regulations,

1979 in Environmental Quality Act,

1974;

nd = not detectable


Standard A or B ?


landfill

River

Water uptake station

landfill

River

Water uptake station

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

2/13/2011

National Guidelines for Raw Drinking Water Quality from the Ministry of Health, MOH or KKM (Revised December 2000)

Parameter unit value

Sulphate mg/l 400

Hardness mg/l 500

Nitrate mg/l 10

Coliform MPN 10

Manganese mg/l 0.2

Chromium, hexavalent mg/l 0.05

Zinc mg/l 1.5

Arsenic mg/l 0.05

Selenium mg/l 0.01

Chloride mg/l 250

Phenols mg/l 0.002

TDS mg/l 1500

Iron mg/l 1

Copper mg/l 1

Lead mg/l 0.1

Cadmium mg/l 0.005

Mercury mg/l 0.001

Ministry of Health, Malaysia STAG3342::drwzwy::Geologi UKM2/13/2011


CONTAMINATED SOIL GUIDELINES FOR HEAVY METALS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

2/13/2011

ICRCLThe committee published comprehensive guidance documents

on:

• The development and after use of landfill sites - ICRCL 17/78 • The redevelopment of gasworks sites - ICRCL 18/79 • The redevelopment of sewage works and farms - ICRCL 23/79 • The redevelopment of scrap yards and similar sites - ICRCL 42/80 • The assessment and redevelopment of contaminated land - ICRCL

59/83 • Fire hazards of contaminated land - ICRCL 61/84 • Asbestos on contaminated sites - ICRCL 64/85 • The restoration and aftercare of metalliferous mining sites for

pasture and grazing - ICRCL 70/90


ICRCL 59/83 Trigger Concentrations

• Group A - Contaminants that may pose hazards to health

• Group B – Phytotoxic contaminants - but not normally hazardous to health

• Group C - Organic contaminants

ICRCL 59/83 (The Interdepartmental Committee on the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land)


Contaminant Planned Use Trigger Values

(mg / kg air-dried soil)

Group A (may pose hazards to health)

Threshold Action*

Arsenic Domestic gardens, allotments 10 -

Parks, playing fields, open space 40 -

Cadmium Domestic gardens, allotments 3 -


Chromium

(hexavalent)

Domestic gardens, allotments 25 -

Parks, playing fields, open space No Limit No Limit

Chromium

(total)

Domestic gardens, allotments 600 -

Parks, playing fields, open space 1,000 -

Lead Domestic gardens, allotments 500 -

Parks, playing fields, open space 2,000 -

Mercury Domestic gardens, allotments 1 -


Selenium Domestic gardens, allotments 3 -


ICRCL


POSSIBLE ACTION VALUES FOR ICRCL METALSThe following are possible action values* for the ICRCL metals in high risk use classes. These are based on the mean of similar values from several other countries. They are merely examples and actual concentrations used in practice should be based on site specific circumstances taking into consideration soil type, proposed end use and sensitivity of recognised targets.

Contaminant Value* mg/kg

Arsenic 69

Cadmium 15

Chromium 664

Lead 813

Mercury 10

Selenium 17

Boron 100

Copper 423

Nickel 376

Zinc 1665


Contaminant Planned UseTrigger Values


Group B

(Phytotoxic - but not normally hazardous to health)

Threshold Action*

Boron

(water-soluble)

Any uses where plants are grown 3 -

Copper Any uses where plants are grown 130 -

Nickel Any uses where plants are grown 70 -

Zinc Any uses where plants are grown 300 -

ICRCL

NOTES:

* Action concentration will be specified in the next edition of ICRCL 59/83 - [suggested levels below]


Contaminant Planned UseTrigger Values


Group C - (Organic contaminants)Threshold Action

Polyaromatic

hydrocarbons

Domestic gardens, allotments, play areas 50 500

Landscaped areas, buildings, hard cover 1,000 10,000

Phenols Domestic gardens, allotments, 5 200

Landscaped areas, buildings, hard cover 5 1,000

Cyanide

(free)

Domestic gardens, allotments, landscaped

areas 25 500

Buildings, hard cover 100 500

Cyanide

(complex)

Domestic gardens, allotments 250 1,000

Landscaped areas 250 5,000

Buildings, hard cover 250 No Limit

Thiocyanate All proposed uses 50 No Limit

Sulphate Domestic gardens, allotments, landscaped

areas 2,000 10,000

Buildings 2,000 50,000

Hard cover 2,000 No Limit

Sulphide All proposed uses 250 1,000

Sulphur All proposed uses 5,000 20,000

Acidity Domestic gardens, allotments, landscaped

areas pH<5 pH<3

ICRCL



A B C List (old dutch)

B-value

2/13/2011

A B C List (old dutch)


The New DutchlistContaminant Soil Sediment

(mg/kg dry weight)

Groundwater

(µg/l)

MetalsOptimum

(Target

Value)

Action(Intervention

Value)

Optimum(Target

Value)

Action(Intervention

Value)

Arsenic 29 55 10 60

Barium 200 625 50 625

Cadmium 0.8 12 0.4 6

Chromium 100 380 1 30

Cobalt 20 240 20 100

Copper 36 190 15 75

Lead 85 530 15 75

Molybdenum 10 200 5 300

Nickel 35 210 15 75

Mercury 0.3 10 0.05 0.3

Zinc 140 720 65 800 STAG3342::drwzwy::Geologi UKM2/13/2011

Contaminant Soil Sediment

(mg/kg dry weight)

Groundwater

(µg/l)

Cyanides (CN) optimum action optimum action

Free (CN-) 1 20 5 1500

Complex (pH<5) 5 650 10 1500

Complex (pH>5) 5 50 10 1500

Thiocyanate (SCN) - - 20 1500

The New Dutchlist…cont


Target values and intervention values for soil remediation(Netherlands)


Bolehkah standard ini digunakan di Malaysia ??

2/13/2011

Kelly Indices (Former GLC) Guidelines for Contaminated Soilsspecifically developed for gasworks sites in London: Suggested Range of Values (mg/kg on air-dried soils, except for pH)

Parameter UncontaminatedSlight

ContaminationContaminated

Heavy

Contamination

Unusually Heavy

Contamination

pH (acid) 6-7 5-6 4-5 2-4 < 2

pH

(alkaline)7-8 8-9 9-10 10-12 > 12

Antimony 0-30 30-50 50-100 100-500 > 500

Arsenic 0-30 30-50 50-100 100-500 > 500

Boron 0-2 2-5 5-50 50-250 > 250

Barium 0-500 500-1000 1000-2000 2000-1.0% > 1.0%

Beryllium 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-50 > 50

Cadmium 0-1 1-3 3-10 10-50 > 50

Chromium 0-100 100-200 200-50 500-2500 > 2500

Copper 0-100 100-200 200-500 500-2500 > 2500

Cyanide

(free)0-1 1-5 5-50 50-100 > 100

Cyanide 0-5 5-25 25-250 250-500 > 500


Ferricyanide 0-100 100-500 500-1000 1000-5000 > 5000

Lead 0-500 500-1000 1000-2000 200-10,000 > 10,000

Lead (available) 0-200 200-500 500-1000 1000-5000 > 5000

Mercury 0-1 1-3 3-10 10-50 > 50

Manganese 0-500 500-1000 1000-2000 2000-10,000 > 10,000

Magnesium 0-500 500-1000 1000-2000 2000-1.0% > 1.0%

Nickel (available) 0-20 20-50 50-200 200-1000 > 1000

PAHs (Coal Tar) 0-500 500-1000 1000-2000 2000-1.0% > 1.0%

Phenol 0-2 2-5 5-50 50-250 > 250

Selenium 0-1 1-3 3-10 10-50 > 50

Sulphate 0-2000 2000-5000 5000-1.0% 1.0%-5.0% > 5.0%

Sulphur (free) 0-100 100-500 500-1000 1000-5000 > 5000

Sulphide 0-10 10-20 20-100 100-500 > 500

Thiocyanate 0-10 10-50 50-100 100-500 > 500

Toluene extract 0-5000 5000-1.0% 1.0-5.0% 5.0-25.0% > 25.0%

Vanadium 0-100 100-200 200-500 500-2500 > 2500

Zinc (available) 0-250 250-500 500-1000 1000-5000 > 5000

Zinc (equivalent) 0-250 250-500 500-2000 2000-1.0% > 1.0%

Parameter UncontaminatedSlight

ContaminationContaminated Heavy Contamination Unusually Heavy Contamination

Kelly Indices (Former GLC)…cont


British Standard

Title Organization Year

BS 10175: Investigation of Potentially

Contaminated Sites: Code of Practice

BSI 2001

BS 5930: Code of Practice for Site Investigations BSI 1999

BS 6068-6.11:1993/ ISO 5667-11:1993 - Water

Quality, Part 6: Sampling - Section 6.11 Guidance

on Sampling of Groundwaters

BSI 1993

BS 6068-6.18:2001/ ISO 5667-18:2001 - Water

Quality - Sampling, Part 18: Guidance on Sampling

of Groundwater at Contaminated Sites

BSI 2000


Australia (draft)



USEPA

2/13/2011

USEPA


The end


Documents

Lecture 5: STANDARD & GUIDELINES IN …pkukmweb.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/STAG3112/WePapers.com...•Malaysia has its own soil and groundwater quality standard. ... • Fire